DEPARTMENT OF LAW, PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF

MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH, INDORE

NAME OF THE TOPIC

Problems in Syria and its Future

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF B.A.LL.B (Hons.),

NINTH SEMESTER

SUBMITTED TO :– SUBMITTED BY: -

Asst. Prof Nakul Chauhan Aayush Arora

152001
 INTRODUCTION

Syria is a west Asian Country bordering Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel. The civil
war in Syria is regarded as the most brutal conflict in the world which started off in 2011 and
is still on. Syria has a very slender belt of shoreline along the Mediterranean Sea and
relaxation of the country is subjected to extreme temperatures that motive accepted dirt
storms and periodic droughts. The devastating fight between 2006 and 2011 precipitated tons
resentment, among the human beings due to poverty and unemployment. That time Syria was
once ruled through Basher-Al-Assad, he introduced several plans like earnings revisions to
appease the humans of his country.The largest religious group in Syria is the Sunni Muslims
which constitutes nearly 74% of the population. They have been not happy with the
administration of President Basher-Al-Assad who was extra inclined to Shia Muslims.

In 2011, peaceable democratic protests started in The Government started a brutal crackdown
on rebel organizations with the assist of Iran-backed Militia and it published the sectarian
tension in Syria.

In March 2011 Syria's administration, driven by Pres. Bashar al-Assad, confronted an

uncommon test to its position when professional popular government challenges ejected all
through the nation. Dissidents requested a conclusion to the tyrant practices of the Assad
system, set up since Assad's dad, Ḥafiz al-Assad, progressed toward becoming president in
1971. The Syrian government utilized brutality to stifle showings, utilizing police, military,
and paramilitary powers.

“The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a UK-based monitoring group with a network of
sources on the ground, had documented the deaths of 367,965 people by December 2018.

Meanwhile, the Violations Documentation Center, which relies on activists inside Syria, has
recorded what it considers violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law,
including attacks on civilians.

It had documented 191,219 battle-related deaths, including 123,279 civilians, as of December

2018.”1

1
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35806229
 HISTORY AND CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

The revolt in lieu of Arab Spring started February 2011, but by mid-March, a faceless
opposition had emerged from the flashpoint city of Daraa in Syria’s largely conservative
Sunni southwest. From Daraa, demonstrations spread to the Kurdish northeast, the coastal
Latakia area, urban Sunni strongholds in Hama and Homs, and to Aleppo and the suburbs of
Damascus. Feeling overwhelmed, Bashar al-Assad introduced some measures to satisfy the
protesters. He formally lifted the widely-criticized State of Emergency in April 2011.

The State of Emergency previously suspended most constitutional protection of citizens and
was in place from 1963, commonly used to suppress the dissent. Nevertheless, the regime
was criticized for introducing only formal gestures to silence the protesters. Furthermore,
Bashar called for a national referendum, which was held in February 2012, to introduce a
new constitution through which the space would be open for the political competition outside
the Baath party. It was approved by a vast majority of participants; however, it lacked the
legitimacy due to the low turnout and ongoing deadly clashes between the regime forces and
demonstrators. A majority of the opposition boycotted the election. Promises of limited
political reforms did not satisfy the protesters, as most of them saw the only solution to the
current crisis in an immediate end of the Assad’s regime. November and December 2011 saw
increasing rebel attacks, as opposition forces grew in number.

In the two months, the FSA launched deadly attacks on an air force intelligence complex in
the Damascus suburb of Harasta, the Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch youth headquarters in
Idlib Governorate, Syrian Regional Branch offices in Damascus, an airbase in Homs
Governorate, and an intelligence building in Idlib. In January 2012, Assad began using large-
scale artillery operations against the insurgency, which led to the destruction of many civilian
homes due to indiscriminate shelling. In February 2012, the United Nations General
Assembly voted overwhelmingly to approve a resolution condemning President Assad’s
unbridled crackdown on the uprising, but China and Russia, Syria’s traditional patron,
blocked all efforts for stronger Security Council action.
 SUGGESTION

Religion inside the feel of profound religion is not the problem, however—as at some stage in
the place—association with ethno-religious groups makes a huge distinction, especially in
Syria where a minority institution, the Alawites (close to shia Islam), has dominated a Sunni
majority. That is the cause at the back of the barrel bombs and chemical assaults: the Assad
regime is sporting out an intentional coverage of ethnic cleaning (end result: the “refugee
disaster” in Europe) that allows you to attain a demographic shift within Syria, to make it
much less Sunni. The hassle is that there are democratic forces which, regardless of
subsequent to no help from the outside, keep to resist Assad, whilst the chance of an Iranian-
dominated final results will only generate greater Sunni extremism, i.e., Isis in any other
form.

A true solution could be a publish-Assad Syria with democratic establishments. Getting

there'll now not be easy. An opportunity under discussion could be to usher in different Sunni
troops, especially from Saudi Arabia—however that is rarely an executed deal.

The Following can be summarized to end Syrian War-

First: Find a way to deliver aid to the peoples of Syria.

Second: Increase the relations with Turkey.

Third: Threaten additional, immediate sanctions of Russia.

Fourth: Seriously consider a partition of Syria.

FUTURE OF THE PROBLEMS IN SYRIA

By September 2018, Assad's powers had recovered control of the greater part of the nation's
greatest urban communities, despite the fact that pieces of the nation were as yet held by
radical and jihadist gatherings and the Kurdish-drove SDF partnership. The final renegade
fortress was the north-western area of Idlib. ISIS's quality in Syria, in the interim, has been
extraordinarily lessened.

Since 2014, the United Nations has facilitated nine rounds of interceded harmony talks,
known as the Geneva II process. In spite of this intercession, little progress has been made.

After arrangements flopped in 2014, UN middle person Lakhdar Brahimi apologized to the
Syrian individuals in an announcement, saying, "Shockingly, the administration has can't,
which raises the doubt of the resistance that, indeed, the legislature wouldn't like to examine
the (transitional overseeing body) by any stretch of the imagination," he said.

Both the Syrian government and radicals seem reluctant to concede to terms of harmony. In
the case of nothing changes, this war-torn territory of the world is probably going to be the
site of more viciousness and insecurity.

“UN Security Council Resolution on Syria

1. Calls for ceasefire and formal talks on a political transition to start in early

January

2. Groups seen as "terrorist", including Islamic State and al-hlusra Front, are

Excluded

3. "Credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance" to be established within six

Months

4. "Free and fair elections" under UN supervision to be held within 18 months”2

2
UN Security Council Resolution on Syria (No. 2254)