va KY AMBOGO UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SEMPSTER ONE EXAMINATIONS FOR SECOND YEAR. BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING PROGRAMMES, 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR END OF SEMESTER TEST. ME 212 MATERIALS SCIENCE Date: December, 09, 2014. Time: 2:00 - 4:00 pm Instructions: + Attempt any four out of the six questions ©All questions carry equal marks ‘Question One (a) Define “Mass effect" as regards to atomic structure, giving one typical example, 6 marks (b) Explain the significance of the four quantum numbers n, J, mand m, in defining the state of an electron, 10 marks (©) What are valence electrons and what rale do they play in chemical reac 2 marks (@) Answer "rue or false" (The total energy E of an electron is inversely proportional to the angular Momentum quan er? T mark a -\ ghey The electron orbit (wave path) process in a magnetic field beca n exerts a couple on it | mark Question two (a) Draw the three crystal structure unit cells that are common in metallic elements and show their featwre 6 marks (b) Fora crystal unit cell structure which is predominant in most ductile metals sketch the following planes ) (010) i (oro) Gi) Giity C10) 6 marks (©) Calculate the atomic radius in terms of lattice constants for an fee erystal r= c. fal structure 4 4+ 4 marks 2 (©) Answer “true or false" forthe following (Nickel has a close - packet structure because its bonding is metallic Tre 2 tints (11) Graphite does not conduct electricity as well as does a as metal because electrc from one sheet of atoms to the next. oman “leone Question three a] @) teats the wena! form oF an equ iim, diagram for a binary system in which the ‘wo elements are mutually solubk one another bo in liquid and in solid state over the whole comy osilion range. Deseri Fi ieee Bei sate ne canpsion yp toon terre NOM AMEE esrb te changes g cooling fromGi) Ceramics are generally good electrical insulators because all the valence electrons are occupied in the covalent ionic bonds. 2 marks Question four (a) _ Sketch and label the features of typical curves of stress versus strain obtained in tensile tests of: (i) Brittle ceramic (3 marks) Gi) Ductile metal (3 marks) (iii) Mild steel (5 marks) (b) Distinguish between britle and ductile fracture S.maris! Question five (@) Distinguish between addition and condensation polymerisation, and give an example in each case, 8 marks () Explain why rubber tends to crystallize when it is stretched. Comment on what happens to the shape of the ‘molecules. 6 marks Ke) Answer "false or true” for the following: (i) Polymers which contain polar groups have a high dielectrie constant 2 marks (i) Thermoplastic polymers may readily be shaped at high temperatures because of the absence of 58 cross-linking, 2 marks (iii) The addition of carbon black to a thermoplastic reduces the aging because by making the material opaque, it excludes light from all but the surface. 2 marks Question six (a) What are the fundamental differences between semiconductors and insulators as far as charge conduction is concerned. What happens tothe conductivities ofthese two materials when they are heated and why? 10 marks (b) In general terms explain what is meant by an “intrinsic and an extrinsic semiconductor. 6 marks (©) Answer false or true for the following: (i) A group V impurity gives P-type conductivity because it has five valence electrons. 2 marks (ii) A group 111 impurity is called an acceptor because it accepts ‘An exira electron to the covalent bonding system 2 marks ee a wes Const Pett parbigley fsKYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT 2015/2016 Second Year, Semester One Assignment for Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical and Maoufacturing, Bachelor of Engineering in Automotive and Power, Bachelor of Industr Engineering and Management, and Bachelor of Engineering in Environmental Engineering and Management ME 212: MATERIALS SCIENCE Given Date, October, 28", 2015 Submission Date: 20" Nov 2015 Instructions © Assignment consists of two sections A and B. . © Answer any three questions in Section A and any other two question in section B. Making a total of five. SECTION A af’ Question one * a) Name the three types of shrinkage in metal during solidification 3 marks b) Using sketches, explain the following sivinkage © i. Primary pipe 6 marks ii, Secondary pipe 5 marks ©) Name three major causes of gases in castings end ingots and indicate how each of these cases can be minimized 6 marks 4 Question Two VP® a) Sketch the following crystal structures. i, Body centred cubic (BCC) 2 marks Face centred cubic (FCC) 2 marks iii, Hexagonal close packed (HCP) 2 marks b) For each of the above crystal structure give the following: i. Co-ordination number imaiks ‘Atomic packing factor 2 marks Number of atoms per unit cell Oo marks iv. Any two examples of metals that crystallize with each of the above three crystal structure 2 ) Sketch these three general crystal planes on body centred cubic lattice structure: tnatks (010) 2 marks (110) ii, (UN) 3 matke Question Three 2 marks a) Show the slip-panes in the following crystal lattices and give the number of slip directions in each case: Bcc 4 marks 4 marks 4 marksoF b) Under what circumstances will hep materials fail by: i, Brittle failure 4 marks ii. Yield prior to failure 4 marks Question Four a) Using sketches, explain how the final structure of an ingot is affected by the following conditions: i. Casting at a low casting temperature in a chill (metal) mould 5 marks ii, Casting at a very high casting temperature in.a chill (metal) mould 6 marks b) Explain what is meant by these ingot defects: i, _Interdendritic or micro-segregation 4 marks ii, . Normal or macro-segregation 5 marks L-Question Five a) Explain with sketches the meaning of the following crystal imperfections i. Vacancy 3 marks Substitutional impurity 3 marks Interstitial impurity 3 marks iv. Frenkel imperfection 3 marks v. . Schotky imperfection 3 marks b) Outline the four stages through which precipitation hardening is achieved as a means of strengthening metals 5 marks SECTION B Question Six a) Explain the following as related to the production of synthetic polymers i. Copolymerization 2 marks ii, Condensation polymerization 2 marks iii, Addition polymerization 2 marks iv. Initiator 2 marks by A natural gas has the following mass analysis: carbon 80%, hydrogen 8%, oxygen 5%, Ash 7M. The gas is burnt with 20% excess air. Calculate the mass of air supplied per kg of fuel a 8 marks ) Under what circumstances will atoms move to sites: i. Below the dislocation line 2 marks i ‘Above the dislocation line > marks ii, Question Seven . . . . a) Explain the term “hard water” and comment on its effect on industrial water supplies 4 marks b) Explain the ion-exchange method of softening water for industrial use 7 marks 6). Sketch and explain the action ofa galvanic (corrosion) cel! consisting of zine as an anode and 9 marks copper as a cathode Question Eight a) Draw a thermal equilibrium diagram of the following system:Copper melting point 1083°C, and silver melting point 960°C, form a eutectic copper containing 28.5% copper at 780°C. Copper dissolve in solid silver to the extent of 8.8% at the eutectic temperature, but the maximum solubility limit of silver in copper are 8.0% at the eutectic temperature and 0.95% at 400°C. 10 marks b) Describe the equilibrium cooling of: : i, Analloy containing 6.5% copper S marks An alloy containing 40% copper 3 marke Question Nine a) Sketch the general form of an equilibrium diagram for a binary system in which the two elements are mutually insoluble into one another both in liquid and in solid state over the whole composition range. Describe the changes during cooling from the‘liquid state of one composition up to room temperature , 1S marks b) What information is conveyed by the solvus line partial equilibrium diagram showing partial solubility? 2 marks ©) What do you understand by the term “cooling” as regards to cooling solid solutions? 3 marks #” Question Ten a) Using sketches, distinguish between: i, Tonic bond 5 marks ii. Covalent bond 5 marks iii, Metallic bond Acacias b) Explain the three factors that can affect solid solution hardening 6 marks Frof Gidono Yes? Y manVA = 43a~ REVISION Questione Lim White te herp of a Abetch, beletly closcetfe what & meant o i Fagard b Cn ytd abo ati tag a ° (b) Let Lire oe 4 Cubl Lxyslale and .. Qube Indicate she NPlae tpper b Comino, Vbab cy J byt Lote Co What Lo Aondeetind py itn tice as £5 Crystalline Siuctemee fy = ars Rotary bite Ba Lote of Lhibiches, briefly cere gene fe east a followng ey ~cedmed Cube (bere), * te Cectied Cuble (fee), " xagerah Clete packed (Rep)... a WO Fer ead ste Linen above Cvyted Lies, ri &) Co-ordination pumber 5 CH tle omic Packing facter 2 Ci) Mumber 64 Cbime Per untt coll} , QW Ary iow “excrinplee 9¢ mitale Hak Crystallic wi each & Thin Timer Cayll, Bi Tans . 3 Bran a Cuble wnct cell auch on it ¢ (@ rdiate Bie Hine peep al aver, cod woot Crystal cbibeationn of F/I] cmb 127. Aga Rebel. Ba fobler ng Cryc& 2 “aioph enki Gnd On bocty— akin Atvactine | @ Coro) Ci C110) CHC). - (Dba he you Linilintind by Melee Inckices 8 -negardy Lo Crystal plese ?~ Aa (@ dow y par wee cach iP ops ce B fee +O Enel aoleck fe fe tok piesa, ag ce iar de rere ofa he hinear cd 2 horse es absewce paws .: ne Callie ? : (a) Git eet 2 dom phos on he ol Ganon 4 fncrath eins, G kas Brvetly describe teow a Uniarxtal Finale 2 cies Cotidinitie $e Cugsballin tty baw. ‘Spamelig fe ae Jadu tetane tle Opal of frac —Induced Cryholltation & re AEE proctusiim proces. © ne Give Be formulas relating Fe Lalitoe Constants, a te He inte Ham Cz) a” ut Ba Cryebab £ Lattices’ W face- epitied Cubde Gee), cD -certied Cuble (bes.) wenn fh , by Bi Loem Jeep lanor CGE Ce fh tral. for cade: ulatiig Anco pl © Bpacing fe cubte Lattices Few Weak & Be Condi lor a ye Buel as & 2 reclia Bein. te ke po be yet lactis by fe (0S of as s Boge = ap naiiin for tha. rof tection Coat _ eee pa Brera reflecting “ie ee reed pels: fess 2A planesf -4A5- 4.10) Mutiequich clea been. Ber aud ns ft ee Crose- (abet ad beck ad appt be Podiynie stractinse fween but a brittle, material which deforms under stress 1 and ultimately fractures with no plastic deformation la) b) 2 a) REVISION QUESTIONS Explain the following terms (i) Strain (ii) Stress Name the three common types of stresses Define Hooke’s law Explain the following material constants (i) Young’s modulus of electricity, E (ii) Modulus of rigidity, G (ii) Bulk-modulus of elasticity, Kb) 3a) db) 4a} b) Sa) d) cc) d) e) 6 a) b) 7a) How 1s the Young's modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rigidity determined. Explain what is meant by Poisson's ratio In a formula form, give the relationship between Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus of electricity, E, and the Bulk modulus of rigidity, k, Under what circumstances does a thermal stress set-up in a material? Give an expression for the relationship between thermal stress and Young's modulus of elasucity, E What types of planes are favourable for slip in a crystal? What types of planes are favourable for slip in crystals? (i) Hexagonal close packed, H.C.P (i) Face-centred cubic, F.C.C (iii) Body-centred cubic, B.C.C Give the number of slip directions, for each of the shp planes in the above crystal lattices On what does the slip behaviour in an hep crystal depend? Under what circumstances will the hep materials () fail by brittle failure (ii) fail with plastic yielding prior to failure How is plastic deformation initiated in a crystal and under what circumstances is the applied tensile stress necessary to initiate slip a minimum? Give reasons why metals with face-centred cubic crystals are soft and ducule and why those metals with bedy-centred cubic crystals are harder and less ductile. Under what circumstances does plastic deformation occur in hexagonal close packed (hep) and in body-centred cubic (bec} by a Process of twinning?b) Under what circumstances does deformation occur by mechanical twinning in face-centred cubic crystals? 8a} Why is the fracture strength of a polycrystalline ceramic normally lower than that of a single crystal of the same material? b) How does the porosity affect the fracture strength of a ceramic material? | What events takes place when moist clay is fired between 1000- 1400°¢ 9a) Why is the fracture strength of ordinary glass very low and how can it be improved b) Explain the meaning of the following as applied to polymers; (i) Glass state (ii) Rubber state (iii) Glass transition temperature, T, ¢] How does a plasticiser affect the glass iransition temperature of a polymc s? d) Using thermupiastic at different temperatures ¢ load extension graph, outline the deformation behavior of a 10 a) How will the following lead to the strengthening of a metal; 0) Grain boundary (1) Random arrangement of atomic crystal structure b) What is anisotropy in a crystal wetures and what type of metative tructures show this type of behaviour 11a) Ourhne the importance of strain hardening in industey b) What causes failure when the material is strain hardness beyend the miximum hardness? 12.) Wrie a brief account on the effect of heating a work-hardened matet b) What is meant by cold working and hot working processes? 13 a) What is diffusion as applies to crystal latices b) Under what circumstances will atoms move to sites?() below the dislocation line (ii) above the dislocation line c) What are contrell atmospheres and how do they affect the movement of dislocations? 16 a) With the help of sketches, briefly explain the yield point behaviour in mild stcel during deformation. >) Explain the following as regards to the movement of dislocations fi) jog (i) climb dislocationf - 24- Vi QEVISLON QUESTION S C@ Ge pectic what 6 g track boy ice TE Wwe fomerii cud price Piece pte: ) Dé Qreccbcaite, hebiuecen bk auee, obke. ee ae oa ve Grsetov etinnpl en pte ce bk auce at ok (® Cy pleteee ft ER tee CPkiast 1 cadre ect, Ges si Birt gown pee te eit beekes (oD Pave + “Chr catecee 4 hie eycle- Cabkitpes Hud “hose “Cyclo Ley Ever ¥ i) Cyphers te Reet te bruce by Corte cee, Cece perch Gud Grd Qu exci “pe — ei Ec Gocucr teueecee Lecite A UA K tg wf Coak Ba € Ciawpls— ce) aplate ed app ple Lgees Ate eis An os Dye Car Bek faa pod cy | Gurl al yee De coet), ov Lgebro He Group (—c#), tte Cll Neto -guewp — (-NO2) Goo & = A CU LK Cu L ¢ copy me Cech Cece:38 - (a) Wheat Deepens mh whee ihe Oe Gltwe \ Cun uteuea Cue roplacach EG. Ge Lun Prauple QEplak wheb & meactley Divtiro Cycle Componths Ghue tase Lraurpla. (Ora Explads what . de th weak by tonésallon Geel Pt value, « Guse one y ° (b) wae (. 9 ike ig. EE cps "3 Aa «lB mawck & Cn Lyplasive « : one Ege Gabe Hed por, pane Vonabn svc, Chine i lek ceed - Give La ple Bs Lupport afer Gateentn NS fiesta. wage Ae vrbeecly ae: nal ae Gees, alee Apes ¥ Leplenow sO Bihan. (24a) befall. Leer A Cypteemer Oud hucnsay parte (Popllacts), ptg freSe / —36 - /s) Bea Mia fellows gore? fropettit. for ci Clowseall Ha bolety Y oa Tita, oxplbncoe a, (9 DScuce Hie chanastenttice, Comperion oie ware Ly pe oop el a Pi tl sith ote anapt oe (b). fie olarsctanttlee, Coun position 24 ob odeandag Bl, eg ne “¢ & XO et Ee ite of Betis ye) i mw N&érvo | bs) Qe Li rin Dans (rN ND, (D Peerage acc (93496 te “i nbbre pl-onol ie ee, coat i dasby oR O Lad age ay \B Morea flrnzaate (My (onc)y)~30- He ach belive A ucleer piven ud? frst (watts: Werte tnd Uphrgen 08 cravat Orphan. Hee Thuctar | Eee wt) Nuclear (Ses Cl pola mat hy Bad vee, ‘(b) g 8, CBircen ont fermion a Gu Consmaid ex Se Lb . Meta &y Mavthucee out Mint Lesbiine eulorubrcd 2. ibe Bee is tage chee seg Hla. den ob = Fe HH Compared tyes fi (Gay Eee “aot Hint ay Ae aie ee. He = Oy change aor por Bhi Pm sabe jodie for tak tee £ (Ueteng yeu bite ans “Low ~ Lpeleaug 6 Wr (4) couse ths Cougoy w0eccee Y Scale, for ws dbo Nee aS Sex cae , ie will hptlone Au ucbettag . le plain Ln weurustrs Ler se 3 tage His. act rab Babak f ee Hed » for rewmving Fale 2 Lo cong Phe. Lor we Cae ge relabed Le relic bo fe tenes Min praaccaee fpr oueromup Bix p, wa (9 Rrtelly, ean 1. Lows Mucdpal preter Lg Pes Cotten osae Ve Re KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITY TEST 2013/2014 ‘Second Vear, Semester One Test for Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical and Manufacturing, Bachelor of Engineering in Automotive and Power, Bachelor of Industrial Engineering and Management, and Bachelor of Engineering in Environmental Engineering and Management ME 212: MATERIALS SCIENCE Date: Friday, December,13", 2011 Time: 5:00-8:00 p.m Instructions to Candidates The paper contains seven questions Attempt any five questions Each question carries 20 marks ‘+ Begin each question on a fresh page ‘© Phones are strictly prohibited © Should have drawing instruments +h You should have the following for this Test mot Answer book, drawing instruments and a non progcammable calculator Question One v a) Define mass defect as regards to atomic structure, giving one typical example 6 marks b)_ Explain the importance of the four quantum numbers; n, Lm, and m,in determining the energy levet of anelectron 10 marks c)_ How is the maximum number of electrons determined? In the main shells marks In the sub shells 2 marks Question Two \/ Craw the most widespread crystal structure unit cells for metals and show their main features and a) atleast one example of a metal in each case 9 marks b)_ Answer “true or false” for the following. Nickel has a close packed structure because its bonding is metallic 2 marks ji, Graphite does not conduct electricity as wall as does a metal because electrons cannot move freely from one sheet of atoms to the next 2marks ji, Homogeneous nucleation rarely occurs because itis energetically easier for nucleation to take place at structural imperfections 2 marksiv. Ceramics are generally good electrical insulators because all the valence electrons are occupied in the covalent ionic bonds 2 marks ¢)_ What do you understand by the word “coring” as regard to cooling of solid solutions? 3 marks Question Three \” a) Sketch and label the features of typical curves of stress versus strain obtained in tensile tests of; i, Brittle ceramic 3 marks ii, Ductile metal 3marks iii, Mild steel 5 marks b) Distinguish between a brittle and a ductile fracture 9 marks a or “Question Four a) Distinguish between addition pehmeration and condensation polymerization and give the relevant examples in each case & marks (0) Explain why the tensile strength of rubber and other polymers such as plastics tend to increase when they are stretched. Comment on what happens to the shapes of their molecules 6 marks ¢)_ Under what circumstances will h.c.p materials fail by; i. Brittle fracture 3 marks ii, Yielding prior to failure 3 marks VRuestion Five a) What are the fundamental differences between semiconductors and insulators as far as charge conduction is concerned? What happens to the conductivities of the two materials when they are heated and why? 10 marks b) Differentiate between an “intrinsic semiconductor " and an “extrinsic semiconductor” 6 marks c) Answer false or true for the following; i. A group V impurity gives P-type conductivity because it has five valency electrons fall 2 marks ii. A group three impurity is called an acceptor because it accepts an extra electron to the T covalent bonding system 2 marksQuestion Six a) Describe the different types of magnetic behavior and discuss their origins in terms of atomic and molecular structures 10 marks What is a soft magnetic material? Discuss the principles underlying the production of such materials 6 marks What effect would cold working have on the properties of a soft magnetic material? How would you restore its original properties 4 marks b) °) Question Seven. a) In general terms, differentiate between these two strengthening mechanisms for materials structures i. Dispersion hardening 5 marks i, Particulate strengthening 6 marks b) Explain how a polycrystalline material behaves when its being deformed as compared to a mono- crystalline material marks