Step 2 - to recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Individual work

Fredy Alberto Martinez Nieves

Group: 203058_35

1.065.576.059

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-25
 Introduction

With this work, we can deepen the issues of electromagnetic waves in dielectric and
insulating conductors, as well as the concepts of electromagnetism and the parameters
of behavior of waves in open media by applying this knowledge in the solution of
mathematical exercises.

Questions: (write the answer in your own words)

1. In the context of Electromagnetic waves, what does “Open Propagation Medium”

mean?

Answer:

Initially, it is claimed that electromagnetic waves do not need a material means to propagate.
They include, among others, visible light and radio, television and telephone waves.
Therefore, they propagate in a vacuum at a constant, very high speed (300,000 km / s).
Consequently, the open propagation medium is the ease that electromagnetic waves have to
be transmitted in free space by an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.

2. In the context of propagation mediums, what is the meaning of “Loss Tangent”?

Answer:

The Tangent of loss is defined as the parameter that depends on the characteristics of the
medium and the frequency of the signal and determines the relationship that the conduction
and displacement current exists, its calculation formula is:

𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) =
𝜔𝜖
Where: 𝜖 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
1
𝜖 = 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 𝜖= *10−9
36𝜋

𝜎 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 = 2 𝜋𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

3. What physical variables does the value of the Loss Tangent depend on?

Answer:
 Its value depends on the relationship between the energy lost per cycle over the energy stored
per cycle:

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝐷 =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

4. According to the value of the Loss Tangent, how are the propagation mediums classified?

Answer:

According to the value of the loss tangent, the media are classified as good conductor, Good
insulator, dissipative dielectric, perfect conductor, and perfect dielectric:

TYPE VALUE 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) VALUE IN GRADES

Good conductor 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≥ 10 𝛿 ≥ 84°
Good insulator 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 0,01 𝛿 ≤ 0,06°
Dissipative dielectric 0,01 < 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 10 0,06° < 𝛿 < 84°
Perfect conductor 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿)→∞ 𝛿 = 90°
Perfect dielectric 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 𝛿 = 0°
Table 1. Classification of propagation media

5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

Answer:

When an Electromagnetic wave propagates, not in a vacuum, but in any material medium, the
parameters to be analyzed are: the speed of propagation since it is not the same as in a
vacuum, the dispersion when they propagate in matter, reflection and refraction occur when
a wave crosses the separation surface of two different media. The reflected wave is a new
wave that propagates in the medium in which the original wave was propagating. The
refracted wave is the one that is transmitted to the second medium. The absorption that allows
evaluating the behavior of the materials for electric and electromagnetic harmonic fields.
 Application exercises:

1. Assume that an electromagnetic wave E of frequency 𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝐻𝑧 travels through

the medium chosen in Table 1. Calculate the Loss Tangent Tan (δ) and the angle
of losses δ. (Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification number).

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜

Solution

The tangent of losses is defined as the conductivity of the medium divided by the
angular frequency and multiplied by the electrical permittivity

It must be taken into account that the electrical permittivity is defined as 𝜖 = 𝜖𝑟𝜖0
where 𝜖𝑟 is a proper parameter of the medium and 𝜖0 is the vacuum permittivity
defined as 𝜖
The conductivity is a parameter of the environment, in this case the plant soil and
has a value of 1𝑥10−2
And the angular frequency that is equal to 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

According to the result we can characterize the medium, so we can say that
Classification of propagation media.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Low Loss dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

(Dielectrics with
3. Dissipative dielectrics 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
losses)
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Then we will calculate the tangent loss of the medium (Vegetable Soil) at a
frequency of 106Mhz
 Data:
Frequency 1.06𝑀ℎ𝑧
Conductivity of soil 1𝑥10−2
Plant soil permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 14

Since we have the parameters of the medium we replace the loss tangent formula

1𝑥10−2
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = −9 = 0,121
1𝑥10
2𝜋(1.06𝑥108 )(14)
36𝜋

This gives us that the value of the tangent of losses of the vegetal soil at a
frequency of 1.06Mhz is 0,121

Now we calculate the angle of loss, for this we use the following formula

𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 − 1 (𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = σωε)

Then we replace the values in the formula

𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(0,121) = 6,9°

This results in a loss angle of 6,9 °

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Low Loss dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°
Table 2: Classification of propagation media.
 Solution according to the classification table of the propagation media, we can
say that according to the value of the result obtained in the loss tangent is a good
insulator (low loss dielectric)

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 (shown

below), calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen
medium:
a. Propagation constant (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant (Alpha).
c. Phase constant (Beta).
d. Intrinsic impedance (Eta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low dielectric Dielectrics Good
Parameter dissipative with conductors
losses

𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔
√𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒( )
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜔 𝜔 𝐼𝑚( )
𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

√𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜⁄𝜎
Propagation constant (gamma).

Solution
Now we are going to calculate the propagation constant 𝛾 (𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎), we know
that the propagation classification is good insulator and in turn is a low loss
dielectric, then we will use the following formula

𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇

Data:
Angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

Magnetic permeability 𝜇 = 𝜇0 = 1.26 ∗ 10−6

Electrical permissibility 𝜖 = 𝜖𝑟𝜖0 Plant

soil permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 14 vacuum

permittivity 𝜖0 = 8.8542 ∗ 10−12

1,06Mhz frequency equivalent to 1,06 ∗ 108

Then we must replace the formula values

𝑗2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1,06 ∗ 108 √ 1.26 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 14 ∗ 8.85 ∗ 10−12

Once the values have been replaced, we perform the calculations

−6
666017642.56i √ 1.2566 ∗ 10 ∗ 14 ∗ 8.85 ∗ 10−12

Now we perform the root calculations

−6
√ 1.26 ∗ 10 ∗ 14 ∗ 8.85 ∗ 10−12

It results in

1.248 ∗ 10−4 = 0.000125 𝑁𝑜𝑤

we multiply the results obtained

666017642i ∗ 0.000125 = 83252.20525

So we say that the propagation constant for 𝛾 (𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎) is

 𝑌 = 83252.20525i (180°)

Intrinsic impedance (Eta).

Now we will calculate the Intrinsic impedance of 𝜂 (𝐸𝑡𝑎) It will be done taking into
account the following formula

𝑌 = √μ/

Knowing the formula we know the values that we will use which are
the following Data:

Magnetic permeability 𝜇 = 𝜇0 = 1.2566 ∗ 10−6

Electrical permittivity 𝜖 = 𝜖𝑟𝜖0 Plant soil

permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 14 vacuum

permittivity 𝜖0 = 8.8542 ∗ 10−12

Once we have the value of electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability, then
we replace the values

−6 −12
η = √ 1,256 ∗ 10 ∗ 8.85 ∗ 10
14

Then we say the Intrinsic impedance for 𝜂 = 100.683857Ω

Attenuation constant (Alpha).

Now we will calculate the Attenuation constant 𝛼 (𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎) this will be done taking
into account the following formula
𝛼 = 𝜎𝜂⁄2
Knowing the formula we observe that on this occasion the value of 𝜂 (𝐸𝑡𝑎) is
necessary, which we obtained in the previous formula Data:
The conductivity of plant soil 𝜎 = 1𝑥10−2

Propagation parameter (𝐸𝑡𝑎) 𝜂 = 100.683857

Now we replace

𝛼
Then we say the Attenuation constant (𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎) 𝛼 = 503𝑥10−11 𝑁𝑝

Phase constant (Beta).

Now we will calculate the Phase constant 𝛽 (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎) this will be done taking into
account the following formula

𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇

Knowing the formula we know the values that we will use which are the following

Data:
Angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

Magnetic permeability 𝜇 = 𝜇0 = 1.2566 ∗ 10−6

Electrical permittivity 𝜖 = 𝜖𝑟𝜖0

Plant soil permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 14

Permitivity of the vacuum 𝜖0 = 8.8542 ∗ 10−12

800Mhz frequency equivalent to 1.06 ∗ 108

Now we replace
8 −6 −2
β = 2π ∗ 1.06 ∗ 10 √ 1,256 ∗ 10 ∗ 8.85 ∗ 10
14

First we will calculate the angular frequency

−6 −2
β = 666017642.56 √ 1,256 ∗ 10 ∗ 8.85 ∗ 10
14
 And now we perform the root calculation

−8
β = 1.24807 ∙ 10

Now we multiply the results obtained

−8
β = 666017642.56 ∗ 1.24807 ∗ 10

With the result obtained we say that the Phase constant (𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑎)
β = 8.3119 Rad

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:

a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .
d. Refractive index 𝒏.
Solution
Propagation speed
Now let's calculate the propagation velocity, so we must use the following
formula𝑣𝑝
𝜔
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽

As noted in the formula, we use the value of the angular frequency is the
frequency that has been used throughout the years of activity is 800Mhz
equivalent to and the value that we find the phase constant 𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∙ 𝑓8 ∙
108 𝛽 (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎)

Data:

Angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∙ 𝑓 = 1.2655 ∗ 10−6 ∙ 1.06 ∙ 108

Phase constant 𝛽 (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎) = 6361.09 𝑅𝑎𝑑

Now we replace the values of the formula

1.2655 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 1.06 ∗ 108

vp =
6361.09

We perform the calculation and gives us the result that the speed of propagation
at a frequency of 1.06 Mhz is 8.0123 ∙ 10−7 𝑚/𝑠

Wavelength
Now we calculate the wavelength 𝜆, We will use the following formula
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
As noted in the formula we use the value of the constant phase 𝛽 (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎)
Data:
Phase constant 𝛽 (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎) = 6361.09 𝑅𝑎𝑑
Now we replace the formula

6361.09
λ=
8.3119

Now perform the calculation and gives us the result that the wavelength 𝜆 It is 𝜆
= 52872.74 * 10−8

Speed Factor
Now we calculate the velocity factor𝑓𝑣, We will use the following formula
𝑣𝑝
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐶0
As noted in the formula, to find the velocity factor must use the value of the
propagation speed is equal to and we also know the value of the speed of light
in vacuum, it is worth 𝑣𝑝 = 8.0123 ∙ 10−7 𝑚/𝑠𝐶0 = 3 ∙ 108

Data: Propagation speed𝑣𝑝 = 8.0123 ∙

10−7𝑚
𝑠

Speed of light in vacuum𝐶0 = 3 ∙ 108

Now we replace the formula

𝑓𝑣
We perform the calculation and gives us as it turns the propagation velocity is 𝑓𝑣
= 2.6708 ∙ 10−8

Refractive index
Now we calculate the velocity factor𝑛, We will use the following formula
1
𝑛=
 𝑓𝑣
As noted in the formula, to find the refractive index must use the value of the
speed of propagation is 𝑓𝑣 = 2.6708 ∙ 10−8

Data:

Propagation speed 𝑓𝑣 = 2.6708 ∙ 10−8

now we replace

𝑛
We perform the calculation and gives us the result that the propagation speed is
𝑛 = 3.74420 ∙ 10−7

5. According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that the
maximum value of the E (Electric) wave is 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽/𝒎, calculate:

e. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

f. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.
g. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (loss percentage) of wave amplitude per unit length.

Solution
The penetration depth of the wave in the medium𝛿𝑝

To find the depth of penetration of the wave in the medium, we will by the
following formula
1
𝛿𝑝 = | 𝛼|

As noted in the formula, to find the depth of penetration of the wave, we must
use in calculating the absolute value of the result of 𝛼 (𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎) = 503 ∙ 10−11

Data:
Attenuation constant 𝛼 (𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎) = 503 ∙ 10−11 now

we replace

𝛿𝑝 |503 ∙ 10−11|
And we calculate, which results in a penetration depth wave 𝛿𝑝 = 198807157 𝑚

The 𝑃𝑜 power transmitted by the wave in the medium

Now calculate the power transmitted by the wave in the medium, we will by the
following formula

|𝐸𝑥20|
𝑃𝑜 = 2|𝜂| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝜂

As noted in the formula we need the value of, and this has a value of additional
must use the absolute value of the intrinsic impedance which has a value of
𝐸120𝑣𝜂 = 100.683857Ω

Data:

impedance Intrinsic 𝜂 = 100.683857Ω

Maximum wave 𝐸 = 120𝑣

now we replace
|1202| 𝑃𝑜 = 2 |100.603857| cos(100.683857)

We perform calculations and give us the result that the power transmitted by the
wave is 𝑃𝑜 = 70.676774 𝑤
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1: With the realization of this work, the different concepts of physics and
electromagnetism of electromagnetic waves are achieved and internalized and
strengthen our knowledge with the performance of practical mathematical exercises.

Conclusion 2: to the development of the exercises of the activity, we understand the

importance of the definitions that we saw in Step 1 since we could put them into practice
and with this we get a little familiar with the value of certain constants

Conclusion 3: When performing the different activities with their respective calculations,
we observe the importance of each of the results obtained, since with these results we
can verify the value of the different propagation components and their behavior
depending on the medium.

Bibliography

Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves in free
space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for
First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 49-60). Recovered from:

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d
b=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. (pp. 513-
519). Recovered from:
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d
b=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Recovered from:

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to Free and Guided
Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science
Publishers, Inc. Recovered from:

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d
b=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_Cover