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 i.O
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Book Back Answers
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Padasalai
a d a
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d saasaQUESTION
l al a
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d saasPAPERS
laal a
d a
d
l
saasa al a
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BULK ORDERS
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d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
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w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
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d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
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.P.P
w ww
w w ww
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
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aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
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d ads aas d a
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
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d a
d saasa l
d a
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1. What arerlewis grg acids and bases? Give
rgrg two example for rgrg each. rgrg
A lewis a i
acid. O
i . Ois a positive ion a
(or) i . O
i .
an O electron deficient a i . O
i . O
molecule a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa
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.P.Pa
that contain a polar a
.P.Pa
double bond : SO 2 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ions (or) atoms Few2+w ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww
All metal ww ww
A lewis basergis r ga anion (or) neutral rgrmolecule
g with at least rgrgone lone pair of ielectrons. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O – l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O
Example
a saasal : Molecules that contain
a saasal carbon carbon
a sa
multiple
asal bond ,
a saasal a saasla
d
a admetal oxides CaO, d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.All
w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
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2. Discuss the rgrLowery
g – Bronsted rconcept grg of acids and bases. rgrg rgrg
i
laala . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i .Oi . O a i .Oi . O
➢sasAccording to their concept, l
saasa l a an acid is defined l
as
saasa l
a a substance that has al
saasa l a
tendency to saasla
d a
d a
a a donate a proton.Pto aad a
d d a
d
abase
a is a substance that d a
d
a ahas a tendency to .P.P aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.Panother substance .P.P
wand
w ww.P.P ww
w
ww w accept a proton w w
ww form other substance. www w www w www w
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d
➢a
d saasWhenl
a hydrogen chloride
d a
d
l
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l
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l
sa later. Thus, dadsaasla
tosathe l
.P.Pa a HCl behaves as.P.an aa .P.Paa aa
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w ww
w w ww P acid and H2O w
w
iswbase.
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w w ww
w
ww The proton transfer ww from the acid to base wwcan be represented w asw ww
+ −
𝑯𝑪𝑳
i . O . rgrg +
O 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 .OO
i . rgr⇋g 𝑯𝟑 𝑶 .OO
i . rgrg+ 𝑪𝒍
i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
saaslala (Base) Proton lala aslala (Base) saasla

Padasalai
Proton
d a
d saasdonor(acid) Protonaacceptor
d d d a
d saasdonor(acid) Protonasacceptor
d d a d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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w w ww
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base.i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
al
asLowry a i l a a i
asa–l base) reaction is arepresented l
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asala a i asla
d a sa – Bronsted d s
(acid
a a d sa as d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad Acid + Base .⇋ ad + Base
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w w w 1 w 2 w.P
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www ➢ The species
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w
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. rgrg
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O rgrg i .O . rgrg
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l a a i l a a i l a a i a a i
d➢a
d
l
saasIna other words, chemical d a
d
l
saasaspecies that differ d a
d
l
saasa by a proton are called
only d a
d
l
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l
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.P.P aa
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w ww
w – base pairs.ww ww w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
3. Identify i .O . rgrgconjugate acid base
the
O i .O . rgrpair
O g for the following
i .O . rgrreaction
O g in aqueous i .O . Ogrg
rsolution
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
a
Conjugate
d d
l
saasa acid- base pairdadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i)HS- (aq) i . O . r+grHF
O g ⇋ Fi .-Orgrg
O
(aq)
. + H i .
S(aq)O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
2

a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
Conjugate acid – base pair
. O r
O grg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l
asal a ia i . l
asala ia i . l
asal a ia i . l
asala ia i . asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
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FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
O i .O . rgrg
O , QUESTION PAPERS i .O . rgrAND
O g ACADEMIC SUPPORT
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 dadsaasa l
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d saasa l
d adsaasla
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.P.1P aa
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w wwww w www w ww
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O i .O . rgrg
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O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
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d a
d saas d a
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w ww
w wwww w ww
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rConjugate acid- base .O Orgrg
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O .O rgrg
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l a ia i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
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w ww
w wwww w ww
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ii)HPO42- + SO32- ⇋ PO43- + HSO3-
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.PaConjugate acid- base a a
.P.Ppair a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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g Conjugate gacid- base pair
i . O . r
O r g
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w + w ww 2- www w w w - w w w
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P P.Paa
.Conjugate acid- base pair aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
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4. Account for rgrgthe acidic naturei.Oof rgHClO
rg 4. In terms of Bronsted
rgrg – Lowry theory, rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
identify
d a
d saasa its
l conjugate base.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a➢ With increase in aa
.P.oxidation aa
number of .particular halogen atom.P,.P athe
a acidic character of aa
w ww
w wwww P
w wwP.P
w w ww
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww corresponding ww oxoacids increases. ww ww ww
➢ The oxidation rgrg number of chlorine rgrg is 7 which weakens rgrgthe strength of O-H rbond
grg
a i . O
i . O
lala attraction for proton a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala ) and increasesdadacidity.Due saaslala lala saasla

Padasalai
d a
d saas(lesser d a
d
to this HClOs4asis
d a
d a
more acidic
d a
d
a
.P.Pa➢ According towBronsted a
.P.Pa – Lowry theory, a
.P.aPastrong acid has weak a
.P.P a
conjugate base andwa.P.Pa a
wwww ww w w ww
w w ww
w www
ww weak acid has w w a strong conjugate base. w w w w ww
➢ According O rgrg to Bronsted – Lowry O rgrgtheory, removal of O rgrg from an acid iis.O.its
proton rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a a i O
a sa al
asconjugate base. a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a a➢d ClO4- is conjugate d
ad of HClO4
a base d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
5. When
d a
d
l
saasa aqueous ammonia d a
d
l
saasisaadded to CuSO4 d a
d saasa
solution,l the solution aturns
d d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a blue due to the.P
.P.deep
P aa
.P .P.Paa a[𝑪𝒖(𝑯
.P.P a 𝟐+ aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwwwformation of tetramminecopper
w ww
w
(II) complex,
w ww
w 𝟐 𝑶)𝟒 ]𝒂𝒒 w +ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
𝟒𝑵𝑯𝟑 (𝒂𝒒) ⇋ [𝑪𝒖(𝑵𝑯𝟑 )𝟒 ]𝟐+ 𝒂𝒒 among H2O and NH3 Which is stronger Lewis base.
NH3 is lstrongeri .O . rgrg base than H2O i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.6.P aa
.Pof
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.to
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w The concentration wwww hydroxide ion w
inwaw
w water sample is w ww
found
w be 2.5 10 -6
w
M. ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Identify the nature of the solution.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg − ]
O
[𝑶𝑯 −𝟔
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i = 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 a i a i
d a
d saaslala −] d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
pOH
a
.P.Pa = −𝐥𝐨 𝐠[𝑶𝑯 a a
.P.P−6 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww = −lo g(2.5 ww
×ww 10 ) wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
= −(−6𝑙𝑜𝑔10) rgrg − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2.5) rgrg rgrg rgrg
=l a6ia. O
i
− . O0.3979 l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal a saasal a s aasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad = 5.6021 d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www pH + pOH = 𝟏𝟒 w
www w
www w
www w
www
FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
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O , QUESTION PAPERS i .O . rgrAND
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.2P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal a la i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 i.O
laalia.www.Padasalai.Net laalia. i.O laalia. i.O www.TrbTnpsc.com laalia. i.O
d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
pH = 14 i−.O . rgrg
5.6021
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa =
l
8.3979 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
7. A lab assistant prepared a solution by adding a calculated quantity of HCl gas 25oC
i
to get alasolution. O . rgrg with [H3O+ ] =4
O i . O .
× rg10
O rg-5M. Is the solution i . O . rgneutral
O rg (or) acidic i . O .
(or) rgrgbasic.
O
i a i a i a i
d a
d saasala d a
d saaslala [𝑯 𝑶+ ] = 𝟒da× d sa𝟏𝟎 la
asla−𝟓
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 𝟑 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww pH = −𝐥𝐨 𝐠[𝑯𝟑w𝑶w w
]w
w+w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔(4 r g g × 10−5 ) rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
s =l
asal a−(−5𝑙𝑜𝑔10)
a − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(4)
s l
asala a s l
asala a s l
asala a s asla
d a a
a ad = 5 − 0.6020 .P.P d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P
w
www = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟗𝟖www w w
www w
www wwww
The solutionris grgacidic. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aDefine solubility product
.P.9.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Its is defined ww as product of molarwconcentration w of constituentww ions, each raisedwtowthe
power of its
i .O . rgrg
stoichiometric
O co-efficient
i .O . rgrg in a balanced equilibrium
O i .O . rgrg equation. i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Define ionic product
.P.10. .P.Pa aof water. Give its.value aa aa aa
w ww
w
P
w ww
w w wwP.P at room temperature.
w w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww H2O + H2O ⇋ wHw3O + OH + - ww ww ww
+ −
[𝑯 𝑶 ][𝑶𝑯
K = 𝟑 laia.O . rgr]g
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a saas[𝑯al𝟐 𝑶] 𝟐
a a a a
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww Pa concentration ofww
.P.The P.Paliquid water is one
.pure ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww Kw = [𝑯𝟑 𝑶 ][𝑶𝑯w ] + w w−w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
The ionic product rgrg of water represented rgrgas Kw is definedi.as rproduct
grg of concentration rgrg of
+ l a ia. O
i . O − l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
[𝑯𝟑a𝑶sas]al& [𝑶𝑯 ] in water
a a sa asaal particular temperature
at a saasal . a saasal a s aasla
d d
awavalue d
a adtemperature is 1.00 d d -14 mol2dm-6 .PP
a×a10 d d d
a ad
w w .P.KP
w of water inwroom
w
.P.P
w w w .P.P
w w w w .a a w w w.P.P
www www www www www
11. Explain
.O O grg
rcommon ion effect with
.O rgrgan example
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d
➢a
d
a l
saasAcetic acid is a weakasaacid.
d d
l
asa It is not completely
d a
d
l
saasdissociated
a in aqueous
d a
d
l
saassolution
a and
d adsaasla
.P.Pa a hence the following .P.Pa a equilibrium exists..P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 ww ⇋ 𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶− + 𝑯w +w ww ww
𝟑
➢ The.O
i . rgrg salt, sodium acetate
added
O i . O . rgr(𝐶𝐻
O g 3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎), completely
i . O . rgrg dissociates toi.produce
O O . rgrg Na+ ,
O
i
laala𝐶𝑂𝑂− i i i
d a
d saas𝐶𝐻 3 d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.𝑪𝑯
P − + .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂 w w→
w w 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 + 𝑵𝒂 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ➢ Hence the overall
ww w
concentration ofw𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶− and the acid
ww dissociation equilibrium ww is
disturbed.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
d➢a
d saasTo maintain the equilibriumd a
d saaslala , by Le chatelier's d a
d
lala
saasprinciple the excessd a
d𝐶𝐻
a −
saasla3l𝐶𝑂𝑂 ions adadsaasa
l
a
.P.Pa combines with a a
P.+Pions
.H a a
.P.Pmore a
P.Pa i.e, the
.COOH .P.Pa
wwww wwww to produce w ww
much
w unionizedwCH w w3w
w w ww
w
ww ww ww w w w
equilibrium will shift towards the left.
➢ Therefore i . O . rgrg dissociation of iCH
O . O . r3gCOOH
O rg is suppressed. i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al the dissociation
asThus, l a a i
asaal weakacid (CH COOH) l a a i
asal is suppressed inathe l al a i
asapresence asla
d➢a sa d a saof d a sa d s a of a d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
3 a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w salt (CH w w
COONa) w containing an ion
w w w
common to the weak w w w
electrolyte. w w w
www 3 www www www www
FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.3P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 i.O
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d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
➢ Itlaisia.O rgrg the common ioni.Oeffect.
O
called
. . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.12.
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Derive an w ww
expression
w for Ostwald’s wwww
dilution law w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
• Ostwald’s dilution law relates the dissociation constant of the weak acid (Ka ) with its
i . O . rgof
O rgdissociation (α) iand . O . rgthe
O rg concentration (C). i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
degree
a
lala i a
lala i ala i a
lala i
d•a
d saasDegree of dissociationd a
d saas(α) is the fraction of
d a
d saaslatotal
the number of a
moles
d d saasof a substance d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww that dissociates ww ww at equilibrium. ww wwww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
α= O rgrg 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥
l a ia. . O
𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
i l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
The a saasal
dissociation of acetic s
acid
a aasacanl be represented as
a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a−ad + d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.𝐶𝐻
w P 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 ⇋ 𝐶𝐻 w w.P.P
𝐶𝑂𝑂 + 𝐻 w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www 3 w
w+w] w
3
wwww w
www w
www
[𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− ][ 𝐻
Ka =
𝐶𝐻O
i rgrg
. 3i.𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saa l
sa 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
𝑪𝑯
d a
d
l
saasa [ 𝑯 ] +
d a
d saas𝑪𝑯 l
a 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶−
d a
d saasla
.P.PaInitial
a number of a1a
.P.P .P.Pa-a a-a
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww moles ww ww ww ww
Degree of i .O . rgrg
O α i .O . rgrg
O - i .O . rgrg
O - i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d d saasa
dissociation
a
l of d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Number of moles at 1- α α α
equilibrium i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saasα)lala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a a a
Equilibrium
d d aC(1-
d a
d aCd a
dα aCα
d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.PConcentration ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww
C α×C i . Oα.O rgrg α2 𝐶 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Ka =sasal = l a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a aC(1− α) C(1− α) d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.Value
P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w of α is smallw wand
w hence in the denominator
w w w (1 – α) ≅ 1. w w w w w w
www www www www www
Ka = 𝛂𝟐 𝑪
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
√ d
𝐾a𝑎sasa
d a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝛼 =
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww 𝐶 w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
When dilutiong increases, the degree of g dissociation of weak gelectrolyte also increases. g This
. O r
O r g O
. i. r
O r g . O r
O r g . O r
O rg
statementaslaaliaisi. known as Ostwald’s aslaaliadilution Law aslaaliai. aslaaliai.
d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 13. Define pH w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
pH of ragsolution is defined as the
rgrg negative logarithm of
rgrg base 10 of the molar rgrg
i . Oi . O rg i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
concentration a
saaslala
of the hydronium a
saaslala
ions present in the a
solution.
saaslal+a a
saaslala saasla
a d a
d a d a
d pH = - log a d a
d
[𝑯 𝑶 ] a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.P10a 𝟑 ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww ww
ww
18.Derive anrgexpression r g for the hydrolysis rgrg constant andrgdegree r g of hydrolysis of rgrgsalt of
i . O . O
laalai and weak basesaslaalai i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O
strong
a saasacid a a a saaslaalai a s aaslaalai a s aasla
d
a ad d
aha) d d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.Hydrolysis
w P constant .(K
w w P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www wwww w
www w
www
FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
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O , QUESTION PAPERS i .O . rgrAND
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.4P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 i.O
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d a
d sa as d a
d saas d adsaas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
When alastrong i .O . rgrgacid(HCl) reacts with
O i .O . Orgrag weak base(NH4OH) i .O . rgrwill
O g produce a salt.O
i NH. Orgr4gCl , and
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
water
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.𝑯𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒)
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w + 𝑵𝑯 w ww
𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒)
w ⇋ 𝑵𝑯 𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒) w w+
w w 𝑯 𝑶(𝒍) w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww
𝟒 𝟒 ww 𝟐 ww ww
𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒) 𝑵𝑯+ 𝟒 + 𝑪𝒍− (𝒂𝒒)
𝑵𝑯+ i . O . rgrg conjugate acid of
O i . O . rgrgweak base NH OH
O i . O . O grg
rand i . O . Orgrreact
g
𝟒 is l a a i
strong l a a i the l a a i it has a tendencyl a a i to
l l l l saasla
4
a a
saOHsa- from water to produce a a
sasa unionised NH OH a a
sasa a a
sasa a
d
with
a d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa + w𝑵𝑯.P.Pa
w + wwww.P.Pa
4
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 𝑵𝑯𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)w⇋ w
w w 𝟒 𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯 w w w w
w w w w
w w
[𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻][𝐻 + ]
Kh =
i+. O
]i.[O
r𝐻grg𝑂] i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
[𝑁𝐻
l
asala a
4 2 l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d
Sincea sa [H O] is found to d
be a sa
constant and the d a
hydrolysis sa constant d
expression a sareduced to d a sa
.P.Pa ad 2 a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w [𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻][𝐻 + ] www w w w w w w w w w
www Kh = w
ww……………(1) www www www
[𝑁𝐻4+ ]
𝐾𝑤 = [𝑂𝐻
l a i
a .O i . Ogrg + ] …………….(2)
−r][𝐻
l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . Orgrg
Ford a
dthe
l
saasadissociation of thedadweak l
saasa base NH4OH dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.𝑵𝑯
P .P aa
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝟒 𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒 ⇋ 𝑵𝑯 w w+𝟒w
w + 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
[𝑁𝐻4+ ][𝐻2 𝑂]
Kb =
[𝑁𝐻 i . O 𝑂𝐻]
. rgrg …………(3) i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
l a a 4 i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saas𝑲 l
a 𝒘 [𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯][𝑯asaa]sa
d d
+ l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P = .P.Pa+a = 𝑲𝒉 w.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w 𝑲 w w
w w
[𝑵𝑯 ] w w w w w
w w
ww ww 𝒃 ww 𝟒 ww ww
ila.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O+ rgrg
O − . O Orgrg
There aislaano i.such tendency shown a
aslalai i
by. Cl- and therefore a i
[𝑯
aslala i . ] > [𝑶𝑯] the solution i i .
aslala is acidic
a saasla

Padasalai
d a
d sa s d a
d sa d adsa d a
d sa d a
d
and
a
.P.Pa the pH is less than 7.
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w w𝑲w
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww w𝑲 w𝒉 𝒃 = 𝑲 𝒘 w w w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
Degree l
asala
of a i
hydrolysis l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) ⇋ 𝑵𝑯
.P.𝑵𝑯
P
+ a𝟒 a
.P.P d
𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) +𝑯 +
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www 𝑵𝑯𝟒 www +
[ 𝑯 ] www+
𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯www
Initial number
i .O . rgrg of
O i .O
1rgrg
. O i .O .
-rgrg
O i .O .
-rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
moles
d adsa as a l
d adsaas a l
d adsaas a l
d a
d saas a l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaDegree
a of aa
.P.P h .P.Paa - aa
.P.P - aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww Hydrolysis of 𝑵𝑯 ww +𝟒 ww ww ww
Numberi.of O O grg at
rmoles .1-
O rhgrg
O .O hOrgrg .O hOrgrg
l a a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d dsaasa
equilibrium
a
l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaEquilibrium
a aa
.P.P C(1- h) ww .P.Paa C h ww
aa
.P.P Ch ww
aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w ww ww ww
ww Concentrationww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
a a +] i a i a i a i
d ad
asla𝟒l𝑶𝑯][𝑯
sa[𝑵𝑯 d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
Ka
.P.Pa h = a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww [𝑵𝑯𝟒+ ] ww ww ww ww
ww
ww C h×C h w w w
wh 𝐶
2 w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
= =
C(1− h)rgrg C(1− h) rgrg rgrg rgrg
l 2lia
a . Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
𝐾ℎ a =sasℎa 𝐶
a a saasal a saasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d ad
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.5P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
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d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
𝒉 d
= a
d
𝑲
sa√asa 𝒉 l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 𝑪 .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a a𝒘 i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslal𝑲 d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
𝒉a =
.P.Pa 𝑲𝒃 × 𝑪√ .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
pH salaalia.O i.Or l
asala ia. O
i . O l
asala ia. O
i . O l
asala ia. O
i . O
asla
d a a s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa a+d] = √𝐾ℎ . 𝐶
[𝐻 .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www𝐾𝑤 www www www
= . 𝐶…………(4)
i . O . rgrg √ 𝐾𝑏
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
pHdad=sa-aslog l
a 10 [𝐻+ ]
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Sub
P .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w [𝑯+ ] in above w wequation
w w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑲𝒘
pH = −𝒍𝒐𝒈 r(g√ rg𝑲𝒃 . 𝑪) rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l 1⁄
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a= −𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑤 . 𝐶) .P.P 𝐾 2 aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w www w wwww
ww 1
𝐾 𝑏 ww
1 1
ww ww ww
= − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾 rgrg𝑤 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾 rg𝑏rg rgrg rgrg
2i.O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O
a
l la𝟏 i a
l a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a =adsa
d 𝟕asa − (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑪 + 𝒑𝑲a𝒃d)adsaasal a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa 𝟐
ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
Book inside
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Shortaanswersl a
al a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.1.Explain
P Arrhenius.PConcept
.Pa ad of acids and.P a ad
bases
.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www Acid www www www www
According torghim,
i . O
i . O rg an acid is a substance i . O
i . rgrg that dissociatesi.O
O
torgive
i . O grg hydrogen ions .in
i O
i . rwater
O grg
Basesalaala l
saasa al a l
saasa al a l
saasa al a saasla
d a
d a s d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
aa
.P.According to him ,a base.P.P a ais a substance that .dissociates aa to give hydroxyl a a ions in water. .P.P aa
w ww
w
P
w ww
w w wwP.P
w wwww.P.P
wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2.What are the rgrg Limitations of Arrhenius rgrg concept rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
i. Arrhenius
d a
d saasa l theory does not
d a
d saasa l
explain the behaviour
d a
d
of
saasa l
acids and bases in
d
non
a
d saasa l
aqueous
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.solvents
P such as acetone, .P.P a aTetrahydrofuran etc... .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ii. This theory does ww not account for the w w
basicity of the substances wwlike ammonia (NH3w )wwhich
do not possess hydroxyl group.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa ionic product
.P.3.Why .Pof a a
.Pwater increases with a a
.P.Pincreases a
.P.Pa
in temperature? a
.P.Pa
wwww www
w w ww
w wwww www
w
ww • The dissociation ww of water is an endothermic w w reaction. ww ww
• With i . O . rgrgincrease in temperature,
the
O i . O . rgrg the concentration
O i . O . O grgH3O and OH - also
rof + -
i .O . O grg
rincreases,
l a a i
al hence the ionic product
asand l a a i
asal also increases. asaasal l a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
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O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.6P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 i.O
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d a
d sa as d a
d saa s d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4.Derive aa.O
i . rgrg
O
Relation betweenla pH i .O . Orgrg pOH
and i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i a i l a a i l a a i
pH d a
=
d sa-aslog l
a 10 [𝑯 𝑶+ ]………..(1)
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.pOH
P 𝟑 aa
.P……….(2)
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w = - log [𝑶𝑯 w w]w
−
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 10 ww ww ww ww
Adding (1) & (2)
pH + pOH i . O .
= rg-rglog [𝐻 𝑂+ ] - log
O i . O . rg[𝑂𝐻
O rg − ] i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala = - ( log [𝐻 3
saa+sla] l+a log [𝑂𝐻− ] )dadsaaslala saaslala saasla
10 10
a d a
d a d a
d 𝑂 a a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa +
w
10 3 10
− www .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww = -log
wwww 10( [𝐻3 𝑂 ] × [𝑂𝐻 w ]w)w wwww wwww
Since Kw = [𝐻g3g𝑂+ ][𝑂𝐻− ]
i . O . rr
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i = -log 10 K w l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
d C Kw = 10 .PP d a
d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a a25
.P.At
P
o -14
.a a .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www = -log 10 ww )
w(10 -14
www www www
pH + pOH = rgr14
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.5.What is buffer solution? .P.Pa a Write down its .types aa aa aa
w ww
w
P
w ww
w w wwP.P
w w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww Buffer is aww solution which consists wwof a mixture of a weak wwacid and its conjugate wwbase
(or)a weak rgrg base and its conjugate rgrg acid. This buffer solution
rgrg resists drastic changes
rgrg in
i
laalpH . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
d a
d saasits a upon addition of
d a
d saasalaasmall
la quantities of sacids
d a
d aaslaala(or) bases, and this
d a
d
laala is called
saasability d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a buffer action .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Types ww ww ww ww
1. Acidic buffer
i . O . rgrg solution : a solution
O i . O . rgrgcontaining a weaki.O
O
acid
. rgrgand its salt.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslal:asolution containing ala acid and sodium
saaslacetic la
saaslaacetate saaslala saasla

Padasalai
Example
a a a a a
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.2.PaBasic buffer solution ww .P.P:aa solution containing ww.P.Paa weak base and its ww.P.Pa
salt. ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Example : Solution w w w
w containing NH4OH and w w w
w NH4Cl w w
w w w w
w w

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
6.Define l a a i
asalbuffer index asaasal l a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa a•d It is the quantitative .P.Pa admeasure of the buffer .P.P d
a acapacity. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www • It is defined wwas w
the number of gram
w
wwequivalents of acid or
w
wwbase added to 1 litre w
w
ofwthe
buffer .O Ogrg
rsolution to change its .O rgrgby unity.
pH
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
β =
d a
d
asa
sa𝒅𝑩 l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a 𝒅(𝒑𝑯) .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww dB = number ofwgram w equivalents of acid ww/ base added to one litre ww of buffer solution. ww
d(pH) = The
i .O . rgchange
O rg in the pH after
i .O . Ogrg addition of acid ./Obase.
rthe i . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aWhat is Salt Hydrolysis?
.P.7.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww • Salts completely ww dissociate in aqueous ww solutions to givewtheir w constituent ions. ww
• Thei.O ions
i . rgrgso produced are hydrated
O i . O
i . rgrg in water. In certain
O i . O
i . rgrcases,
O g the cation, ianion . O
i . rgrgor both
O
a
lala with water and the
saasreact a la
saaslareaction a
lala
saashydrolysis.
is called dsalt
a
saaslala saasla
a d a
d a d a
d a ad a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
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O , QUESTION PAPERS i .O . rgrAND
O g ACADEMIC SUPPORT
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.7P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l a l a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
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d adsa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . OrgrgLong answers i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
a
1.Explain
d d
l
saasa buffer action dwith a
d
l
saasexample
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.To
P aa
.P.pH
P .Panaa
.P aa
.Pbuffer
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w resist changes in
w wits
w w on the addition w w
w w
of acid (or) a base, w ww
the
w solution ww
should
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
contain both acidic as well as basic components so as to neutralize the effect of added acid
(or) lalia.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a a i a
lala i a i
d
base ad
asa
saand at the same time, d a saaslalcomponents
these
d d
should a
d saasnot consume each d a saaslala
other.
d d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.Solution a
.P.Paacid and sodiumwacetate a
.PPa was taken a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww containing wwww wacetic
w ww www. wwwwww
wwwwww
The dissociation of the buffer components occurs as below
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 i . O . rgrg ⇋ 𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶−i(𝒂𝒒)
O
(𝒂𝒒) . O . rgrg+ 𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i 𝟑 l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad . .a ad
H2O(l)PP
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w − w+w w w w w w w w
www 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂 www 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 + 𝑵𝒂 www www www
-
If an acid is added r g g to this mixture, itrgwill g be consumed by the r g gconjugate base CH3COO r g g
toform l a ia.O
the Or
i.undissociated weak l a ia.O
acid i.Oi.e,r
the increaseainlaalthe ia.O r
i.Oconcentration i.Or not
O
ofaHlaa+lia.does
d adsasa a l
d a
d
a
sas a l
d a
d sas d a
d sas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.reduce
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww the pH significantly. ww ww ww ww
i .O−.O
rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
𝑪𝑯𝟑s𝑪𝑶𝑶 l a a i (𝐚𝐪) + 𝑯 +
(𝐚𝐪) l a a i 𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 (𝒂𝒒) l a a i l a a i
d ad a asa l
d a
d saasa l 𝟑
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a base is added, it will
.P.IfP .P.Pabe
a neutralized by H.3PO a ,aand the acetic acid.Pis
+ adissociated
a to aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww.P
w w ww
w
ww maintain the equilibrium ww . Hence the pH ww is not significantly altered. ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www 2.Derive Henderson www – Hasselbalch equation www www www
• It isi.O used
. rgrgto find the pH ofi.the
O O . rgbuffer
O rg solution i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
a l
•adsaasconcentration d d
l
saasa ion in an acidic
of hydronium
a d a
d a
l
asa solution
sbuffer d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P aa
.P .P.Paa aa
P.P
.the aa
.P.P
w ww
w depends onwthe ww
w ratio of the concentration w ww
w of the weak acidwto ww
w concentration ofwits ww
w
ww conjugatewbase w present in the solution ww i.e., ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg +
O [𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅]
i .O . rg𝒆𝒒
O rg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l [𝑯 𝟑 𝟎 ] =
d
𝑲
a
d
𝒂a
sa a l
s[𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆] d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa 𝒆𝒒
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w • The weak w
acidww
w is dissociated only w
towaw
w small extent. w
Moreover, ww
w due to common w
ionww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
effect,the r grg dissociation is further r grg suppressed and hence rgrgthe equilibrium concentration
r grg of
. O O
i. is nearly equalato . O O
i. initial concentration . O O
i. the unionised acid. . O O
a sa
laaliaacid
asthe a sa slaalia
the
a saaslaaliaof a saaslaaliai. a saasla
d d d d d d d d d d
ww.P.Pa• Similarly, thewconcentration
a
w
a
.P.Pa of the conjugate
ww
a
.P.Pa base is nearly w a
.P.Pato the initial
equal
w ww
a
.P.Pa
ww
ww concentration w w w
w of the added salt. w w w w www w w w
w w
rgrg rgrg[𝑯 𝟎+ ] = 𝑲 i.O.O [𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅] rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i l a ia.Oi . O
a sa asal a saasal 𝟑
a sa
𝒂 l
asa[𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒕] a saasal a s aasla
d
a a•d [acid] and [salt].Prepresent d
a ad d
a ad d d
a asalt d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w .P the initial w w.P.P
concentration of the acid w .P
w .P
and used to prepare w .P.P
w
w
www w
ww wwww w
www w
www
the bufferwsolution
FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
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O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.8P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 i.O
laalia.www.Padasalai.Net laalia. i.O laalia. i.O www.TrbTnpsc.com laalia. i.O
d ad sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Takinglanegative i .O . rgrg logarithm on iboth
O .O . Orgrgsides of the equation i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a saasa + l
d a
l
saasa [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasla
−𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐻
.P.Paa d 3 0 ] = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾 −
a𝑎 a
.P.P d 𝑙𝑜𝑔 …………(1) .P.Paa d aa
.P.P d aa
.P.P d
w ww
w w w
w w [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww pH = - log 10 [𝑯w𝑶 w+ ] ww ww ww
𝟑
p𝑲𝒂 = - log i . O . rgr[𝑲
O
10 g 𝒂]
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Subd ad saaslala equation in (1)dadsaaslala
above d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 w w w w ww ww
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
i . O . rgrg [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
𝑝𝐻 a=saas𝑝𝐾 l a a i
al𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www Similarly for a basic wwwbuffer www www www
[𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒕]
𝒑𝑶𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲 i .O . rg+
O rg 𝒍𝒐𝒈 i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i 𝒃
l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l [𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆]
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 3. Derive an expression ww for the hydrolysis ww constant and degree ww of hydrolysis of salt wwof
strong base
.O O grg weak acid
rand .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d d
l
saasa constant dadsaasa
Hydrolysis
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a sodium hydroxide(strong
.P.When
P aa
.P.P .P.Pa aacid(weak base) to.Pgive aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w
base ) andwacetic
w w w w ww.P sodium
w wwww
ww acetate(salt) andwwater. w ww ww ww
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) . O r+
O grg𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒).O ⇋O rg𝑪𝑯
rg 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂(𝒂𝒒)i.+O gr𝟐g𝐎(𝒍)
r𝐇
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i . a i i .
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww Paaqueous solution,w𝑪𝑯
.P.In .P.P𝟑a𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂 is completely
w ww.P.Padissociated as ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
w 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶− + 𝑵𝒂w+ w w w www w wwww
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal −is a conjugate base l a a i
asaofl the weak acid 𝑪𝑯 l a
al
as𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 a i l a a i
asal to react asla
𝑪𝑯 d a𝟑 s
𝑪𝑶𝑶
a d a sa d a sa
𝟑 and it has ad a s
tendency
a d a sa
a ad +
.P.with
P a ad
.Pproduce
.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w H from waterw wto
w unionised w w
acid
w w w w w ww
www www www www www
There isano i .O . rgrg tendency for Nai.+O.to
such
O rgrreact
O g with OH-
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
𝑪𝑯 d ad
𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶
l
saasa − (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐚𝐪) d ad
l
saas⇋a 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 (𝒂𝒒) d a
d+saas𝑶𝑯 l
a −
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
[𝑶𝑯− ] > [𝑯+ ] , the solution is basic due to hydrolysis and the pH is greater than 7.
Hydrolysis i .O rgrg
O
constant
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad sa[𝑪𝑯 l
asa𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 [𝑶𝑯 ] −
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
K
.P.Paha [𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶− ][𝐇 𝐎] .P.P
= aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w 𝟑 𝟐 ww
w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Since [H2O] is found ww to be constant andwthe w hydrolysis constant wwexpression reduced toww
−
[𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
Kh = la𝟑[𝑪𝑯 i . O . rgr[𝑶𝑯
O g ] ……………(1)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
saasala −𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 +] saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
−

a d ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
.P.𝐾P𝑤a = [𝑂𝐻 ][𝐻 ] w …………….(2)
.P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa
wwww w w w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww For the dissociation w w of the weak acid 𝑪𝑯 w w𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 ww ww
− +
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 O (𝒂𝒒)
r−grg + ⇋ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 i(𝒂𝒒) O rgrg+ 𝑯 (𝒂𝒒) O rgrg O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a a. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
[𝑪𝑯
Kaad=adsaasa𝟑
l𝑪𝑶𝑶 ][𝑯 ]
…………(3) a saasal a s aasal a s aasal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.Pa
w
[𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯]
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www wwww w
www w
www w
www
FOR iMORE .O . rgrgSTUDY MATERIALS
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d ad
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.9P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 i.O
laalia.www.Padasalai.Net laalia. i.O laalia. i.O www.TrbTnpsc.com laalia. i.O
d ads aas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O 𝐾𝑤ai.O . Orgrg𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 [𝑶𝑯− ]i.O.O
[𝑪𝑯 rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d
asa =
sa𝐾 l
[𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶 d a
d−sa ]
l
asa = 𝐾ℎ
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa 𝑎
.P.P .a a
𝟑.PP aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑲 𝑲 = 𝑲
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg 𝒉 𝒂
O
𝒘
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Degree a
of i
hydrolysis a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala − + dad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
a
.P.Pa (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯 𝑶 ⇋ a𝑪𝑯
.P.Pa 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯 a(𝒂𝒒)
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww w𝟑w 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
𝟐
wwww 𝑯+ ww wwww 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶w−w wwww
ww ww ww
Initial number rgrg of 1rgrg -rgrg -rgrg
O O O O O O O
s aslaalia.
molesi .
s aslaalia. i .
s as laalia. i .
s aslaal O
ia. i .
s asla
d a a
a ad Degree of d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w h w w.P.P - ww.P.P - ww.P.P
w
www Hydrolysiswof w
ww w
www w
www w
www
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d d
l
saasa of moles at dadsaasa 1- h
Number
a
l
d a
d saasa h l
d a
d saasa hl
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a equilibrium .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Equilibrium ww C(1- h) ww C h ww Ch ww
Concentration
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a [𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 [𝑶𝑯 ] .P.P
.P.KP − aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w = w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww h
[𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶ww − ] ww ww ww
C h×C h g h2 𝐶
= i . O . r =rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saasla2la saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
C(1− h) C(1− h)
𝐾a d a
d
= ℎ 𝐶 a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pℎa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w w w
w w wwww wwww
𝑲𝒉
𝒉 = √ Orgrg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
l 𝑪lia. i.O
a l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
a saasa a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P w.P.P
w
w
www wwww w
www w
www w
www
𝑲𝒘
𝒉 = √ .OO
i . rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
𝑲
l a a i
× 𝑪 l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l𝒂
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww pH ww ww ww ww
[𝑂𝐻− ] =i.O √ . r𝐾grℎg. 𝐶
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
𝐾 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = √ww 𝑤 a𝐶…………(1)
.P.P a aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w w 𝐾𝑏 . w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
pH + pOH = 14
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Ph = 14 -
a i
pOH a i a i a i
Subd a
d saasla−la]in above equation
[0𝐻 d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww𝑲w w ww
w wwww www
w
ww pH = 𝟏𝟒 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (w√ 𝒘 . 𝑪) w w w ww ww
𝑲𝒂
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i 𝐾𝑤
1⁄
2 sa l a
al a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a
= sa𝟏𝟒 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( . 𝐶) d a a s d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad 𝐾𝑎 .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 dad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P10
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
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d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
ia.O rgrg
.1O 1
ia.1O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
= a14 l a + i 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾𝑤 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶al− a i𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾 l a a i l a a i
d a
d sasa 𝟏 2l 2 as sa 2
d d a
l 𝑎
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a= 𝟕 + (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑪 + 𝒑𝑲 a a)
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝟐 w ww
w 𝒂 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4.Derive .
an O O grg
rexpression for the . O rgrg
O
hydrolysis constant and . O rgrg of hydrolysisi.Oof
O
degree rgsalt
O rg of
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i .
weak
d a
d
a l
a and weak acidasasa
sasbase d d
a l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.Hydrolysis a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww constant
ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Hydrolysis of ammonium acetate as follows
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝑯 i . O . rgrg
O 𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶 i . O−O
.
grg +
r+ 𝑵𝑯 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i 𝟒 𝟑 l
asala a i 𝟒 l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w + w w w − w w w w w w
www In this case bothwcation ww 𝑵𝑯𝟒 ) and anion( ww𝑪𝑯w 𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 ) have a w ww
tendency to react with water www
− (𝐚𝐪) (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑶𝑯 g g −
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 rg g + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐚𝐪) ⇋ 𝑪𝑯r𝟑g𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 rgrg
+ i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O rg+ i . O
i . rr
O i . O
i . O
𝑵𝑯𝟒 + l a𝑯 a 𝑶(𝒍) ⇋ 𝑵𝑯 𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) l a a + 𝑯 l a a l a a
d a
d saasa 𝟐 l 𝟒 sa a
d ad a s l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w [𝑪𝑯 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 [𝑵𝑯w ww
w
𝑶𝑯] w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Kh = 𝟑 ww 𝟒
……..(1) ww ww ww
[𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶− ][𝑵𝑯𝟒+ ]
[𝑁𝐻 + ][𝐻 .OO grg
r𝑂(𝑙)] .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Kb =asaslaa4liai.2 …………(2) a
l
saasa alia i .
a
l
saasa alia i .
a saasal alia i .
a saasla
aad d a [𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻]
aad d aad d aad d aad d
ww.P.𝐾P = [𝑂𝐻− ][𝐻+w ] w .P.P
…………….(3)
w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w 𝑤 ww w www w www w www w
[𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶− ][𝑯+ ]
Ka = rgrg …………(4) rgrg rgrg rgrg
[𝑪𝑯
a i . O
𝟑.𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯]
i O
lala (2) , (3) , (4) sinasl(1) a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
ala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
Using
d a
d saasrelation d ad a d a
d d a
d d a
d
.P.𝑲a
Pa = 𝑲𝒘 ………..(5) a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝒉 𝑲𝒂 .𝑲𝒃 w w w w w w w w
Degree of hydrolysis r+grg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O − l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasa𝑵𝑯 l 𝟒 + 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶 s+𝑯
a aasal 𝟐 𝑶(𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔) ⇋ 𝑵𝑯 a sa
l
as𝟒a𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
a sa asal (𝒂𝒒) a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www 𝑵𝑯+𝟒 w
ww𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶−
w𝑪𝑯 w
ww
𝑵𝑯𝟒w𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 w w
ww(𝒂𝒒)
Initial number
i .O . rgrg 1
O i .O . rgr1g
O i .0O . rgrg
O 0 .OO
i . rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d d saasa
of amoles l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaDegree
a of hw aa
.P.P h www aa
.P.P - aa -
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Hydrolysis of ww ww ww ww
salt i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa of
Number l 1-h dadsaasa l 1-h d a
d saasa hl
d a
d sahasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w moles at w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
equilibrium
Equilibrium i . O . rgrg C(1- h)
O i . O . rgrC(1-
O g h)
i . O
Ch . rgrg
O Chai.O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i i
a saaslala
Concentration
d d d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww [𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 [𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯]
w w w w w w w w
Kh = [𝑪𝑯 rgrg− ][𝑵𝑯𝟒+] rgrg rgrg rgrg
. 𝟑.𝑪𝑶𝑶
O O . O . O . O . O .O . O
l a ia
asalCh×C h i l
asala ia i l
asala ia i l
asala ia i asla
d a
= sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
.P.Pa ad 𝐶(1−ℎ)×C(1− h) .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w ww w ww
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d a
d saasa l
d ad
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P11
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
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d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
ℎ2 .O
= salaalia.2O i r l a ia.Oi. O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d s
(1−ℎ)
a d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a-h
.P.1P a is small ,then 1 − a a≈ 1 and
.P.ℎP aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝒉𝟐
ww ww ww ww
𝑲𝒉 = rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
𝟏lalia.O i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
𝒉 =
d a
d sa√as𝑲 a ……….(6)
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 𝒉 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Sub 𝑲𝒉 value inww wwww
(6) wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
𝑲O g
𝒘 r rg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
𝒉 = s√aslaalia. i.O s l
asal a ia. i . O
s l
asala ia. i . O
s l
asala ia. i . O
s asla
d
a ada a 𝑲 𝒂 . 𝑲 𝒃 d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
pH rg+rg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a . Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
pH =s-aslog
d a
d a a l [𝐻 ]
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a+ ] = 𝐾 √𝐾
.P.[𝐻
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝑎 ℎ www
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝐾 .𝐾ww1 ww ww ww
pH = −𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑎 𝑤 ) ⁄2
i . O . rgr𝐾g𝑏
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a1 i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d s=
a as− l
a ⁄2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾
d a
d
l
saas𝑤a− 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾𝑏 ) d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 1⁄ (p𝐾 P.P
.− aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w = 7 + w w
w w 𝑝𝐾 ) w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 2 ww 𝑎 𝑤 ww ww ww
The nature ofgthe solution depends on strength of acid or base
r g rgrg rgrg rgrg
If 𝑲𝒂 a >laa𝑲 ila.𝒃O i.O- rsolution is acidic a i .
andO
i . O pH < 7 a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
d a
d sas d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
If 𝑲
.P.Pa 𝒂 < 𝑲 𝒃 - solution isa
.P.Pa basic and pH > 7 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww If 𝑲𝒂 = 𝑲𝒃 - solution wwww w7w
w=w wwww wwww
ww ww is neutral and pH ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa CONTACT – 8098850809 dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P12
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas