3rd Quarter English 9 Reviewer 1.

Gerund
- It is a verbal functioning as a noun.
A.Drama - It is a verbal ending in -ing.
- It came from the Greek word ‘dran’ which means ‘to Examples: talking, singing, dancing, eating
do or act’.
- The very first person considered to be an ‘actor’ is Functions of gerund and gerund phrases:
Thespis. That’s why actors now are also called 1) Subject
‘Thespians’. Talking loudly always attracts attention.
Elements of Drama Waiting for the bus exhausted her patience.
1. Conflict
a. External Conflict: a character against nature or fate, 2) Direct Object
or society Everyone in my house enjoys watching National
b. Internal Conflict: a character against another Geographic.
character or within himself My teacher likes questioning us on our math skills.
2. Setting
- Where and when did the drama happen? 3) Object of a Preposition
3. Characters She worked eight hours without taking a break.
A. Protagonist: The main character in a literary work. Before playing the music, he studied it.
He/she is usually perfect or ideal.
B. Antagonist: The character who opposes the 4) Predicate Nominative
protagonist. A great thrill for her was winning the state tennis
C. Dynamic Character- character who changes during the tournament.
story His big challenge was walking onstage.
D. Flat Character- character with few personality traits * linking verb or verb phrase such as is, are, was, has
E. Round Character- character with many personality been, and can be
traits
F. Static Character- character who does not change 5) Appositive
during the story. Dad’s hobby, carving wooden soldiers, has taught
4. Theme him much about history.
- What universal truth is shown in the drama? My dream, traveling around the globe, will soon be a
5. Dialogue reality.
- Conversations/ lines between characters
2. Infinitive
6. Stage Directions
Form: TO + BASE FORM OF THE VERB
- A playwright’s instructions for performing a play
In grammar, the base form of a verb is the simplest
Types of Drama
form, without a special ending; it is the form listed in
1. TRAGEDY- deals with tragic events and has an
the dictionary.
unhappy ending especially one concerning the
Ex. Run, swim, eat, dance
downfall of the main character.
Functions of Infinitive Phrases
2. COMEDY- is characterized by its humor in which the
1) Subject
characters ultimately triumph over adversity. It intends
2) Direct Object
to make the audience laugh.
3) Object of the Preposition
3. MUSICAL- uses singing and dancing that help in the
4) Predicate Nominative
development of the plot. It entertains the audience
5) Appositive
through the singing of the characters.
4. FANTASY- contains aspects that are beyond reality.
Note: Infinitive and Gerund have the same functions. The
It amuses the audience with the use of imaginary
difference only is their form.
characters and fictional setting.
3. Participles
- is a verbal that can be used as an adjective.
B. Verbals
Types of participles:
- It looks like a verb, but it doesn’t act like a verb.
 Present Participle
3 types of verbals:
Form: words ending in –ING functioning as an
1. Gerund
adjective
2. Infinitive
3. Participle
 Example:
Flying into the storm, Superman risked his life.

Racing around the track, the blue car beat the red D. English Consonants
car.

Barking at the squirrels, the dog had to be removed

from the picnic.

 Past Participle
Form: words ending in –D or -ED functioning as an
adjective
Examples:
Shocked with the news, Eren cried a lot.

Confused with the actions, Ciel could not follow the

directions.

Disgusted extremely, Sebastian walked away without

saying goodbye.

 Perfect Participle
Form: having + words ending in –D or -ED or irregular
verbs E.Dramatic Devices
Examples:  1. Contrast
This is use of humor alternately with sorrow, serene,
Having studied his lesson, Ken aced the test. and overwrought scenes, and dialogues and songs
.
Having bitten by mosquitoes, we wished that we had  Suspense
made hotel reservations. This is having the feeling of not knowing what will
happen, but you wait for or hope for it to unfold
Having crossed the bridge, we went in the direction of
the town.  Irony
This is the use of lines with meanings registered
Gerund vs. present participle? differently to the audience and to the characters to
1. Arranging the chairs, the class is noisy. (Present whom they speak.
Participle- Present)  Surprise
This results when there is a turn to what you expect to
2. Doing physical therapy will help Jerry improve his happen.
coordination. (Gerund Phrase- Subject)  Soliloquy
Differences: This is a device employed wherein the character
- Structure of sentence speaks to the world in general and he is alone himself
- Function of the verbals with no other characters.
 Disguise
This is the use of props or even make-up to change
C. Prosodic Features the appearance of the character with an aim to
 Pitch- highness and lowness deceive or fool other characters in the play.
 Volume- loudness and softness
 Stress- Emphasis
 Intonation (*Rising- Yes or No *Falling- WH
questions *Rising-Faling- verify or clear something,
unsure)
 GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS. 😊
F.Technical Vocabulary in drama Theater - Ms. Magallanes
 BUS-AND-TRUCK TOUR
A low budget tour of a play or musical, often
presented in smaller cities for only a few nights.

 CATTLE CALL
An audition open to anyone, regardless of
experience.

 CALLBACK
A request that an actor return for an additional
audition

 CHEMISTRY
A mysterious element that creates excitement when
two actors appear together.

 CURTAIN UP
The start of a performance, whether or not an actual
curtain exists in front of the stage.

 CUE
A line of dialogue, action or sound, onstage or off,
that tells an actor to enter, exit, move across stage or
most commonly begin speaking

 . COLD READING
Delivering a speech or acting a scene at an audition
without having read it beforehand.

G. Stage Directions
- is a written instruction in a play telling an actor what to
do
- always enclosed in parentheses
Stage Directions Tell the actors:
• Which character enters and leaves the scene
• What characters will do on stage
• How characters do or say their lines
• What happens in the background
• What sounds are heard
• What the lighting should be
• What the mood or environment is

Note:
 Read “His Return by Percival Wilde” once more.
 Concepts of Argumentative Texts and Thesis
Statement
 Master the differences among gerunds, infinitives and
participles.
 Plot Synopsis- Levels of Plot (Exposition,
Complication, Climax and Denouement)