INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
Ethiopian Telecommunication and
Corporation
By
Nugusie Unguru, Electronics and Communication
RAMIT/1186/07
Submitted to:
The Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Arba Minch Institute of Technology
Arba Minch University
5th YEAR, 2nd SEMISTER Form Oct, 16 2018 to Feb, 02 2019
Arba Minch Institute of Technology
Arba Minch University
DECLARATION
I am Nugusie Unguru, a 5th year Electrical and computer engineering stream
communication student have undertaken my internship experience in Ethio telecom host
company for period of octeber28 to february28 2019G.C under the guidance of Girma
(company advisor).I clarify that my work is original and compiled according to the
internship report writing guideline given by the department. As the academic advisor I
clarify that the internship report prepared by student is original work and a complied
according to guideline by the department as far as my knowledge is concerned.
Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to thank my Almighty God who helped me from the beginning to
the till the finish of the internship project. Next to this below the God I present my
appreciation to the supervisor who played vital role contributing their best. They are Mr.
Girma and all rest members. In additionally I have more gratitude for my campus advisor
Dr. Rajaveerrapa Devados for his astonishing support our internship creating conducive
environment in our project working area in Adama in Ethio telecom.
ABBREVIATIONS
ADSL- Asymmetric digital subscriber line

ALC-analog line card

AUC-authentication center

BSC-base station controller

BR-border router

BSS- base station subsystem

BTS-base transceiver station

BRI-Basic rate interface

CC-coaxial cable

CDMA - code division multiple access

CLIP- caller line identification presentation

CN-core network

CPE-Customer premises equipment

CR-core router

CUG-closed user group

DWDM- dense wavelength division multiple

DSL-Digital subscriber line

EIR-equipment identity registers

EPON- Ethernet passive optical networks

ETA-Ethiopian telecommunication authority (agency)

ET-Ethio telecom
ETC-Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation

EVDO-Evolution data only

FOC-fiber optical cable

FWT- Fixed Wireless Terminal

GMSC-gateway mobile switching center

GOTA- global open trucking architecture

GPRS- General Packet Radio Service

GPON- Gigabit capable Passive Optical Network

GPS-global position system

GSM-global system for mobile communication

HLR-home location registers

ICT- Information communication technology

IDU-in door unit

IF-intermediate frequency

IMEI-international mobile equipment identity

IP- internet protocol

ISDN- Integrated services digital network

LAN-local area network

LBS-location base service

LTE-long term evolution

MMS-multimedia messaging service

MPLS- Multi-Protocol Labeled Switch

MSC-Mobile Switching Center

MSS-mobile station subsystem

MS-Mobile Station

MSAG- Multi service access gateway

NSS-network and switching subsystem

NGN- next generation network

ODU-out door unit

OSS-operation and support system

PLMN-public land mobile network

PBX-Private exchange branch

PRI- Primary Rate Interface

PSTN- Public switched telephone network

PTO-public telecommunication operator

PTT-Post telephone and telegraph

RAN-Radio Access Network

RALC-reverse line card

SIM- Subscriber Identity Module

SMS- Short Messaging Service

SSR-smart service router

TPC-twisted pair wire cable

UIL- University industry linkage

UMTS-universal mobile telephone system

VAS-Value Added Service

VDSL- very high speed subscriber line

VLR-visitor location registers

VMS-voice mail service

VOIP- voice over internet protocol

VPN- virtual private network

VSAT-Very small- Aperture terminal

WAN-wide area network

WCDMA- wideband code division multiple access

Executive summary
We learn from the internship so many things. Among them from the internship we gain
experience works that related to the practice. By this strong support of hosting company
we make awareness that we have got theoretical to up grading to practical experience.
From our internship we stayed 4-months in Ethio telecom in Adama. Through this
internship we have benefited the necessity technical professions as well as practical
management skill. Next to this in the report we briefly review the history of Ethio
telecom, its service and product, vision, mission, and objective of company, company
stakeholder, and finally organization structure of Ethio telecom. And also from project
we explain all our observation and experience acquired from the training and practice
from section which we worked. In additional to we have seen how configure switch and
router. Finally we implement VOIP project for company to track the fraud call.
 CHAPTER 1
1. Introduction
The development of telecommunication industry is one of the important indicators of
social and economic development of our country. In addition to this, the development of
communication sector plays a vital role in overall development of all sectors related to
social, political and economic affairs. This sector is very dynamic in its nature of
innovation and hence, it needs proper regulation like other critical economic sectors. The
Government of Ethiopia established The Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency by
Proclamation No. 49/1996, as a regulatory body for Telecommunication Services. The
Agency is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of high
quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the country. The
Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency (ETA) started its operation by giving license in
four areas of services, namely, Public Switched Telecommunication Network (PSTN),
Cellular Mobile, Internet and Data communication services to Ethiopian
Telecommunication Corporation (ETC), which was established by Council of Ministers
regulation No 47/1999 as an incumbent state owned operator. Currently, Ethio telecom is
providing all types of services in all parts of the country. The government of Ethiopia has
aggressively been moving and implementing development strategies aimed at reducing
the poverty prevailing in the country. In this line, telecommunication plays a key role in
facilitating the poverty reduction and development strategy being implemented by the
government. To this end, the government has designed strategies to expand
telecommunication national network infrastructure, and other infrastructures (roads and
power) to increase socio-economic development of the country.
1.1. Background of Ethio telecom
The introduction of telecommunications services in Ethiopia dates back to 1894, seventeen years
after the invention of telephone technology in the world. Like many modern technologies, it was
Menlike II, the king of Ethiopia, who introduced telephony technology to the country around
1894, with the installation of 477 km long telephone and telegram lines from Harar to Addis
Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia). However the first Ethiopia pioneer of telephony was his
cousin Ras Mekonnen who came back with telephone apparatus in 1889 after his visit of Italy.
Gradually ,the technological scheme was proved to contribute to the integration of the Ethiopia
society when the extensive open wire line system was laid out linking the Ethiopian capital city
with all the important administrative of the country. The company was placed under government
control at the beginning of the twentieth century, and was later brought to operate under the
auspices of the ministry of post and communications. In 1952, telecommunication services were
separated from the postal administration, and structured under the ministry of transport and
communications the imperial board of telecommunication in Ethiopia which becomes the
Ethiopian telecommunication authority (ETA) in 1981 after several change of names, has
undertaken a number of development projects and was in charge of both operation and regulation
of telecommunication service in Ethiopia. It is obvious that telecommunication service had made
a major change of technological advancement in telecommunications sector ranging from
automatic to digital technology.

The Ethiopia telecommunication authority was also replaced by the Ethiopia telecommunications
corporation (ETC) by regulation number 10/1996 of the council of ministers to which all the
rights and obligations of the former Ethiopian telecommunication authority were transferred to
the corporation ETC then has taken a responsibility to operate as a public enterprise with the
principal duty of installing telecom infrastructure facilities and expanding telecommunications
services in the country by the proclamation 49/1996, and providing domestic and international
telephone ,telex and other communication services under the supervision of Ethiopia
telecommunication agency(ETA), which is a separate regulatory body , with the objective of
promoting the development of “high quality , efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication
services”. In this respect, it is currently deemed by the regulation that ETC is the sole operator of
any telecommunications related services, including the provision of internet and public phone in
Ethiopia. ETC is the oldest public telecommunications operator (PTO) in Africa. Today the name
ETC replaced by Ethio telecom by some managemental and structural modification since 2010.

Today the backbone network is constituted from a variety of microwave, satellite and fiber optic
links. International access is provided by the PANAFTEL terrestrial microwave network,
connecting Ethiopia to the rest of the world via links of some neighboring countries. For its
international traffic links and communication services , Ethio telecom mainly uses its earth station
at sululta which transmits and receives to and from both the Indian ocean and the Atlantic ocean
satellites making it easy to reach all over the world.

As of 2007, IP based next generation network of fixed telephone lines, third generation network
(3G) of mobile service based on wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), code
division multiple access (CDMA) and dense wavelength division multiple (DWDM) based
optical fiber transmission have been introduced in Ethiopia.
1.2. Establishment of Ethio Telecom
As a continuation of the last five-year plan and after concentrating its efforts on
education, health and agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decided to focus on the
improvement of telecommunication services, considering them as a key lever in the
development of Ethiopia. Ethio Telecom is born, on Monday 29th November 2010, from
this ambition of supporting the steady growth of our country.

1.3. Vision, Mission, Objectives and Values of Ethio-Telecom

I. Vision

The vision of Ethio telecom involves:-

To be a world-class provider of telecom services.

Be committed to understand, meet and exceed the telecom needs and expectations
of the country at large and of customers in particular.

II. Mission of Ethio telecom.

Connect Ethiopia through state-of-the-art telecom services Provide high quality,

innovative and affordable telecom products and Services that enhance the
development of our nation and ensure high customer satisfaction.
Build reputable brand known for its customers‘consideration.
Build its managerial capability and manpower talent that enables ET to operate at
international level.
Support community and environmental development.
Generally to provide world-class, modern and high quality telecom services for all
citizens equitably so as to transform the multifaceted development of the country
to the highest level.

III. Objectives of Ethio telecom

In time with its ambitions mission, Ethio telecom has ambitions objectives or goals:-

 Being a customer focused company.

  Offering the best quality of services.
 Building financially sound company.
 Meeting world class standards.

IV.Values and principles of Ethio telecom

While meeting international standards, we remain faithful to our values.

The values and principles of Ethio telecom are the given.
 Lead with vision: we commit to understand, meet and exceed the
telecommunication needs and expectation of our country at large and of
customer in particular.
 Respect: we recognize that the company employees are the most valuable
asset and want to create an efficient cooperate management environment
that allows them to develop and grow.
 Excellency: we will commit to high level job performance customer
services quality, organizational Excellency and continuous improvement
in all areas and we will make every effort to achieve superior finical
return.
 Integrity: we upload ethical standards, being honest in all assignment.
 Accountability: we will hold our services accountable to all our
stakeholders.

1.4. Services and products of Ethio telecom

Ethio-telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of
high quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the country.
The services that provided by Ethio-telecom are: -

Mobile services
Internet and data
Fixed line

1.4.1. MOBILE SERVICE

1. GSM MOBILE (POSTPAID AND PREPAID)
The GSM mobile service is given using SIM (Subscriber Information Module) card. It
helps to make and receive telephone calls to and from the mobiles and fixed line
telephones across the world. In order to use the service in pre-paid scenario; it required to
charge using scratch able cards and users are charged at the end of every month (usage
charge + Rent) for Postpaid service.

Figure 1-1: GSM Mobile

SMS (Short Messaging Service)
Before using this service the message service center should be set by putting
+251911299708
Call divert
It allows an incoming call to a called party to be redirected to another mobile or
fixed telephone number.
It can be activated from the phone.
Call waiting
Is a feature that alerts someone using the phone to an incoming call and allows
switching between calls.
It can be activated from the phone.
Call barring
  This service enables to restrict or bar certain or all types of calls to and from
your mobile phone, to use this service to visit nearby sales office and
subscribe is required.

2. WCDMA

It offers a wide range of advanced services; high speed internet access, video and High
Quality image transmission, video conversation, online chat, it requires cell phones that
support 3G services, users are is possible, you can transmit and receive data at greater
speed and capacity, and it also supports all services offered by 2G GSM Services offered
in addition to voice.

The Service supported by WCDMA involves:-

SMS (Short message service)
Call divert/Forwarding
Mobile Internet(GPRS)
Roaming service
Video calling service
Multimedia messaging service(MMS)

3. 4G (LTE)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the

Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), an industry trade group. 3GPP engineers
named the technology "Long Term Evolution" because it represents the next step (4G) in
a progression from GSM, a 2G standard, the 3G technologies based upon GSM. LTE
provides significantly increased peak data rates, scalable bandwidth capacity, and
backwards compatibility with existing GSM technology.

1.4.2. Internet and Data Service

I. Broadband and internet

It is a relatively fast Internet service provided through wired and wireless connections
with a speed level from 512Kbps for surfing, e-mail access, E-commerce etc.
 Figure 1-2: Broadband internet

Wired broadband internet: is provided through copper of fiber with different access
methods like ADSL, VDSL, EPON and GPON

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): is one form of the Digital Subscriber
Line technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission
over copper telephone lines.

Benefits of wired broad band internet

 Fixed-monthly price
 Affordable High-speed Internet access
 Reliable
 24hrs/7days access
Architectures of Wired Broad Band Internet
 Figure 1-3: wired broadband internet
Wireless broad band internet: - is an Internet service which can be given through
different access methods like, AIRONET, VSAT, EVDO and 3G. EVDO is standard for
high speed wireless broad band. The acronym is short for “Evolution Data Only” or
“Evolution Data Optimized”. It is a CDMA technology that supports the high speed
internet data connection with peak speed of 3.1mb/s and with an average speed of
800kb/s-1.7mb/s. it works where ever CDMA network is available. EVDO is given in
both postpaid and prepaid format.

II. Broadband Data (MPLS- VPN)

Virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication

infrastructure, such as internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure
access to their organization’s network and data. Ethio telecom gives VPN service mainly
through MPLS (Multi-Protocol Labeled Switch) network. MPLS-VPN is a virtual
private network with a multiprotocol labeled switch to deliver data, voice and video
services using a shared telecom infrastructure. Its goal is to provide the organizations
with the same, secure capabilities, but at a much lower cost.

III. Internet VAS

There are internet value added services:

Domain name: - is a public name on internet for your organization, such as

www.youtube.et . A domain name is the part of your internet address that comes after
www.

Internet Protocol (IP) address:-address which is numerically label that will be assigned
to your devices participating in a computer network that uses the internet protocol or
communication between your and other nodes. You can get this service through virtual
IP address or One IP address service.

Graphic Scanning: it will allow you to scan a photograph or printed graphic and
conversation into web readable form includes image enhancement and optimization.
Counter service: this service helps you to know the number of visitors to your web
pages.

1.4.3. Fixed Line Service

Fixed Line: - is traditional wired phone service, it is fixed in locations such as
homes and offices, no mobility.
Fixed line service (also known as land line, main line, home phone, and wire
line) refer to a fixed ordinary phone service; which is fixed in some place like
home or offices. Basically it supports voice and Fax services.
It is backbone of sustainable telecommunication services and it is the most
common means of communications all over the world.

Figure 1-4: Fixed Line phone

This service contains:-

I. Wired Fixed line or Public switched telephone network (PSTN)

Fixed line is traditional wired phone system, it delivers voice, fax and internet
service, it is fixed in locations such as home and office, no mobility.
 It is backbone of sustainable telecommunication services and it is the most
common means of communications all over the world.

II. Wireless Fixed line (CDMA 2000)

Wireless Fixed line is the same as wired fixed line telephone but it improves in mobility
within the same office and home; it uses Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) which enables
it to give a voice, data and other value added services. It works wherever CDMA network
is available. It substitutes the service of the ordinary fixed telephone by providing only
the voice service. The tariff of fixed wireless is the same as the traditional fixed line.

III. ISDN (Integrated services digital network)

Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard

for sending voice, video and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.
ISDN supports data transfer rate of 64Kbps. It can be considered as the step of internet
evolution that lies between dial up and DSL/cables. ISDN internet service is basically a
telephone based network system that operates by a circuit switch, or dedicated line. It can
transmit data and phone conversations digitally over normal telephone lines. No longer
would once have to miss a call in order to access the internet, or shut down the internet to
make a telephone call. There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as
Basic Rate Interface (BRI), and Primary Rate Interface (PRI).

IV. Fixed line value added services

Depending on enterprise and residential customers there are different packages of fixed
line

Value added services which are very important.

Call waiting: alerts you when a caller wants to speak to you.

Call Baring: Baring national and international calls to control who makes these
calls using your fixed line.
Abbreviated dialing: calling abortively.
Don’t disturb: do not disturb routes all your call to your voice mail.
 Call divert: incoming calls are sent to another number or mobile number.
Fixed Hot line: dial a number automatically when the hand set is lifted.
Call-Conference: lets you speak to two or more people at the same time.
Short number call: it is similar to the normal fixed line call except that this calls
are made through short numbers (three digits).

1.5. Stake holders of Ethio Telecom

The stake holder of telecom is ministry of communication and information technology.
All MCIT is regulating ministry for telecommunication. All enterprise customers are also
stake holders of Ethio telecom.

1.6. Its main customer or the end user of its product and services
Customers of Ethio-telecom
Ethio-telecom provides its different services including fixed line telephony, mobile
telephone and Internet to government organizations, private and commercial companies,
international institutions and individuals.

Government organizations:-Educational institutions like high schools, Colleges

and Universities.
Different governmental offices.
Private and Commercial Companies.
Different Internet cafes.
Different private companies.
Corporate customers.
International Institutions.
Nongovernmental Organizations.
Individuals:-The Society.

1.7. Overall organization and work flow of Ethio telecom

The Ministry of Post, Telephone and Telegraph had difficulties to meet the growing
demand for improved and increased telecommunication services. The shortage of trained
personnel was acute and funds extremely low. Hence, a complete reorganization of the
telecommunication administration in Ethiopia became an urgent necessity. The desire
was to create an autonomous body efficiently organized, suitably staffed with financial
autonomy to plan and operate the pressing telecommunication needs of the country. The
purpose of the Board, as stated in its establishment charter of article 5 is as follows. “To
rehabilitate, extend, repair and maintain the telecommunication facilities of Ethiopia and
to engage in the business of telecommunication for profit.” “To act as an agent for the
Imperial Ethiopian Government in all matters relating to the provision of
telecommunication services in Ethiopia and elsewhere.” And to establish appropriate
training procedure and a training Institute for present and future board personnel. The
formation of organization structure enables the company to control and manage branches,
departments, workgroups and individuals easily. There are nine departments in Ethio
telecom.

1. Information system

2. Customer service

3. Enterprise

4. Network engineering

5. Network service

6. Network project management

7. Network project rollout

8. Network fixed accesses

9. Network operation &maintenance

Figure 1-0-5: Management Chart of Ethio Telecom
1.8. OVERALL ABOUT INTERNSHIP
1.8.1. Objectives of the Internship
General Objectives
The general objective of the internship is to see the practical career environment and
acquire an insight on how theoretical concepts are applied in practical working
environment. Besides to observing and practicing the operational environment, it helps us
to know and apply the ethics of working environment like responsibility, punctuality,
professionalism and the like.

Specific Objectives

The specific objectives or the internship are:

To develop technical skills in telecom engineering. To widen theoretical

knowledge about digital communication.
To widen theoretical knowledge about wireless and mobile communication.
To inter-personal communication skills in work environment.
To develop cooperativeness and team-work skills.
To develop interrelation and interdependence to the internship company.
To create conducive atmosphere to assess professional qualification.
To increase productivity of the student.

1.9. How we get in to the company?

We got an acceptance in Ethio telecom with the help of our University UIL (University
Industry Linkage). Then, we were given an orientation at Ethio telecom and assigned to
work in the south east region.

1.10. The Section of Company we have been working

In Ethio telecom Adama main branch we were assigned in the following sections. Those
are:

Radio Access Network (RAN) section.

Transmission section.
 Core section.
Internet protocol (IP) section.

We have been working in four sections that are listed above by interchanging to each
other per one month.

1.10.1. Radio Access Network (RAN) Section

A RAN is part of a mobile Telecommunication system which implements a Radio access
technology. Conceptually, it resides between devices such as a Mobile phone, a
computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its Core
network (CN). RAN consists of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base station Controller
(BSC) for GSM, NodeB, Radio Station Controller(RNC) for Universal Mobile Telephone
System (UMTS), eNodeB for LTE. It resides between Mobile station (UE plus SIM card)
and Mobile switching center (MSC).

RAN has three sub departments: GSM for 2G, UMTS for 3G and CDMA. Of these, we
had seen GSM and UMTS, but before we had been seen GSM and UMTS we had seen
the overview of cellular networks.

GSM (Global System Modulation)

System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide
voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. GSM architecture: PLMN -
Public Land Mobile Network
 Fig 3 GSM Network Architecture
Cellular network: the overall mobile network architecture consists of different stations.
Those are MSS, NSS, OSS and BSS.

1. Mobile Station Subsystem (MSS)

Mobile station: Mobile stations or as they are most widely known, cell or mobile phones
are the section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and operates.

This station consists of both SIM card and mobile equipment.

Mobile Equipment (ME):- the radio terminal used for radio communication over Uu
interface.

UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM):- a smartcard that holds the subscriber
identity performs authentication algorithms, stores authentication and encryption keys,
some subscription information that is needed at the terminal.

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Consists of BSC, BTS, and TCU and controls the radio subsystem, especially the Base
Stations. The major functions of the BSC include: Management of the radio resources &
handover. It is also responsible for control of the power Transmitted, & it manages the
O&M & its signaling, security configurations & alarms. BTS houses the radio
transceivers that define a cell & handle the radio-link protocols with the MS. It consists
of two elements, which are:

 Base transceiver station (BTS)

 Base Station Controller (BSC)

I. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

BTS comprises the radio transmitter receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit
and receive signals to directly communicate with mobiles. BTSs-houses the radio
transceiver of the cell and handles the radio links protocols with the mobile.

-connects to a number of mobile stations (MSs) and each MS establishes connection

through the user interface um where um is the ISDN U interface for mobile.

Main function performed by the BTS

Formation of cells using appropriately directed antenna.

Processing of signals.
Amplification of signals to acceptable strength so that they can be transmitted
without loss of data.
Channel coding and decoding (for example, coding voice into bits so that it can be
transmitted at 13kbps and decoding received coded signals back to voice).

II. Base Station Controller (BSC)

Resides between group of BTSs and MSC. It controls all the BTSs around it and the
switching mechanisms between MS and MSC, manages radio and terrestrial channels,
encrypts and decrypts the data, traffic measurement, authentication, location register and
update and manages handover.

Important functions performed by the BSC

Processing of signals.
Controlling signals to the connected BTSs and control of handover of signals
from one BTS to another within a BSS.
 Control of handover of the signals from BSC to MSC (Mobile switching
center).
Mapping a signal of a channel at a given instant receives signals from a BTS
at 16 kbps through and interface to MSC at 16 kbps.
Location registry for the MSS.
Authentication, encryption and decryption of data.

3. Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

NSS contains a variety of different elements, and is often termed as the core network,
which performs call forwarding; hand over switching and the like. It provides the main
control and interfacing for the completely mobile network. NSS has different
components. This are: - MSC, HLR, VLR, EIR, AUC and GMSC.

I. Mobile Switching Center (MSC):- plays a central role in GSM.

 Switching functions.
 Additional functions for mobility support.
 Management of network resources.
 Interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC).
 Integration of several databases.

MSC elements include the location registers consisting of HLR, VLR, EIR, and AUC.
Each MSC is connecting through GMSC to the local Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN or ISDN) to provide the connectivity between the mobile and the fixed
telephone users.

II. Home Location Register (HLR):- a database located in user‘s home system that
stores the master copy of user‘s service profile service profile consists of, e.g.,
information on allowed services, forbidden roaming areas supplementary service
information such as status of call forwarding and the call forwarding number it is created
when a new user subscribes to the system, and remains stored as long as the subscription
is active, for the purpose of routing incoming transactions to UE (e.g. calls or short
messages), HLR also stores the UE location on the level of MSC/VLR and/or SGSN.
III. Visitor Location Register (VLR):- The VLR is a database that contains temporary
information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting
subscribers. The VLR always integrate with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into
a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile
station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the
information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.

IV. Equipment Identity Register (EIR):- is used to manage the IMEI of all MS devices
& check whether each MS device is legal equipment. Is an optional database that is
supposed to contain the unique International Mobile Equipment Identity, which is a
number of the mobile phone equipment. EIR is specified to prevent usage of stolen
mobile stations or to bar malfunctioning equipment (e.g., from certain manufacturer).

V. Authentication center (AUC):- It is responsible for policing actions in the network.

This has all the data required to protect the network against false subscribers & to protect
the calls of regular subscribers. The AUC performs security management for the GSM
system. It stores authentication information and keys to prevent unauthorized users to
access the system and to ensure the security of the mobile communication.

VI. Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC):- provides interface between the
mobile network and Public Switched Telephone Network.

4. Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

OSS is the functional entity from which the Network operator monitors & controls the
system. The O&M center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system
& to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is known as the OSS & its uses are:

Manages the GSM functional blocks i.e. MSC, BSC (& indirectly the BTSs).
Alarm Handling, Fault Management.
Performance Management, Configuration Management.
Software Version Management.
Network Statistics Data Collection.
Network Status Control, etc.
1.10.2. Transmission, access and transport section
This division is responsible for transmission mediums which are used to transmit services
from one-point to another point. The transmission medium carries the signal to the
required place. A signal (information) is transported from transmitter to the receiver
through transmission mediums. These mediums can be one of the following:-

 Air
 Twisted pair wire cable
 Coaxial cable
 Microwave
 Satellite
 Fiber-optic cable

Air: - is transmission medium in human speech. In Ethio telecom air is used as a

transmission medium in wireless mobile communication that is the transmission of signal
from mobile phone to the base transceiver station antenna and vice versa.

Twisted pair wires cable (TPC):- A type of cable that consists of two independently
insulated wires twisted around one another. One wire carries the signal while the other
wire is grounded and absorbs signal interference. Twisted pair cable is used by older
telephone networks and is the least expensive type of local-area network (LAN) cable.

Figure 5 Twisted pair cable

Coaxial cable (CC):- Consists of an inner conductor wire surrounded by insulation,

called dielectric material. The dielectric is surrounded by a conductive shield, which is
surrounded by a non-conductive jacket. Coaxial cable has better data transmission rate
than twisted pair.
 Figure 6 Coaxial cable

Microwave: - Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a

series of microwave towers. Microwave communication is known as a form of "line of
sight" communication, because there must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data
between these towers for signals to be properly sent and received. Additionally, we have
seen different types of microwave dishes directed to different microwave repeaters. This
microwave repeater increases the power gain which will be transmitted from BSC. So
that, there are several microwave repeaters available for this region.

Figure 4 Microwave repeater

Satellite: - are relay stations that receive signals from one earth station and rebroadcast
them to another. They use microwave signals.

Fiber optic cable (FOC):- Fiber-optic communication is now the dominant data
transmission method. However, microwave communication equipment is still in use at
many remote sites where fiber optic cabling cannot be economically installed. At present
boarder backbone network is microwave transmission system, as telecommunication
service is becoming in Ethiopia. The existing back bone transmission system cannot meet
the needs of the people. Therefore ETC confirmed eight optic fiber lines throughout the
country to be builted; its main aim is to resolve communication problem.

Figure 7 optical fiber cables

Advantages of optical fiber cable over other transmission mediums

Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than other cables. This means
that they can carry more data.
Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than other cables to interference.
Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than wires.
Data can be transmitted digitally rather than analogically.

Disadvantages of fiber optical cables

 The cables are expensive to install.

 They are more fragile than wire and are difficult to split.

Basically the Ethio telecom southeast region is mostly using optical fiber communication
and microwave communication. So transmission departments are responsible to transmit
services from different divisions to the required destination. The services may come from
RAN. Now let us see the basic equipment’s used for these two common transmission
ways.

Microwave communication components

Antenna: - Antennas are used to send and receive microwave signals.

ODU (Out Door Unit):- Radio frequency (RF) signal processing, conversion between
intermediate frequencies (IF) signal and RF signal.

IF Cable: - Transmitting of IF signal.

IDU (In Door Unit): it includes 2G, 3G cards, 6P or 20p radios.

Based on the configuration micro wave (MW) equipment’s can be separate or direct
mounted. The antenna and ODU are placed separately when the installation is in separate
mount. In opposite ODU can be installed at the back of the antenna and information is
transmitted directly from ODU to IDU in direct mount installation.

Fiber Optic Communication

Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made up of high quality extruded glass (silica)
or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light
pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers are widely used
in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths than other forms of communication.

Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss
and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for
illumination, and are covered in bundles so that they may be used to transmit images,
thus allowing viewing in limited spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety
of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.

1.10.3. Core network Section

A core network is the central part of a telecommunication network that provides various
services to customers who are connected by the access network. It is responsible for data
routing, billing and policy management. Besides, it is termination point of all external
connections. The North East Region (NER) Ethio telecom core network consists of
MSAG, (C&C08).
MSAG (Multi Service Access Gateway):- is a platform capable of supporting all the
widely deployed access technologies and services along with newly emerging ones, while
simultaneously.

Figure 8 Multi Service Access Gateways

(a) (b)
Figure (a) & (b) primary and secondary side of MSAG
MSAG has the following subscriber cards:-

Analog Line Card (ALC).

Reverse Analog Line card (RALC).
ADSL subscriber line card (GILCA).
VDSL digital subscriber line card (VDL/VDSL).
EPON long distance card (EPOL).

1.10.4. Internet Protocol (IP) Section

Protocol: - is a synonym with rule. It consists if asset of rules that govern
communications. It determines what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated.

IP Address:-The IP address is a 32-bit address that consists of two components. One

component is the network portion of the address, consisting of the network bits. The
second component is the host portion of the address, consisting of the host bits.IP is a
protocol or way transmitting data from somewhere to anywhere with help of internet.

Ip address class

Table 1 Ip address classless

Example
 Figure 5 over all ETC IP NGN network Topology

The main work of IP RAN and Broadband section are:-

Provisioning: - means they are responsible for providing a Broadband service for
new customers based on the customer request.

For example – they provide a Broadband service for Banks.

Maintenance: - they maintain different devices like switches and Routers. The
other devices that they maintain are IP RAN devices this are SSR (smart service
router) and SP (service provider).
Monitoring: - as they maintain the above devices they also monitor them.

VSAT installation and maintenance: - VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) is a

satellite communication system that serves home and business users therefore they
mainly install it for Banks and when it is down they maintain it.
Networking Devices

Modem: - is a network hard ware devices that modulate one or more carrier wave
signals to encode digital information for transmission and de Modulates signals to
decode the transmitted information.
Switch: -Manages traffic between network segments, helps to reduce traffic and
collisions, routes information intelligently. It does not send information to every
computer rather only to the required computer. Most business networks today use
switches to connect computers, printers and servers within a building or campus.
A switch serves as a controller, enabling networked devices to talk to each other
efficiently. Through information sharing and resource allocation, switches save
businesses money and increase employee productivity.

Figure 9 Switch

Router: -is used to route traffic or user from one network to another network. They are
the network gateway devices. Also they connect local area networks (LANs) to wide area
networks (WANs). A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several
computers and other devices to a single Internet connection, which is known as a home
network. Many routers are wireless, which allows you to create a home wireless network,
commonly known as a Wi-Fi network. Routers link computers to the Internet, so users
can share the connection. A router acts as a dispatcher, choosing the best path for
information to travel so it's received quickly.
 Figure 10 Router

Hub: -is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single
network. The simplest connection point that forwards all information to every possible
connection. It is less secured; hence a hub sends information sent for one computer all
computers on the network. It used to exchange data within its own network or LANs not
to WANs or to another LANs.

1.11. Procedures used while performing tasks

When we joined our section the workers deeply explain the work of that section and the
devices which they control and also our mentors gives orally explanation in every task
and this procedure is taken in all of the sections that we joined.

1.12. Our performance at the company

In our four month stay in operation and maintenance department we were told to only
observe and realize network performance and system component that are in RAN section,
Transmission section, Core section and IP section, rather than doing practically. We were
able to observe centralized management of all the network components of the four
sections. According to respective vendor with the help of respective system specialists. In
order to have in-depth understanding, some of our trainers used to give us reading
assignments and submit accordingly. Doing this we also go to some sites and observe
how communication is accomplished by cross connecting different network equipment,
how the networking equipment s work and how maintenance is done on faulty
equipment.
1.13. Challenges faced while performing our work task
Whenever someone is working in an institution challenges are indispensable and worthy
dealing with. When we going into a new situation, we usually assume that everything will
run smoothly and that the overall experience will offer what we hoped for; in this case, an
opportunity to grow both personally and professionally. Unfortunately, you may find
yourself faced with challenges that you don’t feel able to handle. The first day we got to
the place we anticipated that everything will be ready for us, but this was not the case.
Everybody was busy by doing their work. Besides we were not able to use Desktops
because of insufficiency and we were not allowed to use software management systems
since the system is active. In physical demonstration we were limited only to observation
since every equipment in the network is active. The other challenge we faced was some
supporting Huawei and ZTE documents were not accessible to us sufficiently; thus, they
made confidential to themselves only.

1.14. Measures taken in order to overcome the challenges

Though we didn’t expect the above challenges to be on our way we tried to deal with
them eagerly as soon as we realized their existence. Of course in our first encounter we
were a little bit confused about whom to ask what and found it a little difficult to ask
employees during their work time. But through time, we developed our communication
skills and respectfully tried to get familiar with employees as friends. And also, by
reading the soft copes that are given by the workers of Ethio telecom and by searching in
to the internet we try to broad our knowledge.
 CHAPTER 3
2. Overall Internship Experience
experience of internship are arrangements in which university students lend their talents
to companies in return for an opportunity to develop practical skill and gain exposure to
work environment they receives real practical skill experience and an early opportunity to
impress potential employers. Generally the overall benefits of internship program are
many. The following pages are all describing about the benefits of the program Benefit of
Internship.

2.1. BENEFITS GAINED INTERMS OF IMPROVING PRACTICAL

SKILL.
The telecom company has a lot of huge equipment’s and gives different services for
customers. According to this we have gained a big practical knowledge about next
generation network, how we can assign IP address and sub nettings. The working
experience is somewhat similar to laboratory class in such way that in both cases you get
orientation and theoretical knowledge while you are practically observes the equipment’s.
But, the working experience has wider proportions and it is industrial size and also more
challenging. Beside we have got a lot of practical skill in our daily activities.

2.2. BENEFITS GAINED INTERMS OF UP GRADING THEORETICAL

SKILLS.
We felt that we have left a lot of things to learn about communication it is wise
technology. Also we was Interested with every things those have in telecom company. It
is very interesting because every time the system invite as to study more to reach the new
one. We have gained the knowledge about multi-service in Ethio telecom, IP addressing
and sub nettings and how legal procurements are process. Almost all things were the
revision of our previous knowledge and also a lot of new things we got in addition with
previous.
2.3. Benefits Gained In terms of improving interpersonal communication
skill
Developing interpersonal communication skill is vitally important in today‘s work place.
Almost all kinds of work require communicating with your partners. In the internship
program, we precisely improve our interpersonal communication skills in this internship
program with the employees of Ethio telecom.

Greeting is the first and most important part of communication that we exchange
everywhere we meet with someone. It measures the people’s quality within the society,
his/her sociability, polite and respectful manners. We have responsible to others by acting
ethically, legally and morally and by communicating our feelings, thoughts, needs etc.
appropriately. We have responsible to our work colleagues to perform our task
effectively and in a manner. In general, we have observed that it is a must to create
smooth relation amongst different workers. This is because each and every department in
the factory is dependent one on the other. So to be fruitful there has to be good
communication between each and every members of the company. Inter personal
communication helps to improve self-worth and self-confidence and establish greater
recognition that the employee (we and other workers) can contribute in a meaningful
way. The following are the ways that benefits for creating meaning full relationships and
helps us to improve our interpersonal communication skill from the internship. These are:

To be a good listener and speaker

Be polite
Attack ideas not people
Avoid faulty generalization
Avoid confusing
Respect others etc.

We have concluded that, inter personal communication is the most essential ground for
the efficiency of the company in delivering its desired services.
2.4. BENEFITS GAINED IN TERMS OF IMPROVING TEAM
PLAYING SKILLS.
Team building skills are one of the basic requirements for the proper working of a good
company, regardless of its size and service. We have been improving our team playing
skills in Ethio telecom on preparing a report by practicing team work. We really
understand team work is important to strength the effort to accomplish the task. In our
observation and doing the following are necessary when we are involved in team work
activity:-

Making discussion of ideas.

Coordinate the team.
Directing the discussion in terms of the team goals.
Making decision.

General that we gained by team playing good communication, concentration, fast

decision making, self-confidence, developing social interaction ,upgrading our potential,
progressing speaking ability and a wellbeing feeling are important for all team members.

2.5. BENEFITS GAINED INTERMS OF IMPROVING LEADERSHIP

SKILLS.
There are leaders and there are followers as the saying goes and developing good
leadership skills can create the distinction between the two. We have got a practical skill
that leadership can influence others to work towards the achievement of the desired
service and it is one of the functions of management which includes planning, organizing,
staffing, leading, and controlling. From the internship we also improve skills regarding
leader ship.

When you take a part as a leader, you must not make it personal and don’t rush in to for
personal attack. In the other hand you have to change or modify your own position when
you find other person’s idea is better and more convincing. The overall benefit that we
gain from the internship regarding improving leadership is that, directing successful
leadership results in the employee growth and development with new skills and
capabilities that enables to increase the productivity. People follow a great leader because
he is representative of the beliefs of a group. This person is often a well-principles
individual who is focused on a common goal and eliminates excess fear.

2.6. BENEFITS GAINED INTERMS OF UNDERSTANDING WORK

ETHICS RELATED ISSUES.
By itself the word work ethics is a strong word, we mean every person should have to
know what does mean work ethics. Work ethics is a cultural norm that advocates being
personally accountable and responsible for the work that one does and is based on a
belief that work has intrinsic Value. The first thing which mentioned in the family of
work ethics is punctuality. Every employee should be present on time; in this side our
staffs were more punctual. We learnt from them that all the time reaching to office the
same time with them. Also respecting each other, giving the big attention for the
company equipment’s as individual. Doing on everything punctually as well as on time.
We got this all from the employees and from daily activity in our last four months.
Generally we have understood ethics like getting properly, respecting your work partners;
time management, Attitude and etc…we have also come to understand the negative
impacts of corruption on our society and how much of attention the government has
given to tackle this problem. We will be a good ethical employee at the next because we
understood its negative and positive impact.

2.7. BENEFITS GAINED INTERMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SKILLS.
We have been gained creativity and the ability to solve a problem following the rules
like:-

Risk management.
Self-confidence.
Innovative skills.
Market understanding ability developing.
 CHAPTER 4
3. PROJECT AND CONTRBUTION
TITLE:-Implementation of Voice over Internet Protocol in Ethio
Telecom
3.1. Abstract
VOIP is one of the most essential technical business of issues to adequately it reduce
phone cost and offers more features such as call, easy of use and versatility process. It
makes voice or data transmit through by internet protocol. The benefits are cost save,
provisions of new communication service, phone portability, mobile service, integration
and collaboration with other application and easy use. VOIP is a new technology type of
phone services which uses the internet to make telephone calls and to send message and
receive. The main goal of voice over internet protocol is to replace PSTN by internet
protocol network as wells block fraud calls.

3.2. Introduction
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the
delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP)
networks, such as the Internet and also Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a category
of hardware and software that enables people to use the internet as the transmission
medium for telephone call by sending voice data in packets using Internet Protocol(IP)
rather than by traditional circuit transmission of the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN). Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet
telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP communications, and
broadband phone service.

The term Internet telephony specifically refers to the provisioning of communications

services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the
public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps and principals involved in
originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to traditional digital telephony, and involve
signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of
being transmitted over a circuit-switched network, however, the digital information is
packetized and transmission occurs as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-
switched network. Such transmission entails careful considerations about resource
management different from time-division multiplexing (TDM) networks.

Early providers of voice over IP services offered business models and technical solutions
that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation
providers, such as Skype; have built closed networks for private user bases, offering the
benefit of free calls and convenience, while potentially charging for access to other
communication networks, such as the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to
mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers, such as
Google Talk have adopted the concept of federated VoIP – which is a departure from the
architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic
interconnection between users on any two domains on the Internet when a user wishes to
place a call.

VoIP is now central to the business strategies of many operators and service providers in
both developed and developing countries. For example, incumbent PTOs in Bangladesh,
Fiji, Ghana, Sudan and Tunisia all use VoIP to transmit international traffic. By 2007,
VoIP accounted for an estimated 23 per cent of international voice traffic. This was
projected to reach 25 per cent in 2008. While the consulting firm Maravedis noted that
“in the wired domain, the transition is nearly complete”, networks based on public
switched telephone network (PSTN) architecture and those based on IP will most likely
continue to co-exist for some time yet.

Beyond the distinction between wholesale and retail operations, VoIP is not a single,
uniform service. Rather, it comprises a range of services over different network
platforms, including:

Business VoIP;
VoIP transit;
VoIP over PSTN, cable, mobile; or
VoIP embedded in web pages or online games.
3.3. Feasibility
A feasibility study is an analysis of how successfully a project can be completed,
accounting for factors that affect it such as economic, technological, legal and scheduling
factors. A project candidate should have to use feasibility study to determine potential
positive and negative outcomes of a project before investing a considerable amount of
time and money into it.

We investigated the feasibility of implementation of voice over internet protocol (VoIP)

from several angles:

I. Cost including additional equipment required.

II. Whether the current network set up would support the implementation of voice over
internet protocol.

III. Security considerations

IV. Local and national drivers

3.4. Objective of the project

3.4.1. General objectives
Our general objective is giving solution able analysis to replacing its traditional system
by IP based system; the company implements VOIP system legally and it shall provide
VOIP for its customers.

3.4.2. Specific Objective

As we know Ethio telecom is big and profitable company in telecommunication
sector throughout Ethiopia. This company provides many services to Ethiopian
people and organizations. But now a day the illegal network provider’s challenges
Ethio telecom by using VOIP (voice over internet protocol) for international calls.
The question is why Ethio telecom uses or changes his traditional systems to IP
based systems?
 To analyses VOIP (voice over internet protocol) implementation in Ethio telecom
and giving recommendation for Ethio telecom Company.
To control illegal call providers.
To increase profit gain.

3.5. Benefits of project

Implementation of VoIP offers the following benefits:
Cost savings: The most attractive feature of VoIP is its cost-saving potential.
Actually, for users, VoIP makes long-distance phone calls inexpensive. For
companies, VoIP reduces cost for equipment, lines, manpower, and maintenance.
For service providers, VoIP allows the use of the same communication
infrastructure for the provision of different services which reduces the cost of
services deployment.
Provision of new communication services: In addition to the basic
communications services (phone, fax), the VoIP technology allows users to check
out friends' presence (such as online, offline, busy), send instant messages, make
voice or video calls, and transfer images, and so on.
Phone portability: VoIP provides number mobility; the phone device can use the
same number virtually everywhere as long as it has proper IP connectivity. Many
business people today bring their IP phones or soft-phones when traveling, and
use the same numbers everywhere.
Service mobility: Wherever the user (phone) goes, the same services will be
available, such as call features, voicemail access, call logs, security features,
service policy, and so on.
Integration and collaboration with other applications: VoIP allows the
integration and collaboration with other applications such as email, web browser,
instant messenger, social networking applications, and so on.

3.6. Requirement of the project

The requirements of projects are copper straight cable, IP phone, router, switch, PC,
laptop, server and power over Ethernet (POE).
 The main purpose we used to these requirements is the following.

Copper straight cable; we used to this cable to connect the different end
device like switch with router, PC with IP phone
IP phone; it used for voice signal to transmit and receive in the form of
digital.
Router; a device that we use to connect a virtual local area networks and
standard protocols to move packets efficiently to their destination
Switch; we split large networks in to small segments decreasing the number
of sharing the same network resources and bandwidth.
PC and laptop; it is end device that uses for data store, to send and receive
email etc.
Internet cloud; it used for to give data connect to VPN with comparable
quality service and at a much lower cost.
Server; it based on client or server and it handle and manage the request of
client. Also we use server data from server download and data to server
upload. And also client we use to send request to server whereas server for
request response to client.
Power over internet (PoE); it’s a technology lets network cables carry
electrical power.

3.7. Literature Review

In Ethio telecom using PSTN network is cost for customers due to this we are aspire to
implement VoIP for Ethio telecom by replacing PSTN by IP network. VOIP technology
such as low cost which is beneficiary to provide great amount for customers. It also
contains feature to establish calls between IP phones to IP phone and send message from
pc to pc. In general VOIP service offers at lower rate for making calls. It allows
significant benefits for customers and communication services providers such as cost
savings, rich media service, phone and service portability, mobility, and the integration
with other applications. Voice over IP (VoIP) has been prevailing in the
telecommunication world. As a new technology transporting multimedia over the IP
network.

3.8. Detailed design and description of the Implementation of VoIP

One of the main features of the VoIP technology is that it may be deployed using a
centralized or a distributed architecture. The majority of current VoIP systems are
deployed using client server centralized architecture. A client-server VoIP system relies
on the use of a set of interconnected central servers known as gatekeepers, proxy servers,
or soft-switches. The central servers are responsible for users’ registration as well as the
establishment of VoIP sessions between registered users. Figure 1 shows an example of a
VoIP system deployed using the client-server architecture. As it is illustrated in the
figure, each central server handles (registers, establishes a session with a local or a distant
user, etc.).

Figure 4.1 Detail Design of VoIP

3.9. Final result or outputs of the project
In our project simulation the output or result described as follows:-

The IP phones dial (call) each other in their inter- vlan.

The messages and fax sent and receive one to another.
3.10. CONCLUSION
We can conclude that nothing is impossible if you try more and more as we have done on
our project we can analyze "Implementation of VOIP for Ethio telecom”. In this
project the economics of Ethio telecom can be compelling for an illegal Internet operator
in Ethiopia and Expensiveness of international and national calls in Ethio telecom tariffs
are the problems in Ethio telecom that hinders from achieving its objective and mission in
its current performance. We also have seen VOIP acceptance & growth, VOIP benefits,
the cost factors of VOIP and VOIP growth takes off. VOIP is the recent technology that
makes our communication is simple and easy. And also it is better technology than PSTN
technology.

If this project is implemented officially we hope it will decrease illegal VOIP suppliers
and the national &international calls tariff.

3.11. Recommendation
We recommend for Ethio telecom based on our project as follows:-Ethio telecom shall
form a responsible committee and the committee analyses the implementation of VOIP
according to the marketing, security and other confidential aspects of Ethio telecom. The
enterprise market of VOIP is rapidly growth throughout the world and Ethiopia. Also
most countries recognize VOIP to be legal. So controlling of VOIP is logically difficult
but by translating its network IP based and by implementing VOIP in Ethio telecom we
can attract the customers to use VOIP by Ethio telecom network.
3.12. Logical Design

Figure 12 Logical design

3.13. Discussion
Verifying if the IP phones are assigned with their respective phone numbers:
 Figure-13 e-phone-1 Figure-14 e-phone-2

Figure-15 e-phone -3
Simply if we want to call, for example e-phone -1 calls to ephone-3 we will write the e-
phone-3 number on the keyboard of the ephone-1 and then pickup hand set in other term
we will dial to the e-phone we have written its number. The ephone-3 will ring and if we
want to communicate ephone-3 hand set should be picked up then they will connect.
Verifying the ringing by calling from one IP phone to another (e-phone 1 to e-phone
2 e-phone 1 to e-phone 3 and e-phone 2 to e-phone 3 vise versa)

Figure-16 when e-phone- 1 calls to e-phone- 3

Verifying the ringing by connected from one IP phone to another

Figure-17 when ephone-1 connected with ephone-3

 CHAPTER 5
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1. Conclusion
A source indicates that Ethio telecom was established before hundred years ago and it’s
the biggest and well organized governmental company in Ethiopia. As we have got more
information in this Internship period Ethio Telecom is the back bone for the
transformation by the side of communication and to facilitate every movement in market,
offices, Schools and etc. Also the services of telecom are very wide and basic for our
country development. We better conclude what we really observe during our entire
internship period, we have got so much important knowledge’s as well as remarkable
experiences. The internship program have great role on shaping our future goal and
vision. Also the internship is better for knowing the external work environment, solving
challenges that face during work times; developing good inter personal communication
skills, entrepreneurship skills, necessity of work ethics and also developing our practical
and theoretical knowledge.

The internship is very important for engineering students by every direction to develop
the interest to learn more at the next time and to be having a good vision about future and
make us to develop new ideas. We got a good knowledge and we decide to do more on
communication to be the next generation strong worker.

4.2. Recommendation
First of all we would like to recommend the company of the current status, the main and
core problem on proper assigning of internship students and VOIP implementation.

To transform practical knowledge’s Ethio telecom shall assign internship students

in practical sections.
There are some section which did not give practical project for their internship
practice for students, it is better the company must organize the workers of those
section and makes them ready for the next round.
 I also recommend Arba Minch university department of electrical and computer
engineering lectures to practice to students rather than theory and.
Send mentors to company periodically in order to check student activity during
internship.

REFERENCES

[1]. www.ethiotelecom.et

[2].Ethio telecom documents for internship students.

[3].Instruction and guidance paper from our department.

APPENDIX I
Steps of Switch configuration for VoIP

1. Create 5 VLANS( VLAN 10,VLAN 20,VLAN 30 ,VLAN 40 and

VLAN 50)
 Switch>enab
 Switch>enable
 Switch#conf
 Switch#configure t
 Switch#configure terminal
 Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
 Switch(config)#Vlan 20
 Switch(config-vlan)#na
 Switch(config-vlan)#name VOICE
 Switch(config-vlan)#exit
 Switch(config)#vlan 20
 Switch(config-vlan)#na
 Switch(config-vlan)#name DATA
 Switch(config-vlan)#vlan 30
 Switch(config-vlan)#name MGT
 Switch(config-vlan)#vlan 40
 Switch(config-vlan)#name MISC
  Switch(config-vlan)#vlan 50
 Switch(config-vlan)#name NATIVE
2. Assign ports to the Data Vlan which means Vlan 20
 Switch(config)#interface fa 0/2
 Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
 Switch(config-if)#exit
 Switch(config)#interface f 0/3
 Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
 Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
3. Assign ports to the Voice Vlan which means Vlan 10
 Switch(config)#interface f 0/2
 Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
 Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 10
 Switch(config)#interface f 0/3
 Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
 Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 10
 We have to define the trunk port of switch which is connect to router
 Switch(config)#interface f 0/1
 Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
APPENDIX II
Steps of Router configuration for VoIP
1. DHCP Pool configuration for IP Phones for vlan 10 or Voice
 Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 172.12.1.0 172.12.9.0
 Router(config)#ip dhcp pool Voice
 Router(dhcp-config)#network 172.12.0.0 255.255.0.0
 Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 172.12.1.0
 Router (dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 172.12.1.0 telles the ip phone where the dhcp
server found
2. DHCP Pool configuration Pcs Ip for vlan 20 or data
 Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 172.19.1.0 172.19.9.0
 Router(config)#ip dhcp pool Data
  Router(dhcp-config)#network 172.19.0.0 255.255.0.0
 Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 172.19.1.0
Create the sub interface associated with VLAN
 Sub interface configuration for vlan 10 and 20 respectively
 Router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0.10
 Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 12
 ip address 172.12.1.0 255.255.0.0
 Router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0.20
 Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 20
 ip address 172.19.1.0 255.255.0.0
 Router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
 Router(config-if)#no shutdown
 %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0.10, changed state to up
 LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0.20, changed state to up
Configuration for call manager

//define the maximum number Ip phones and directory

 Router(config)#telephony-service
 Router(config-telephony)#max-ephones 2
 Router(config-telephony)#max-dn 4
 Router(config-telephony)#ip source –address 172.12.1.0 port 2000
 Router(config-telephony)#creat cnf-file it used for ip phone to communicate
properly with cisco router call manager
 CNF-FILES: Clock is not set or synchronized, retaining old
 At this part we have to connect ntp server to switch and give ip address
172.12.2.0
and subnet mask 255.255.0.0 and default getway 172.12.1.0
 Configure the router
 Router(config)#ntp server 172.12.2.2
e-Phone configuration
 Router(config)#ephone 1
 Router(config-ephone)#mac-address xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx
 Router(config-ephone)#type 7960or model of ip phone
 Router(config)#ephone 2
 Router(config-ephone)#mac-address xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx
  Router(config)#ephone 3
 Router(config-ephone)#mac-address
xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx
 Router(config-ephone)#type 7960or model of ip phone

//define the number for phones

 Router(config)#ephone-dn 1
 Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 1010
 Router(config)#ephone-dn 2
 Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 1020
 Router(config)#ephone-dn 3
 Router(config-ephone-dn)#number 1030
ephone button configuration
 Router(config)#ephone 1
 Router(config-ephone)#button 1:1
 Router(config)#ephone 2
 Router(config-ephone)#button 1:2
 Router(config)#ephone 3
 Router(config-ephone)#button 1:3

THANK YOU!!!!!!