DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGE

STRUCTURES UNDER MULTIPLE

DISASTER HAZARDS
1. Houfeng Bridge Collapse in Central Taiwan (2008).

Fig 1. flow field around houfeng bridge Fig 2. Jet downstream that hit the bridge

Houfeng bridge failure occurred in 2008 typhoon flood event. The important factor that
constributed on the collapse of the bridge is causes by chi-chi earthquake that hit
Taiwan with magnitude of 7.3 Richter scale. The earthquake result is lifting of the
surrounding ground levels along a fault line to create a 10-m drop in the River. The
river responded to this abrupt uplift through significant bed degradation. Coupled with
this scour potential, the flood flows associated with typhoons have contributed to
extensive general scour of the river. The combined effect of these hazards led to an
average lowering rate of the river bed and causes the bridge to collapse.

2. the deformation of a cantilever column fixed into a column footing joint under lateral
loads, and the tip displacement Δ tip is shown in figure 2 and can be approximately
expressed as :

Fig 2. Schematic diagram for the deformation of a cantilever column under lateral
loads
The bending deformation of column can be calculated by integrating the curvature over
the column length and to illustrate transition from elastic to plastic, deformation can be
calculated as :

where H is the column length and ϕ represents the curvature distribution to the top of
the column and ϕy is the section yield curvature at the column bottom calculated by a
moment – curvature analysis; and L p = H(1 − My /Mult ) is the plastic hinge length
resulting from a bending deformation (where M y and M ult are the bending moments
corresponding to the yielding and failure of the longitudinal steel bars, respectively),
or it can be empirically taken as 0.08H.

The slip deformation contribution is assumed to be a fixed ‐ end rotation arising from
the slip of the longitudinal reinforcement out of the column footing joint. In a general
case, the slip is assumed to occur in bars under tension for simplification :

ust is the slip of a reinforcing bar embedded in concrete, which can be calculated by
integrating the strain over the development length ld as :

Based on the biuniform bond slip model proposed by Lehman and Moehle,the slip
displacement in Equation above can be rewritten as :

where Es is Young's modulus; fs and εs are the strength and strain of steel bar at the
interface, respectively; fy and εy are respectively the strength and strain of the steel bar
at yielding point; fsh and εsh are respectively the strength and strain at the initiation of
strain hardening ( fsh = fy if perfect plasticity precedes the strain hardening); d is the
steel bar diameter; and τ and τ ′are respectively the average effective bond stress and
residual bond stress over the development length of the steel bar.
The average cross ‐ sectional area of a corroded steel bar is estimated by :

where As is the area of a noncorroded steel bar and η s is the corrosion level (the
average weight loss, which is defined as the loss of weight of the reinforcing bar
induced by corrosion expressed as a percentage of the original bar weight).

The literature build 3 corrosion models to describe the stress-strain relationship which
is CM 1 is established for reinforcing steels corroded in laboratories by exposure to
direct current; CM 2 is for those corroded nakedly outdoors in natural environments;
and CM 3 corresponds to the corroded reinforcing steels in aging concrete components
in existing buildings. Also note that Young's modulus of steel bars, Es is considered to
be insensitive to corrosion.
Table 1. Materials parameters of corroded reinforcing steel

The formation of oxidation products may lead to the propagation of longitudinal

cracks in the concrete, The reduced concrete strength can be calculated as follows :

where κ is a coefficient related to bar roughness and diameter ( κ = 0.1 for medium
diameter ribbed bars); εc0 is the strain at the peak compressive stress and ε⊥ is the
average (smeared) tensile strain in the cracked concrete at right angles to the direction
of the applied compression, which can be evaluated by:

b0 is the width of undamaged cross section; n bars is the number of steel bars; and w
is the mean crack opening for each bar :
where κ w = 0.0575mm− 1; Δ As = As − Asc is the steel loss of cross section; and
ΔAs0 is the amount of steel cross ‐ sectional loss necessary for cracking initiation,
which is evaluated as :

where d c is the concrete cover; and α is the pit concentration factor. α = 2 for
homogeneous corrosion, and 4 < α < 8 for localized corrosion.

4. For this short course, I think the time spent for this course in 1 day is too much, so
in the 2nd class, students is already feeling tired and not to mention the class is 3 days
in a row. other than the time to spend in the class, I think the teaching is already good
but a little bit too hasty since some of us maybe haven’t got the basic yet.
3.
Environment hazards existing Structures

Research on inspection
Environment hazards

Experimental Test to
hazards curve analyze structure
behavior and capacity

Prediction of

Failure Probability and structural capacity

life cycle cost analysis and seismic fragility

curve

Repair

Retrofit

First need to do an inspection on existing structures and do nondestructive test to

investigate the capacity and behavior of the bridge. For environmental hazards also
need to do some research because different location will have different behavior on the
structure. After both factor has been established, then calculate the failure probability
and the life cycle cost to estimate if the structure need to be repaired or need to be
retrofitted instead,