TABLE OF CONTENTS

Name of content Page

Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
Rational 6
7-8
Literature Survey
Problem Definition 10
Methodology 11-12
Summary of the Project
System Block Diagram
Resources (Project Requirements) 13-18
Hardware Requirements
Software Requirements
Action Plan 19
References 20

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 ABSTRACT
The project is designed to shut down a power supply when it is overloaded by using a super-fast electronic
circuit breaker. The concept of electronic circuit breaker came into focus realizing that the conventional circuit
breakers such as MCBs take longer time to trip. Therefore, for sensitive loads, it is very important to activate a
tripping mechanism at the shortest possible time, preferably instantaneously. The electronic circuit breaker is
based on the voltage drop across a series element proportional to the load current, typically a low-value resistor.
This voltage is sensed and rectified to DC, and then is compared with a preset voltage by a level comparator to
generate an output that drives a relay through the MOSFET to trip the load. The relay use in place of a
semiconductor switch is preferred because such solid state switches would invariably fail in case of accidental
short circuits. A circuit breaker is automatic operated switch designed to shut down the power supply when
overloaded. The tripping depends on the current passing through the CTs which is connected in series with load.
It uses the PIC- microcontroller into which program is dumped for the operation. The unit is extremely fast and
over comes the drawback of thermal type circuit breaker like MCB based on a thermal bimetal lever-trip
mechanism which is very slow.

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 Rationale

Wireless communication has announced its arrival on big stage and the world is going mobile. We want to
control everything and without moving an inch. This remote control of appliances is possible through
Embedded Systems. The use of “Embedded System in Communication” has given rise to many interesting
applications that ensures comfort and safety to human life. It is very important to closely monitor the circuit
breaker in-service behavior to avoid costly outages and loss of production. It is well known that to maintain the
system reliability it is necessary to protect the with circuit breaker from different abnormality condition i.e.
faults. Distribution Circuit breakers have a long service life if they are operated under rated conditions.
However, their life is significantly reduced if they are overloaded, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of
supply to a large number of equipments thus effecting system reliability.

Online monitoring and controlling of key operational parameters of distribution circuit breakers can provide
useful information about the health of circuit breakers which will help the utilities to optimally use their circuit
breakers and keep the asset in operation for a longer period. This will also help identify problems before any
catastrophic failure which can result in a significant cost savings and greater reliability. Circuit breakers are a
vital part of the transmission and distribution system. Monitoring circuit breaker condition online can prevent
faults that are costly to repair and result in a loss of service. In this project we designed a system in such a way
that it will monitor and control the load of the substation continuously and that information is transferred to the
control room using Wi-Fi. You can use this system for online monitoring of circuit breakers. You can then use
information to avoid dangerous and costly failures, while optimizing maintenance schedules and extending the
life of your circuit breakers. In our system a microcontroller will continuously keep on monitoring the various

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 parameters (Output current, Output voltage and Temperature) of the circuit breaker and this information will
be continuously be updated on your PC using a VB based software. A keypad is used to change the set points
for the parameters. By using monitor or mobile phone to displays the parameters. We have even provided a
protection relay so if there is any problem with the circuit breaker the power to it can be remotely
disconnected. And it can give the text message to register mobile number by using the GSM module.

LITERATUER SURVEY
Introduction

 Literature review is needed before any project is begun. The review will help to Understanding
the scope of the project and also the need to build the project. The review comes from the reading on the
websites and also from the books. The information from the review will be used to start the project with an
excellent idea. The review is also comes from the sample of the existing project in the websites.

Literature Review

Referrence from
[1] Mazidi and Mazidi —Embedded Systems.[6]

 The literature related to the research topic has been reviewed for last twenty years in order to
find out work carried out by various researchers. There are many systems for remote monitoring and control
designed as commercial products or experimental research platforms. It is noticed that most of the research
carried out belongs to the following categories :-

a. GSM-SMS protocols using GSM module individually or in combination with Internet Technologies.

b. Monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks.

c. Remote Monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technologies

e. Applications have varied widely like Home Automation, Security Systems, etc.

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 Many Wireless Technologies like IR, Wi-Fi remote monitoring systems using these technologies
are popular due to flexibility, low operating charges, etc.

 The history of power electronics is very much connected to the development of switching
devices and it emerged as a separate discipline when high-power and MOSFET devices were introduced in the
1960s and 1970s.Since then, the introduction of new devices has been accompanied by dramatic improvement
in power rating and switching performance

[2] A M S Almadji & J G J Sloot review of Current limiting IEEE [8]

 The server can communicate with many such modules simultaneously. The controller is based on
ATMega64 microcontroller which provides a serial interface for data communication.

 The designed controller was deployed in a home automation application for a selected set of
electrical appliances
.
 Requirement for line of sight to operate the destination device. The signal can, however, be
reflected by mirrors, just like any other light source.

 If operation is required where no line of sight is possible, for instance when controlling
equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet.

 The development of power semiconductor devices took an important turn when new process
technology was developed that allowed integration of MOS and bipolar junction.

 Two devices using this new technology have been introduced: insulated bipolar transition
(IGBT) and MOS controlled thyristor (MCT). Many integrated circuit (IC) processing methods as well as
equipment have been adapted for the development of power devices. However, unlike microelectronic ICs,

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 which process information, power device ICs process power and so their packaging and processing techniques
are quite different.

Problem Definition

1. Electrical Load:"Load" in electrical terms refers to the amount of electricity one circuit is
designed to handle safely. Standard household circuit breakers can handle 15 to 20 amp circuits in each
individual breaker this is equal to the amount needed to run most light fixtures and small appliances. Larger
appliances such as stoves, microwaves, dishwashers, electric clothes dryers, etc. will require a higher-rated
circuit breaker, probably one that has at least a 20 to 30 amp circuit rating.

2. Power handling capabilities (voltage blocking and current carrying

capabilities) :The maximum input or output power that acomponent, circuit, device, stage, piece of equipment,
or system can provide or handle without damage
3. Circuit Overload: The most common reason for a tripped circuit breaker is circuit overload.
Typically this means that too many things are being operated or plugged into one electrical circuit outlet. If too
many devices are powered in one location, the single circuit will be overloaded and will relieve the load by
"tripping,"or switching off. Circuit breakers trip to protect circuits from becoming overloaded. The circuit
breaker mechanism is designed to protect the electrical system in your home.

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 Proposed METHODOLOGY
On previous page, we read several methods of analyzing vibration signals of a circuit breaker are discussed.
They are capable to detect the breaker whether the breaker is in the normal state or in the abnormal state.
However, they are not able to tell the diagnostic personnel how bad the breaker performs. As a result, the
lifespan of certain component in a breaker will not be known by solely knowing if a part is working or not.

Steps:

A. Group formation
B. Project searching
C. Project finalizing
D. Synopsis
E. Project work started
F. PCB designing

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 Resource (SUMMERY OF PROJECT)

This article is aimed to design and demonstrate a simple password based super fast electronic circuit breaker +
gsm. The input signals or the commands are sent from a transmitter using main computer or the centre location
called a HUB, processed and used to drive the loads. At both the transmitter and receiver, a microcontroller is
used to process the signals. The circuit works on the principle of GSM Wireless communication as well as
manual communication. Communication involves transmitting signals using signal as the carrier. The input
signal from switches is processed by the microcontroller, encoded by the encoder, modulated and transmitted by
the transmitter. At the receiver, the modulated signal is demodulated by demodulator, decoded by the decoder
and processed by the microcontroller to control the output loads

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 ECT REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 1: COMPONENTS TABLE

S.R. NO NAME OF COMPONENT

01 Arduino Board
02 Transformer
03 Diodes
04 Capacitor
05 Resistors
06 Led
07 Voltage regulator
08 Relay
09 Lamps
10 Comparator IC
11 Switch
12 LCD connector

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 13 Transistor
14 MOSFET
15 Toridal Coil

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
Capacitors

It is supported by crystal oscillator. It is an electronic components used to store electrical energy temporarily in
an electric field. It is used to block direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. A capacitor
(originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electric energy
temporarily in a electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two
electrical conductors separated by a die electric (i.e. an insulator that can be store energy by becoming
polarized)

Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. Resistors may be used to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, may act to lower voltage levels
within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors, that can dissipate many
watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test
loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp

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dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity. Resistors are common
elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical
resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits.

Micro-controller board ( ARDUINO ): -

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a
physical programmable circuit board and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board. The Arduino
platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike
most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a
programmer) in order to load new code onto the board – you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the
Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a
standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.
The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers, hobbyists, hackers, newbie’s, and
anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs,
motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the internet, and even smart-phone or TV. This flexibility combined with
the fact that the Arduino software is free, the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the software and
hardware are easy to learn has led to a large community of users who have contributed code and released
instructions for a huge variety of Arduino-based projects

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 Specifications:
Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

In input Voltage (recommended) 7-12

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 14(of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB 32 Kw of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz

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 S
pecification
of Arduino
UNO board

Pin Description:

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14
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Arduino IDE:

For the automation using BT module and Arduino, we uses the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) for programing of Arduino.
Arduino UNO Software

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 Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a
physical programmable circuit board and a piece of software, or IDE that runs on your computer, used to write
and upload computer code to the physical board.

Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of
hardware called a programmer in order to load new code onto the board you can simply use a USB cable.

CONCLUSION

Now A days the protection and control of equipment plays a very important role. To avoid electrical failure we
use fast responding circuit breakers because of its considerable accuracy in fault detection and cut off- time, and
also its smooth operation compared to conventional type. Comprehensive experiments conducted by
constructing the necessary circuit yielded successful results. It was proved that electronic circuit breaker is very

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 useful circuit for sensitive loads. The main advantage of this circuit is that over all tripping time is less as
compare to conventional circuit breaker. The experiment is successful and energy saving. Further research on
improving the load capacity and tripping time is being undertaken.

REFERENCES

1. Francesco Bittoni Guido Fiesholi , Lorenzo , Cincinelli “Electronic Circuit Breaker “, Patent#
Wo 2004/082091 A1

2. September 2012.

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3. J. Meyer, A Rufer, “DC Hybrid CB with ultra fast contact opening with IGCT”, IEEE
transactions on power delivery, April 2006.

4. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research „Ultra Fast Acting
Electronic Circuit Breaker‟ Volume.04, IssueNo.11, May-2015, Pages: 2130-2131

5. Raj kamal —Microcontrollers Architecture, Programming, Interfacing and System Design.

6. Mazidi and Mazidi —Embedded Systems.

7. PIC-Microcontroller Manual — Microchip.

8. A M S Almadji & J G J Sloot review of Current limiting IEEE.

9. T. Genji , Nakamar: high speed circuit Breaker for electric power system.

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