Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________

Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

Problem Set 4.2

LAWS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

Many events in nature follow certain patterns. They appear to confirm to certain laws.
These laws guide scientists in planning and conducting other experiments.

Skills
1. identifying the laws of chemical changes
2. solving problems involving the laws of chemical changes

Major Ideas

The laws that govern chemical changes are:

1. law of conservation of mass

2. law of definite composition
3. law of multiple proportion

John Dalton formulated the atomic theory to explain several experimental observations.

The essence of Dalton’s atomic theory is summarized in the following postulates:

1. Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of given element are identical; (including different masses).
3. Atoms of an element are not changed into different types of atoms by chemical
reactions; atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine; a given
compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms.

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Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

I. WARMING UP

A. Identify the law of chemical changes and the scientist who formulated each
law.

Options: John Dalton, Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Proust, Law of Definite

Composition, Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Multiple Proportions

1.The total mass reactant is equal to the total mass of

products.
2.The elemental composition of a pure compound is
_______________________ always the same, regardless of its source.
3.Whenever two elements form two or more different
compounds, the different masses of one element that
combine with the same mass of the other element are
in the ratio of small whole numbers.

B. What law of chemical change applies to the following?

1. CO2 and CO _____________________________________________

2. H2O and H2O2 _____________________________________________
3. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
4. A 100 g sample of H2O2 always contains 5.9 g hydrogen and 94.1 g oxygen.

_____________________________________________
5. Table sugar is composed of 12 atoms of carbon, 22 atoms of hydrogen and 11

atoms of oxygen. _____________________________________________

6. Four grams of sulfur reacts with 6 grams of oxygen to produce 10 g of sulfur
trioxide

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Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

II. WORKING OUT

A. Solve the following problems.

1. Hydrogen and iron react chemically to form water. How much water would be
formed if 4.8 g of hydrogen reacted with 38.4 g of oxygen?

2. When ammonium nitrate explodes, if forms nitrogen gas, oxygen gas and water.
How many grams of H2O are formed when 60 g of ammonium nitrate explodes
forming 21 g N2 and 12 g O2?

3. The mass ratio of copper to sulfur in copper sulfide is 2:1.

a. How many grams of sulfur will react with 20 g of copper?

b. How much copper sulfide will be produced from the reaction?

4. A chemical reaction is allowed to occur in a mixture consisting of 4.0 g of calcium

and 10.0 g of chlorine. The mass ratio of calcium to chlorine is 4:7.

a. Which is the limiting reagent?

b. What is the total mass of calcium chloride produced from the reaction?

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 5. An 8.20 g piece of magnesium combines completely with 5.40 g of oxygen to
form a compound.

a. What is the total mass of the compound produced from the reaction?

b. Compute for the mass ratio of magnesium and oxygen in the compound?

5. Lead forms two compounds with oxygen. One compound contains 9.89 g of lead
combined with 0.763 g of oxygen. The other compound contains 2.98 g of lead
combined with 0.461 g of oxygen. What is the lowest whole number mass ratio of
lead that combines with a given mass of oxygen?

6. A student finds that 15.20 g of nitrogen will react with 17.37 g, 34.74 g, or 43.43
g of oxygen to form three different compounds. Calculate the mass of oxygen per
gram of nitrogen in each compound.

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4
 B. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What assumption in the Atomic Theory of Dalton explains the:

a. Law of Conservation of Mass?

b. Law of Definite Composition?

c. Law of Multiple proportion?

2. When you burn wood, the ash produced has less mass than the piece of wood
burned. Does this observation violate the Law of Conservation of Mass?
Explain.

3. Powdered iron turns to rust when exposed to air. Explain why the rust weighs
more than the original powdered iron.

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233
Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

III. WRAPPING UP 10/10

Direction: Complete the concept map below by filling up the boxes with the appropriate
concepts using the linking words/phrases as guide on how these concepts are
related to each other.

Concepts: law of mass conservation atomic theory products

law of multiple proportion chemical change elements
law of definite composition chemical formula reactants
compound

chemical atomic
change theory

governed by explains

Law of Mass Law of Definite Law of Multiple

Conservation Proportion Proportions
consistent
describes the with
dictates the
mass relation of composition of chemical describes how two
formula elements form two
or more
& represents
reactants products
compound

form

elements

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234
Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

IV. WANDERING THE NET

“You look at that river gently flowing by. You notice the leaves
rustling with the wind. You hear the birds; you hear the tree
frogs. In the distance you hear a cow.
You feel the grass. The mud gives a little bit on the river bank.
It’s quiet; it’s peaceful. And all of a sudden, it’s a gear shift
inside you. And it’s like taking a deep breath and going... 'Oh
yeah, I forgot about this'.”

- Al Gore in An Inconvenient Truth

An Inconvenient Truth is a movie about global warming. It is a phenomenon which refers to

the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and the oceans since the
mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation.

1. Based on studies, halogenated products are the leading cause of ozone depletion. What are
these halogenated products commonly used at home?

2. Describe the reaction mechanisms that lead to depletion of ozone layer resulting to
global warming.

.
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Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

Problem Set 4.3

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into new substances. The
starting substances are called reactants and the new substances are the products. Chemical
reactions are represented in a concise way by chemical equations. It shows the chemical
formula of the reactants and the products and their quantitative relationship.

Skills
1. balancing chemical equations
2. identifying the types of reactions
3. rewriting a chemical equation from a description of a chemical reaction
using appropriate symbols

Major Ideas

In a chemical equation, an arrow separates the formulas of the reactants (on the left) from the
formulas of the products (on the right).

Balancing the chemical equation is necessary to be consistent with the law of conservation of
mass.

In every balanced equation, each side of the equation has the same number of atoms of each
element.

Chemical reactions may be classified into:

1. combination reaction
2. decomposition reaction
3. single displacement reaction
4. double displacement reaction
5. combustion reaction

Think God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.

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Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

I. WARMING UP

A. Match the symbols used in chemical equations in column B with its description in
column A. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided for.

A B

1.Designates an aqueous solution a. +

2.Indicates that the reaction is reversible b. (g)
3.Separates the reactants from the products c. (l)

________4. Used to separate two reactants or products d. (s)

5.Indicates that heat is supplied to the reaction e. (aq)
6.Indicates the use of s catalyst in the reaction f.
7.Designates a reactant or a product in the solid state g.
8.Designates a reactant or a product in the liquid state h. ∆
9.Designates a reactant or a product in the gaseous state i.
10. Indicates the evolution of a gas as one of the products j. χ
B. Match the type of reaction in column B with the phrase that best describes it
in column A. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided for.

A B
1. a single product a. Combustion
2. a single reactant b. Combination
3. two ionic compounds c. Decomposition
4. an element and a compound d. Single Displacement
5. produces carbon dioxide and water e. Double Displacement

Think God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.

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Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

II. WORKING OUT

A. Write a balanced equation for the following reactions.

1. Iron filings are burned with yellow sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide.

2. Calcium chloride dihydrate, upon application of heat, readily decomposes to calcium

chloride and water.

3. Hydrochloric acid can be made commercially by the reaction of sodium chloride

and sulfuric acid. Sodium sulfate is also produced from the reaction.

4. Baking soda when heated decomposes to yield carbon dioxide, water and
sodium carbonate.

5. Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas and an aqueous
solution of zinc chloride.

6. When sulfur trioxide gas reacts with water, a solution of sulfuric acid forms.

7. When ammonia gas is passed over hot liquid sodium metal, hydrogen gas is released
and sodium amide, NaNH2, is formed as a solid product.

8. The neutralization reaction of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid produces

water and sodium chloride.

9. Methane, CH4, burns in oxygen producing carbon dioxide and water.

10. The incomplete combustion of octane, C8H18, produces carbon monoxide and water.

Think God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.

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B. Balance the following chemical equations and identify the type of reaction
Options: combination, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement,
combustion reaction

___________________________1. NO + O2 → NO2
2. KNO3 → KNO2 + O2

___________________________3. Cl2O7 + H2O → HClO4

4. N2O5 + H2O → HNO3

5. NH3 + HBr → NH4Br

___________________________6. NH4NO3 → N2O + H2O

7. Fe(ClO3)3 → FeCl3 + O2

___________________________8. Al + HCl → AlCl3 + H2

9. Na + Fe2O3 → Fe + NaO

10. Fe2O3 + CO → Fe + CO2

___________________________11. C8H18 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

12. C3H6O + O2 → CO2 + H2O

13. Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2

14. C7H8O2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

15. C5H10O2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

16. Ag3PO4 + HCl → H3PO4 + AgCl

17. H2SO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O

18. (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + Cr2O3 + H2O

19. Zn(OH)2 + H3PO4→ Zn3(PO4)2 + H2O

20. Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2 → Al(OH)3 + CaSO4

Think God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.

11
Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

III. WRAPPING UP

Direction: Complete the concept map below by filling up the boxes with the appropriate
concepts using the linking words/phrases as guide on how these concepts are
related to each other.

Concepts: products combination chemical equation

reactants decomposition single displacement
coefficients chemical formula double displacement
combustion chemical reaction law of conservation of mass

2 consistent with
must be
left side balances
4 5
right side
represents written before
3
7
6
classified into

8 9 10

single product 11 12 exchange

single of ions
reactant

an element replaces another a substance reacts with O2

element in a compound forming CO2 and H2O

Think God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.

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Name: _______________________________________Year/Section: _________________
Teacher: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Score: ____________

IV. WANDERING THE NET

For the forty years following the first flight of the Wright brothers, airplanes used internal
combustion engines to turn propellers to generate thrust. Today, most general aviation or
private airplanes are still powered by propellers and internal combustion engines, much like
automobile engine.

1. Illustrate the combustion process use to power crankshaft of the airplane’s engine.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

p
2. Identify and describe the kind of fuel used by the Wright brothers in their first flight.
Compare it to the fuel being used today.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Think God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.

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