SCOPE OF WORK FOR QRA STUDIES

The objective of the QRA study is to analyze the consequences and risk posed to the
surrounding facilities due to identified hazards that can emanate from the various locations.
The purpose of QRA study shall be to estimate hazardous distances and impact zones from
various hazardous scenarios resulting out of loss of containment of liquid petroleum (Motor
Spirit, High Speed Diesel and Superior Kerosene Oil) or its vapors.

a) To identify hazardous scenarios associated with loss of containment of liquid/ vapors

from the installation.
b) To estimate the frequency of failure of the identified hazardous scenarios.
c) To carry out dispersion analysis and estimate potential consequences of undesired
events and subsequent effects of fire, explosion, toxicity etc.
d) To estimate the risks to individuals located within and outside the premises of
installation, and property wherever these are affected. The individual risk shall be
expressed in the form of risk contours.
e) To recommend suitable measure to mitigate the risks.
f) To take into account the domino effect i.e. whether hazards posed by surrounding
facilities can lead to further escalation on account of their vicinity to the above
installation.
g) The take into account the effect of Vapor Cloud explosion of Motor spirits stored in
this installation and recommend mitigation measures.

The three basic steps of hazard analysis are:

a) Hazard Identification
b) Vulnerability analysis
c) Risk analysis.

Hazard Identification: Hazard identification shall include the following

The types and quantities of hazardous products stored, handled and disposed in the
location;
a) 1) Layout of storage tanks & o ther facilities.
2) Potential hazards associated with the spillage and release.
Various components of hazard identification are -
Chemical Identity & Nature of Hazard - The stored products shall be classified as toxic,
flammable or explosive.
Quantity - The estimation of quantity of each hazardous product at a location should
include the maximum quantity likely to be stored on site.

Location and Storage Condition:

The location, configuration and condition under which the hazard products are stored,
handled shall be taken into account while carrying out the risk analysis. The inter-
distances play an important role for assessing the Consequential risk due to the impact
from emergencies arising at other facilities. This aspect shall be considered while
recommending the fire protection system for each individual facility.

b) Vulnerability Analysis:

Vulnerability analysis is the second step of hazard analysis and provides estimation of the
zones of influence or vulnerable zones. The process of estimation of zone of influence
comprises of the following:

i. The maximum single storage of hazardous product should be identified and

then probable maximum loss scenario should be determined.
ii. Considering the probable maximum loss scenario, the vulnerable zone(s) that
will be affected by the effect/consequences of the accident should be
considered.
c) Risk Analysis:

Risk analysis is the third step of hazard analysis process. Risk Analysis provides a
relative measure of the likelihood and severity of various possible hazardous events and
enables the emergency plan to focus on the greatest potential risk

Risk is defined as: Risk = Consequence x Probability

Risk assessment must consider both catastrophic and less severe release. In other words,
all scenarios which are likely to lead to emergency situations shall be considered for the
purpose of Risk Assessment. Accordingly the recommendations for fire protection design
and mitigation methods shall be made for each scenario of risk.

After calculating the risk, it must be brought to a level of "Maximum Tolerable Criterion"
above which the risk is regarded as intolerable. The risk should also be made "As Low As
 Reasonable Practicable. Quantitative assessment of risk shall be worked out considered
by determining the following factors:
Types of event normally considered in risk analysis at POL installations are those that lead to
one or more of the following with detailed analysis and effect with graph for each:

a) Flammable vapour cloud fire (burning of a flammable gas/air mixture).

b) Toxic vapor cloud (toxic gas mixed with air)
c) Storage tank on fire
d) Pool fire (burning pool of liquid fuel)
e) Torch fire (burning of gas or liquid being released under pressure)
f) Vapor cloud explosion (rapid combustion of flammable gas outdoors)
g) Physical explosion (failure of a pressure vessel due to internal pressure).
h) Confined space explosion (rapid combustion of flammable gas in an enclosure).

Besides the above, any other probable risk applicable to the location shall also be identified
and shall be considered for Risk Evaluation.

Risk reduction measures:

Risk calculated as per the above modality shall be compare with the minimum acceptable
limit in respect of each facility individually and where ever the risk is assessed to be beyond
acceptable limits, risk reduction / mitigation measures shall be recommended. It may be
possible to reduce / mitigate the risk by risk reduction factors like:

a) Modifying the facility to eliminate or reduce the probability of occurrence of

hazardous events.
b) Modifying the facility so that hazardous events are eliminated.
c) Restricting the consequence of some of the events by improving hazard mitigation
systems.
d) Reducing the exposed population by increasing safe distances by acquiring
property around the facility.