NOTE : IN THIS DOCUMENT ALL THE COMPONETS USED FOR DIFFERENT

PROJECTS ARE INCLUDED WITH PERFECT DATA LINKS.

SO FIRST GOTHROUGH YOUR BLOCK DIAGRAM AND COPY THE RELAVENT

DATA OF THE COMPONET INTO UR FINAL DOCUMENT .

ARDUINO UNO :

COPY ALL DATA IN THIS LINK FOR ARDUINO DETAILS

https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno

Arduino uno :

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digitalinput/output pins (of which 6 canbe used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, aUSB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed tosupport the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a
USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DCadapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDIUSB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter."Uno" means one in Italian and is
named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduno, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USBArduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous
versions,see the index of Arduino boards.

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
powersource is selected automatically.External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adaptercan be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-
positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from abattery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to
20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5Vpin may supply less than five volts and
the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltageregulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.The power pins are as follows:
•VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage throughthis pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
•5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
theboard. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or
anotherregulated 5V supply. •3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA. •GND. Ground pins.
Memory :
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is used for the
bootloader); Ithas also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written
with the EEPROM
Input output:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), anddigitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA andhas an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins havespecialized functions: •Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pins areconnected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip . •External Interrupts: 2 and 3.
These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, arising or falling edge, or a
change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. •PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.
Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. •SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO),
13 (SCK).These pins support SPI communication, which,although provided by the underlying
hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. •LED: 13. There is a built-in LED
connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED ison, when the pin is LOW, it's
off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). Bydefault they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their rangeusing the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally,
some pins have specializedfunctionality: •I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)
communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the board: •AREF.
Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). •Reset. Bring this line
LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button toshields which block the
one on the board.

Communication:
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or othermicrocontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available ondigital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USBand appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USBCOM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required..The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from theArduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-
to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1).A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wirelibrary to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. To use
the SPI communication,please see the ATmega328 datasheet.
Programinig:
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno w/ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details,see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes
preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new codeto it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500protocol (reference,
C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through
the ICSP (In-Circuit SerialProgramming) header; see these instructions for details. The
ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader,which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) andthen resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software
(Windows) or the DFU programmer (MacOS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can
use the ISP header with an external programmer(overwriting the DFU bootloader).

ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE:

The Arduino Software (IDE) allows you to write programs and upload them to your board. In

the Arduino Software page you will find two options:

1. If you have a reliable Internet connection, you should use the online IDE (Arduino Web

Editor). It will allow you to save your sketches in the cloud, having them available from any

device and backed up. You will always have the most up-to-date version of the IDE without the
 need to install updates or community generated libraries.

2. If you would rather work offline, you should use the latest version of the desktop IDE.

Code online on the Arduino Web Editor

To use the online IDE simply follow these instructions. Remember that boards work out-of-the-

box on the Web Editor, no need to install anything.

Install the Arduino Desktop IDE

To get step-by-step instructions select one of the following link accordingly to your operating

system. 

 Windows

 Mac OS X

 Linux

 Portable IDE (Windows and Linux)

Choose your board in the list here on the right to learn how to get started with it and how to use it

on the Desktop IDE.

WIFI MODULE ESP8266 :

The ESP8266 is a System on a Chip (SoC), manufactured by the Chinese company Espressif. It

consists of a Tensilica L106 32-bit micro controller unit (MCU) and a Wi-Fi transceiver. It

has 11 GPIO pins* (General Purpose Input/Output pins), and an analog input as well. This

means that you can program it like any normal Arduino or other microcontroller. And on top of

that, you get Wi-Fi communication, so you can use it to connect to your Wi-Fi network, connect

to the Internet, host a web server with real web pages, let your smartphone connect to it, etc ...

The possibilities are endless! It's no wonder that this chip has become the most popular IOT

device available. 

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that

can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either

hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application
processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware,

meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-

ability as a WiFi Shield offers (and that’s just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an

extremely cost effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.

This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it to

be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with

minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip

integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed to

occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth

co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating

conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

As shown in the picture, ESP8266 has 8 pins, 4 in the row of 2. The first pin on the top left is

GND. The two pins right from the GND are GPIO 2 and 0. I'm not going to use these pins, as

they are not impirtant for the operation. The pin on the top right side is the RX pin and the pin on

the lower left is TX. These are the pins for comunication. The middle pins on the bottom are

CH_PD(chip power-down) and RST(reset).

The main thing to remember is, that this device works with 3.3V;even the RX and TX pins.

Arduino or many USB to serial converters work with 5V. The solution for this project is in

the next step.

Talking to the ESP8266

FOR MORE DATA ABOUT ESPB266 WIFI NODULE :

https://components101.com/wireless/esp8266-pinout-configuration-features-datasheet

Liquid Crystal Display

The LCD is used for the purpose of displaying the words which we are given in the

program code. This code will be executed on microcontroller chip. By following the instructions

in code the LCD display the related words. Fig.5.6 shows the LCD display.
Introduction

Fig. : LCD Display

The LCD display consists of two lines, 20 characters per line that is interfaced with

the PIC16F73.The protocol (handshaking) for the display is as shown in Fig. The display

contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the second for

characters to be displayed (RS=1). It also contains a user-programmed RAM area (the

character RAM) that can be programmed to generate any desired character that can be formed

using a dot matrix. To distinguish between these two data areas, the hex command byte 80

will be used to signify that the display RAM address 00h will be chosen Port1 is used to

furnish the command or data type, and ports 3.2 to 3.4 furnish register select and read/write

levels.

Theory

A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCDs) that will flow like a liquid but

whose molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids. The Liquid

Crystal Display (LCD) is a low power device. The power requirement is typically in the order of

microwatts for the LCD. However, an LCD requires an external or internal light source. It is
limited to a temperature range of about 0°C to 60°C and lifetime is an area of concern, because

LCDs can chemically degrade.

There are two major types of LCDs which are:

1. Dynamic-scattering LCDs and

2. Field-effect LCDs

The turn-on and turn-off time is an important consideration in all displays. The response

time of LCDs is in the range of 100 to 300ms.The lifetime of LCDs is steadily increasing beyond

10,000+hours limit. Since the color generated by LCD units is dependent on the source of

illumination, there is a wide range of color choice.

Pin Diagram

The Pin diagram for LCD is shown in the following fig 5.7 and the pin description is

also explained in Table 5.1.

GND +5v VDD A K

1 23 15 16

2x16 Liquid Crystal Display

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

RS
R/wwwwow
En
D0 0D6D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
0
Fig. 5.7: Pin Diagram of LCD

Table 5.1: Pin Description of LCD

Pins Description

1 "Vss" - Ground

2 "Vcc" - +5v power supply

3 "Vee" - Contrast Voltage

4 "R/S" - Instruction/Register Select

5 "R/W" - Read/Write LCD Registers

6 "E" - Enable

7 - 14 Data I/O Pins

Pin Description

Vcc, Vss, VEE

While Vcc and Vss provide +5v and ground, respectively, Vee is used for controlling

LCD contrast.

RS, Register Select

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their

selection as follows.
 If RS = 0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send

as command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear

display, cursor at home, etc.

If RS = 1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on

the LCD.

R/W, Read/Write

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.

R/W = 1 when reading;

R/W = 0 when writing.

E, Enable

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When

data is supplied to data pins, a high - to - low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the

LCD latch in the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.

D0 - D7

The 8 - bit data pins, D0 - D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the

contents of the LCD's internal registers.

To display letters and numbers, send ASCII codes for the letters A - Z, a - z, and numbers

0 - 9 to these pins while RS = 1. When RS = 0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is

ready to receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W = 1 and RS = 0, as
follows: if R/W = 1, RS = 0. When D7 =1 (busy flag = 1), the LCD is busy taking care of

internal operation and will not accept any new information. The description of the pins is shown

in Table 5.1.

LCD Commands Description

Table 5.2: LCD Commands

RS R/W D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Function
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clear LCD &memory,

Home cursor
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Clear and home cursor only
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1/0 S Screen action as display

character

Written S=1/0:shift screen/

cursor
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B D=1/0: Screen on/off

C=1/0: Cursor on/off

B=1/0: Cursor blink/no

blinks
0 0 0 0 0 1 S/C R/L 0 0 S/C=1/0: Screen/Cursor

R/L==1/0: Shift one space

R/L
0 0 0 0 1 D N F 0 0 DL=1/0: 8/4 bits per

L character N=1/0: 2/1 Rows

of characters F=1/0:
 5*10/5*7dots/character
0 0 0 1 Character address Write to character RAM

address after this

0 0 1 Display data address Write to display RAM

address after this

0 1 BF Current addresses BF=1/0:busy/Not busy
0 1 Character type Write byte to last RAM

chosen

Handling the EN Control Line

As mentioned above, the EN line is used to tell the LCD that it is ready to execute an

instruction that prepared on the data bus and on the other control lines. Note that the EN line

must be raised/lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD regardless of whether that

instruction is read or write, text or instruction. In short, someone must always manipulate EN

when communicating with the LCD. EN is the LCD's way of knowing that someone is talking to

it. If one doesn’t raise/lower EN, the LCD doesn't know that someone is talking to it on the other

lines.

Checking the Busy Status of the LCD

As previously mentioned, it takes a certain amount of time for each instruction to be

executed by the LCD. The delay varies depending on the frequency of the crystal attached to the
oscillator input of the controller as well as the instruction which is being executed. While it is

possible to write code that waits for a specific amount of time to allow the LCD to execute

instructions, this method of "waiting" is not very flexible. If the crystal frequency is changed, the

software will need to be modified. Additionally, if the LCD itself is changed for another LCD

which, although 44780 compatible, requires more time to perform its operations, the program

will not work until it is properly modified.

A more robust method of programming is to use the "Get LCD Status" command to

determine whether the LCD is still busy executing the last instruction received.

The "Get LCD Status" command will return to the user two bits of information; the

information that is useful to the user right now is found in DB 7. In summary, when user issue the

"Get LCD Status" command the LCD will immediately raise DB 7 if it's still busy executing a

command or lower DB7 to indicate that the LCD is no longer occupied. Thus the program can

query the LCD until DB7 goes low, indicating the LCD is no longer busy. At that point user is

free to continue and send the next command.

Initializing the LCD

LCD must be initialized and configured before using. This is accomplished by sending a

number of initialization instructions to the LCD.

The first instruction send must tell the LCD whether it is to be communicated with an 8-

bit or 4-bit data bus. 5x8 dot character font should also be selected. These two options are

selected by sending the command 38h to the LCD as a command.

a) Clearing the Display

When the LCD is first initialized, the screen should automatically be cleared by the

controller.

b) Writing Text into the LCD

The data to be displayed is send to the LCD through data bus.

c) Cursor Positioning

The cursor positioning in a LCD can be done in the right entry mode or left entry mode.

As left entry mode is flexible it is implemented.

The circuit diagram of Check post Control System using RFID Module and its

components description is described in next chapter.

RFID MODLE :

RFID is a tracking technology used to identify and authenticate tags that are applied to any

product, individual or animal. Radio frequency Identification and Detection is a general term

used for technologies that make use of radio waves in order to identify objects and people.
 

OR

USE THE IMAGE BASED ON UR PROJECT ,,DATA WILL BE SAME

Introduction to RFID

Purpose of Radio frequency Identification and Detection system is to facilitate data transmission

through the portable device known as tag that is read with the help of RFID reader; and process

it as per the needs of an application. Information transmitted with the help of tag offers location

or identification along with other specifics of product tagged – purchase date, color, and price.

Typical RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna, mounted on substrate.

The RFID tags are configured to respond and receive signals from an RFID transceiver. This

allows tags to be read from a distance, unlike other forms of authentication technology. The

RFID system has gained wide acceptance in businesses, and is gradually replacing the barcode

system.

How RFID Works

Basic RFID consists of an antenna, transceiver and transponder. To understand the working of a

typical RFID system, check the following animation.

Antenna emits the radio signals to activate tag and to read as well as write information to

it. Reader emits the radio waves, ranging from one to 100 inches, on the basis of used radio

frequency and power output. While passing through electronic magnetic zone, RFID tag detects

activation signals of readers.

Powered by its internal battery or by the reader signals, the tag sends radio waves back to the

reader. Reader receives these waves and identifies the frequency to generate a unique ID. Reader

then decodes data encoded in integrated circuit of tags and transmits it to the computers for use.

Get in-depth about RFID tag and its working through exclusive images at the Insight about RFID

tags.
Types of RFID

Active and passive RFID are different technologies but are usually evaluated together. Even

though both of them use the radio frequency for communication between tag and reader, means

of providing power to tags is different. Active RFID makes use of battery within tag for

providing continuous power to tag and radio frequency power circuitry. Passive RFID on the

other hand, relies on energy of radio frequency transferred from reader to tag for powering it.

Passive RFID needs strong signals from reader but signal strength bounced from tag is at low

levels. Active RFID receives low level signals by tag but it can create higher level signals to

readers. This type of RFID is constantly powered, whether in or out of the reader’s field. Active

tags consist of external sensors for checking humidity, temperature, motion as well as other

conditions.

RFID frequencies

Just like you can tune a radio in various frequencies for listening to different channels, RFID

readers and tags need to be tuned in to a same frequency for communication. RFID system uses

various frequencies but most common and popularly used frequency is low, high and ultra high

frequency. Low frequency is around 125 KHz, high is around 13.56 MHz and ultra high varies

between 860-960 MHz. Some applications also make use of microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz.

It is imperative to choose right frequency for an application as radio waves work different at

various frequencies.
History and key developments

RFID has been around since II World War but was viewed as too limited and expensive in

functionality for most of commercial use. With advancement in technology, cost of system

components has reduced and capabilities have increased, making RFID more popular.

Léon Theremin invented a surveillance tool for Soviet Union in the year 1945. This tool

retransmitted the incident radio waves along with audio information. Sound

waves vibrated diaphragm that

altered the shape of resonator, modulating reflected sound frequencies. This tool was not

identification tag but a secret listening device. But it is still considered as predecessor of the

RFID technology due to it being energized, passive and stimulated by outside electromagnetic

waves. Similar technology as IFF transponder was invented in UK in the year 1915 and was

regularly used by allies in the II World War for identifying aircrafts as foes or friends. The

transponders are used for by powered aircrafts till date.

Invented in 1973, device by Mario Cardullo is known to be a true ancestor of the modern RFID.

Initially the device was passive and was powered by interrogating signals and had transponder 16

bit memory for application as toll device. The basic patent by Cardullo covers application of RF,

light and sounds as the transmission media.

Early exhibition of the reflected power RFID tags, semi passive and passive was presented by

Robert Freyman, Steven Depp and Alfred Koelle. This portable system used around 12 bit tags

and worked at 915 MHz. And the first patent associated with abbreviation of RFID was approved

to Mr. Charles Walton in the year 1983.

RFID Applications

The role of RFID is not just confined to Aircraft identification anymore; it is also lending a hand

in various commercial uses. Asset tracking is one of the most popular uses of RFID. Companies

are using RFID tags on the products that might get stolen or misplaced. Almost each type of

Radio frequency Identification and Detection system can be used for the purpose of asset

management.
 

Manufacturing plants have also been using RFID from a long time now. These systems are used

for tracking parts and working in process for reduction of defects, managing production of

various versions and increasing output. The technology has also been useful in the closed looped

supply chains for years. More and more companies are turning to this technology for tracking

shipments among the supply chain allies. Not just manufacturers but retailers also are using this

RFID technology for proper placement of their products and improvements in the supply chain.

RFID also plays an important role in the access and security control. The newly introduced 13.56

MHz RFID systems provide long range readings to the users. The best part is that RFID is

convenient to handle and requires low maintenance at the same time.

RS232 COMMUNICATION
RS232:

In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data interconnection

between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It

is commonly used in computer serial ports.

Scope of the Standard:

The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard RS-232-C [3] as of 1969 defines:

 Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate, timing and slew-

rate of signals, voltage withstand level, short-circuit behavior, maximum stray

capacitance and cable length

 Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin identification

 Functions of each circuit in the interface connector

 Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications

 The standard does not define such elements as character encoding (for example, ASCII,

Baudot or EBCDIC), or the framing of characters in the data stream (bits per character, start/stop

bits, parity). The standard does not define protocols for error detection or algorithms for data

compression.

The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, although the standard says it is

intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices can exceed this

speed (38,400 and 57,600 bit/s being common, and 115,200 and 230,400 bit/s making occasional

appearances) while still using RS-232 compatible signal levels.

Details of character format and transmission bit rate are controlled by the serial port hardware,

often a single integrated circuit called a UART that converts data from parallel to serial form. A

typical serial port includes specialized driver and receiver integrated circuits to convert between

internal logic levels and RS-232 compatible signal levels.

Circuit working Description:

In this circuit the MAX 232 IC used as level logic converter. The MAX232 is a dual

driver/receiver that includes a capacive voltage generator to supply EIA 232 voltage levels from

a single 5v supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 to 5v TTL/CMOS levels. Each driver

converts TLL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.

 In this circuit the microcontroller transmitter pin is connected in the MAX232 T2IN pin

which converts input 5v TTL/CMOS level to RS232 level. Then T2OUT pin is connected to

reviver pin of 9 pin D type serial connector which is directly connected to PC.

In PC the transmitting data is given to R2IN of MAX232 through transmitting pin of 9 pin

D type connector which converts the RS232 level to 5v TTL/CMOS level. The R2OUT pin is

connected to receiver pin of the microcontroller. Likewise the data is transmitted and received

between the microcontroller and PC or other device vice versa.

POWER SUPPLY

Block diagram

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac

voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave

rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This

resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the

input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage

regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

IC REGULATOR
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER LOAD
 : Block diagram (Power supply)

Working principle

Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V)

level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier,

which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it

will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge

rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and

the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at

point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3

and reverse bias D4.

 The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3

and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are

reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3,

through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the solid

arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward

biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point A

through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to point A. This

path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and

D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this

current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows

through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-

wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a

given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the

conventional full-wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A

and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed

between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit

shown—in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only
one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is

500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds-

500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in

view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000

volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both

circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage

than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

IC voltage regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload

protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed

negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with

load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings

from milli watts to tens of watts.

 : Circuit diagram (Power supply)

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied

to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third

terminal connected to ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

 For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

 For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts

Relay:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay

creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current

can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are doublethrow (changeover)

switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate

from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link

is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but

it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips)

cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the

larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer

IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts,

for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. Most relays are

designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care

to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The animated picture shows a working relay with

its coil and switch contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when

the coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT)

in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.

 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

Circuit description:

This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor or any other load.

The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay ON and OFF is controlled by the pair

of switching transistors (BC 547). The relay is connected in the Q2 transistor collector terminal.

A Relay is nothing but electromagnetic switching device which consists of three pins. They are

Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).

The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open (NO) pin

connected to load. When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1 transistors, the transistor is

conducting and shorts the collector and emitter terminal and zero signals is given to base of the

Q2 transistor. So the relay is turned OFF state.

When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the transistor is turned

OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and relay is turned

ON. Hence the common terminal and NO terminal of relay are shorted. Now load gets the supply

voltage through relay.

Voltage Signal from Transistor Q1 Transistor Q2 Relay

Microcontroller or PC

1 on off off

0 off on on
MAKING OF PCB:

: INTRODUCTION

One of the most discouraging things about making a hardware project is building

the printed circuit board-PCB.it is sometimes possible to use strip board or some other pre-

fabricated board but more often than not the circuit complexity and performance requires a

proper PCB to be made .The good news is that due to improvements in printing and processing

technologies it is now relatively easy to make inexpensive high quality PCB’s at home.

WARNING-Making PCB’s requires the use of Ferric Chloride(FeCi3) which is corrosive so

avoid skin and eye contact .Remember safety-first so, use glasses, gloves and protective

overalls .Ferric Chloride is also very good at distorting cloths weeks after you think you have

washed it off. If you do get any on your skin then wash it off immediately with lots of water and

soap.

: THE ARTWORK

The first stage is to transfer the circuit layout from the PC to the special Press-n-

Peel film. Put the film in the laser printer so that the print will appear on it. This will produce a

contact print where the black image will end up as copper on the final PCB. Now to transfer the

artwork to the Copper board by following the instructions with the Press-n-Peel film:
  Clean the copper board very well with the PCB cleaning rubber.

 Heat the cloths iron to 300 deg F.

 Hole the film with the print in contact to the copper and smoothly iron the film down

until the print appears black through the film (about 1min).

 Allow 5min to cool down (or speed up this with water) then peel the film off.

This should produce a clean black print on to the copper. If you let the film move or

overheat then you will find that the tracks and writing will be smeared and out of focus also the

film may be wrinkled up. If you don’t use enough heat or heat unevenly then the film may not

stick or to be dark enough. In either case clean off the PCB and try again, you should get it right

after a couple of goes.

: THE ETCHING

Etching the PCB is to remove the unwanted copper.

 Dilute the concentrated Ferric Chloride fluid with water (1:1) and pour into the one liter

glass jar.

 Put the PCB copper side up on the top tray and pour all Ferric Chloride on top.

 Gently rock the top tray to keep the etch fluid moving avoiding spillage.

 After about 15min all of the unwanted copper disappears.

 Remove the board and drop it into a bucket of cold water to clean off.

: DRILLING

Drilling with 0.8mm drill bits can be bit tricky as it is easy to break the drill bits. Always

hold the drill straight and do not bend it when the hole has started .Using a 0.8mm PCB drill bit,
drill out all of the component holes that are required. So, now the PCB is finished and it is ready

to solder.

: ADVANTAGES OF PCB

 Reducing wiring errors.

 Decreases assembly cost.

 Typically consume less space than traditionally build circuits.

6.1:ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES:

 Small in size.

 Easy to operate from a remote place.

 Cost of manufacture is very less.

 Flexibility of using in various applications.

APPLICATIONS:

After some small modifications made, the same kit can find many applications.

 Automation in industries ,house hold appliances etc

  Also used in a remote areas where the facility of Cell network is provided

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR :

http://forum.researchdesignlab.com/datasheet/sensors/soil%20moisture%20sensor.pdf
HUMIDITY AND TEMPARATURE SENSOR :

https://components101.com/dht11-temperature-sensor

MORE DATA

https://www.mouser.com/ds/2/758/DHT11-Technical-Data-Sheet-Translated-Version-

1143054.pdf

LM35 TEMPARATURE SENSOR :

https://components101.com/lm35-temperature-sensor

FLEX SENSOR :
https://components101.com/sensors/flex-sensor-working-circuit-datasheet

MQ4 SENSOR :

https://components101.com/sensors/mq-4-methane-gas-sensor-pinout-datasheet

MQ7 SENSOR :

https://www.pololu.com/product/1482
MQ135 :

Ammonia : https://components101.com/sensors/mq137-gas-sensor

or

gas air quality : https://components101.com/sensors/mq135-gas-sensor-for-air-quality

GSM MODULE SIM900:

https://components101.com/wireless/sim900a-gsm-module
GPS MODULE :

https://components101.com/modules/neo-6mv2-gps-module

PM2.5 DUST SENSOR:

https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Interface-With-Optical-Dust-Sensor/

http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/tidub65c/tidub65c.pdf
ULTRASONIC SENSOR :

https://components101.com/ultrasonic-sensor-working-pinout-datasheet
IR SENSOR MODULE :

https://components101.com/sensors/ir-sensor-module
SPEAKER :

https://components101.com/misc/8-ohm-speaker

BLUETOOTH MODULE HC06:

https://components101.com/wireless/hc-06-bluetooth-module-pinout-datasheet

WEIGHT SENSOR :(HX711 + LOAD CELL )

HX711 : https://components101.com/ics/hx711-24-bit-analog-digital-converter-adc
 LOAD CELL : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_cell

SERVO MOTOR 90G :

https://components101.com/servo-motor-basics-pinout-datasheet
BMP180 - Atmospheric Pressure Sensor :
https://components101.com/sensors/bmp180-atmospheric-pressure-sensor

PULSE SENSOR :

https://components101.com/sensors/pulse-sensor
FINGER PRINT SENSOR :

https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fingerprint-scanner3.htm
AND ALSO REFER

https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/fingerprint-based-biometric-security-

system-arduino-uno

L293D MODULE AND IC :

https://components101.com/l293d-pinout-features-datasheet

https://roboindia.com/tutorials/motor-driver-arduino
DC GEAR MOTORS :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motor

CASTER WHEEL :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caster
ROBOT WHEELS :

https://www.intorobotics.com/overview-of-wheels-used-in-robotics/

https://roboindia.com/store/robot-wheels-tyres-bo-motors-tyres-robo-india/rubber-bo-

motor-wheel-2
FORCE SENSOR :

https://components101.com/sensors/fsr400-force-sensor
RASPBERRY PI 3 :

https://components101.com/microcontrollers/raspberry-pi-3-pinout-features-datasheet

https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-set-up-your-raspberry-pi-3-model-b/

ACCELEROMETER AND GYROSCOPE MODULE MPU6050 :

https://components101.com/sensors/mpu6050-module
LED :

https://components101.com/diodes/5mm-round-led
UNIVERSAL PCB :

https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/glossary/definitions.mvp/term/Printed-Circuit-

Board/gpk/973

RESISTOR :

https://components101.com/resistor
DC MOTOR : (PAULTRY FARM PROJECT )

https://components101.com/motors/toy-dc-motor
ELECTROCAL BULB :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_light

BULB HOLDER :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightbulb_socket

JUMPER WIRES : http://blog.sparkfuneducation.com/what-is-jumper-wire

PUSH BUTTON SWITCHS :

https://components101.com/switches/push-button
RELAY:

https://components101.com/5v-relay-pinout-working-datasheet
ARDUINO CABLE :

DATA CABLE USED TO TRANSFER THE DATA FROM LAPTOP TO THE ARDUINO

BOARD ,AND ALSO USE FULL TO POWER THE ARDUINO BOARD,ONCE THE

PROGAM IS SUCCESSFULLY UPLODED INTO THE ARDUINO .

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