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Embedding

a computer for general


purpose applica4on
•  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
•  Printer
•  Cell Phone
•  Automobile: Engine, Brakes, Dash, etc.
•  Television
•  Household appliances
Surveillance System vs DVD player
•  No of microcontroller being used depends on
the complexity of applica4ons.
Ex:
Microprocessor: 32 bit Motorola
Automo4ve Embedded Systems
•  Today’s high-end automobile may have more
than 100 microcontrollers:
- 4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt;
- microcontroller run dashboard devices;
-16/32-bit microcontroller controls engine

ABS
Characteris4cs of Embedded Systems
•  Sophis4cated func4onality
•  Real-4me opera4on (always?)
•  Low manufacturing cost
•  Applica4on dependent processor
•  Restricted Memory
•  Low Power
-Power consump4on is cri4cal in baXery-
powered devices
- Excessive poser consump4on increases system
cost even in wall powered devices.

What is a Real Time Embedded System?
Type of computer system with timing constraints i.e. a system which
responds to external events or input stimuli in a timely fashion (within
finite and specified time).
This Weapons Defense System consists of three sub-systems: a Radar System, a Control System
and a Weapons Firing System.
Characteristics of a Real Time Embedded
System
There are two important characteris4cs of any real 4me
embedded system. They are:

•  The Real Time Embedded System must generate correct
computa4onal responses to the events (func4onal
constraints).
•  The responses or results must be produced within a
predefined 4me (4ming constraints).
Based on the degree of tolerance in the 4ming constraints, Real
Time Systems are classified in to two types. They are:

Hard Real Time Systems

So\ Real Time Systems

In Hard Real Time Systems, there is no flexibility in 4ming


constraints i.e. they must meet all the deadlines, failing to do
will result in a catastrophic consequences.

Examples: Flight Control Systems, Missile Guidance Systems,
Weapons Defense System, etc.
So\ Real Time Systems have some relaxa4on in mee4ng the
deadlines i.e. the degree of tolerance is non-zero. A So\ Real
Time System must produce response to an event within the
deadline but with some flexibility in mee4ng the deadlines.

Even if the response isn’t delivered in the deadline (but
delivered in acceptable limit), the result won’t be catastrophic
or failure in the system but will cost a delay in propaga4on.

Examples: Set top boxes, DVD Players, Weather Monitoring
Systems etc.



More Features
•  Dedicated Systems
-Predefined func4onality: Accordingly
Hardware and so\ware designed
- Programmability rarely used during life4me
of the system
-Real-4me, fault-tolerant, safe


Types of Embedded System
•  General Compu4ng
-PDA, Video Games, Set-top boxes, ATM
•  Control Systems
-Feed-back control of real 4me systems
-Vehicle engines, flight control, nuclear reactors
•  Signal Processing
- Radar, Sonar, DVD players
•  Communica4on and Networking
- Cellular Phones, Internet appliances
Embedded system is a subset of IoT

A network of Internet connected objects able to
Collect and exchange data.

IoT= Internet (Backbone of connec4vity)+ Things
(objects/Devices)

IoT=ET+NT+IT

Smart Control of Home appliances

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