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Pathogens are microorganisms which cause diseases on the body of a host. The Pathogen can

alter the adaptive human body immune system through changing of the normal functioning of the

body system and hiding from the body's immune system by getting within the cells. If the

Pathogen defeats the body immune system, the host will need medical intervention. The

pathogens come in diverse forms like bacterial and viral pathogens which attack the human

body. This assignment uses a case study that deals with "managing severe asthma in an adult".

Asthma is a chronic disease that is associated with viral pathogens as well as bacterial pathogens,

which are the main culprits of the disease.

Asthma is one of the most common pulmonary diseases that impact the host body by tightening

of the respiratory muscles, a chronic swelling of the respiratory system and the occurrence of

bronchoconstriction. The effect of asthma infection in a host may be carried from exacerbate

developing asthma and clinical start of asthma (Arabkhazaeli et al., 2015). Exacerbate asthma is

contributed significantly by viral pathogens. These viral pathogens are Human Rhinovirus, and

respiratory syncytial virus, causing asthma inception. Moreover, bacterial infections have been

associated with exacerbate asthma and may affect the host's respiratory system independently or

as a co-culprit with the viral pathogens. Some bacterial infection, like mycoplasma pneumonia in

some cases of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, may trigger and exacerbate asthma. Also,

some people genetically contain traces of viral wheezing and develop asthma.

Based on the case study, structural changes in asthma disease are evident in the respiratory

system of asthmatics. These structural changes include enlarged submucosal glands, over

deposition of matric in the walls of respiratory systems, thickening of the airway walls, and

increasing of the respiratory system muscle mass (Laitinen et al., 2016). Genetic compositions of

a host influence structural changes in asthma.

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Moreover, the structure of respiratory tubes is affected by demographic factors which a patient is

exposed to and duration of uncontrolled inflammation. The pathogens remodel the airways

affecting the mechanism of respiration in the human body (Hakonarson et al., 2019). Reduction

of the airflow in the respiratory system causes increased deposition of the matrix by the body to

resist narrowing of the airways. The chemical structure of asthma is associated with allergies

such as dust, animal fur and cigarettes smoke, which cause redness on the wall of respiratory

systems. The oversensitivity to these allergies greatly influences the suffering of asthma.

Bacteria and viruses are the most common pathogens associated with asthma. Several bacteria

may cause the asthmatic condition, namely: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae,

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza. (Kirstin Bass,

2018)These bacteria influence is wheezing in a child and an adult. Both Rhinovirus species and

respiratory syncytial virus are capable of lowering the flow of the air in respiratory systems

cause asthma both at childhood and at adult levels. The infection may fail to be symptomatic in

the body of an individual, particularly ion children.

There are various stages of infection associated with asthma. Respiratory infections are

significant signs of asthma. The respiratory infections are characterized by experiencing common

cold, pneumonia, flu, and other diseases may be witnessed. The common illnesses above

interfere with the lungs by causing the swelling and the narrowing of the air passages. As a result

of these changes in the breathing system, the asthma symptoms are accelerated, and this can lead

to an asthma attack. The viral infection is another stage of asthma infection (Laitinen et al.,

2016). The picornaviruses are the predominant viruses in this stage of asthma infection.

However, there are other various viruses associated with viral infections, namely: the

coronaviruses and Rhinovirus. Viral infections are more prevalent in children than in adults.
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Several methods can be used in the treatment of asthma. Doctors can adopt various procedures

to diagnose asthma. Diagnosis of asthma starts with a physical exam whereby a doctor can ask a

question on the symptom. Physical examination is crucial in the ruling of all other respiratory

diseases. After a physical exam, the doctor proceeds to tests that measure the functionality of the

lungs, given that the lungs have a crucial pulmonary function. Two types of tests are used to

determine the presence of asthma through measuring lung functionality the analysis, namely

spirometry and peak flow tests. The spirometry tests detect the presence of narrowing of airways

through checking the speed of the air exhaled, and the volume of air one can exhale after a deep

breath. One can also be asked to do a physical activity to determine the presence of asthma

symptoms. However, the diagnostic test used for asthma varies from children to adults. Lung

tests are also administered to children below the age of five years alongside considering the

medical histories of the patents.

Moreover, prevention and treatment asthmatic infection by avoidance of environments triggering

allergens and medical management of the disease remains to be the best approaches. Avoidance

of situations and occupations that worsen the symptoms is crucial in preventing asthma.

Foundations like American asthma association have organized campaigns that synthesize the

people against environments that might trigger allergens and adopting safety measures in such

situations. Observation of medical prescriptions is significant in controlling asthma. Athematic

people must learn to adhere to their medical prescription programs strictly.

Chronic asthma can prove challenging to manage . A patient experiencing severe asthma needs

consistent medical attention to prevent the situation from worsening. Before the treatment of

asthma, one needs to be diagnosed to prove its asthma.

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References
Arabkhazaeli, A., Vijverberg, S. J., van Erp, F. C., Raaijmakers, J. A., van der ENT, C. K., &

van der Zee, A. H. M. (2015). Characteristics and severity of asthma in children with and

without atopic conditions: a cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics, 15(1), 172.

Hakonarson, H., Almogurea, B., Vasquex, L. M., & Sleiman, P. M. (2019). U.S. Patent

Application No. 16/318,720.

Kirstin Bass. (2018, april 16). Case Study: Managing Severe Asthma in an Adult. Retrieved from
MedpageToday: https://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-centers/advances-severe-
uncontrolled-asthma/case-study-managing-severe-asthma-adult/1937
Laitinen, O. H., Svedin, E., Kapell, S., Nurminen, A., Hytönen, V. P., & Flodström‐Tullberg, M.

(2016). Enteroviral proteases: structure, host interactions and pathogenicity. Reviews in

medical virology, 26(4), 251-267.

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