CUBICS and QUARTICS CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

General Forms of Cubic Graphs 180

Radians  Degrees: 
Point of Inflection form: y  a (x  h ) 3  k 
 (h, k) is the point of inflection 
Degrees  Radians: 
 a dilates the graph by a factor of a parallel to y- 180
axis
Intercept form: y  k (x  a )(x  b )(x  c ) Exact Values
 k dilates the graph by a factor of k parallel to y-     3
axis  0 6 4 3 2  2 2
 x-intercepts are a, b and c
Polynomial form: y  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d sin  0 1 1 3 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2
General Forms of Quartic Graphs
Turning Point form: y  a (x  h ) 4  k cos  1 3 1 1 0 -1 0 1
 (h, k) is the turning point 2 2 2
 a dilates the graph by a factor of a parallel to y-
axis tan  0 1 0 0
3 3

UNDEF

UNDEF
Sums and Differences of Cubics 3
a 3  b 3  (a  b )(a 2  ab  b 2 )
4  
a 3  b 3  (a  b )(a 2  ab  b 2 ) Finding Exact Values eg. sin  sin  
3  3
1. Find exact value equivalent.
2. Determine sign by quadrant. 
Factor Theorem   sin
P(x) is a polynomial. 3. Find exact value. 3
If P(a) = 0, (x  a ) is a factor of P(x). 3
Solving trigonometry equations

2
Remainder Theorem 1. Extend domain.
2. Find acute angle in 1st quadrant.
P (x )
Find the remainder of . 3. Determine appropriate quadrants.
(x  a ) 4. Find SP and EP of extended domain.
Remainder = P (a ) 5. Find all solutions moving around the circle.
6. Solve for x.
PROBABILITY 7. Check all solutions are within the original domain.

number of successfuloutcomes Complementary angles

Pr(event)
number of outcomesin sample space 
Include an odd
2  3 
Rules sin   cos  eg. sin      cos 
 2 
 Pr(A’) = 1 – Pr(A) cos   sin  +
 Pr(A  B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) – Pr (A  B) tan   cot 
Pr(A  B)  sign changes as per usual
 Pr(A | B) 
Pr(B)
 For independence, Pr(A B) = Pr(A)  Pr(B) Reciprocal Circular Functions
 Pr(A)  Pr(A  B)  (A  B' ) 1
= secant 
cos
Mutually Exclusive events cannot occur at the same 1
= cosecant 
time. Pr(A  B)  0 sin 
1 cos
= cotangent  =
Independent events do not affect one another. tan sin

Union and Intersection

 = intersection = ‘and’
 = union = ‘or’

Probability Tables
A A’
B Pr(A  B) Pr(A’  B) Pr(B)
B’ Pr(A  B’) Pr(A’  B’) Pr(B’)
Pr(A) Pr(A’) 1

Benny Pojer 2007

 y


( ,2)
4

 3
 
2 2
Graphing Sine and Cosine Waves
y  2 sin(2x )  1 for [0,2 ] LOGARITHMS AND INDICIES
amp  2
Index Laws Log Laws f(x)=2tan(x)
T  m n m n loga mn  loga m  loga n
a a a
RAN  [-1, 3] m
when x  0, y  1
a m  a n  a m n loga  loga m  loga n
n
when y  0, 2 sin(2x )  1  0 (a m )p  a mp
 loga m p  p loga m
2 sin(2x )  1  a0  1 loga 1  0
6
1 n 1
sin(2x )   SP  0 a  n 1
2 a loga   loga x
EP  4 x
0  x  2 p
q loga a  1
q
0  2x  4 a  ap loga 0  undef.
  2  

 loga (negative number)  undef.
6
7 11 19 23 log 1c   loga c
2x  , , , a
6 6 6 6
7 11 19 23
x  , , , Change of Base Rule
12 12 12 12 log a m
log x m 
y
log a x

Division of Logs (Negatives)

If you divide by loga ( 1) when working with
inequalities, inverse the sign.
(2 ,1)
Example:
(0,1)
0.2 x  6
x x log10 0.2  log10 6
7 11 19 23
( ,0) ( ,0) ( ,0) ( ,0) log10 6
12 12 12 12 x 
log10 0.2
x  1.113
Domain
Graphing Tangent Graphs Always make sure that the final answer fits into the
y  2 tan for [0,2 ] domain.
T 
Solve log10 x  log10 (x  3)  1 DOM  (3, )
 3
asymptote:   , 2
2 2 10  x  3x
 0  x 2  3x  10
when   , y 2
4 0  (x  5)(x  2)
x  5,  2
but x  3
x  5
Benny Pojer 2007
Graphing Exponentials Derivative Formula
y  32  6x dy
 nx n 1
asymptote: y  6 dx
when x  0, y  3
Product Rule
when y  0, 6  3  2 x dy
if y=u(x)v(x), then =u(x)v’(x) + u’(x)v(x)
2 x
2 1 dx
x 1 Example: f(x)=(x2 + 4x)(x3 + 1)
DOM  R f’(x)= (2x + 4)(x3 + 1) + 3x2(x2 + 4x)
RAN  (-6, ) = 2x4 + 2x + 4x3 + 4 + 3x4 + 12x3
= 5x4 + 16x3 + 2x + 4
y
Quotient Rule
u(x) dy v(x)u'(x) - v' (x)u(x)
if y= , then =
v(x) dx (v(x))2
3
(1,0) x Example: f(x)= 8x  5x
3x - 2
(3x - 2)(24x2  5)  3(8x3  5x)
f’(x)=
(0,3) (3x - 2)2
3 2 3
= 72x  48x  15x  10  24x  15x
(3x - 2)2
y  6 3 2
= 48x  48x  10
Graphing Logs (3x - 2)2
y  2 log 2 (x  2)  4
asymptote: x  2 ANTIDIFFERENTIATION
when x  0, y  2 log 2 2  4
 2 Anti-derivative Formula
1
when y  0, 0  2 log 2 (x  2)  4  x n dx  n  1 x n 1  c
4  2 log 2 (x  2)
2  log 2 (x  2) Definite Integral
x 2  4 b

x 2 a f (x )dx  F (b )  F (a )
DOM  (-2, )
RAN  R
Properties of Definite Integrals
a
x  2 y
(0,2) x
 f(x)dx=0
a
b c c

 f(x)dx+  f(x)dx =  f(x)dx

a b a
(0,2)
b b

 kf(x)dx= k  f(x)dx
a a
b b b

 f(x) g(x)dx =  f(x)dx   g(x)dx

a a a
b a

 f(x)dx=   f(x)dx
a b
DIFFERENTIATION

First Principles Area between Curves

b
dy f (x  h )  f (x )
dx
 lim
h 0 h a [g(x)  f(x)]dx
 a & b are the x values of the intersection between
g(x) and f(x)
Benny Pojer 2007