1.

INTRODUCTION
It was in 1896 that Guglielmo Marconi invented the first wireless
telegraph. In 1901 he sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic ocean from
Cornwall to St. Johns Newfoundland; a distance of 1800 miles. Over the last
century, advances in wireless technologies have led to the radio, the
television, the mobile telephone, and communication satellites. All type of
information can now be send to any corner of the world. A wireless network
is a flexible data communication system, which uses wireless media such as
radio frequency technology to transmit and receive data over the air,
minimizing the need for wired connections. Wireless networks are used to
augment rather than replace wired networks and are most commonly used to
provide last few stages of connectivity between a mobile user and a wired
network. Wireless networks use electromagnetic waves to communicate
information from one point to another without relying on any physical
connection. Radio waves are often referred to as radio carriers because they
simply perform the function of delivering energy to a remote receiver. The
data being transmitted is superimposed on the radio carrier so that it can be
accurately extracted at the receiving end. Once data is superimposed
(modulated) onto the radio carrier, the radio signal occupies more than a
single frequency, since the frequency or bit rate of the modulating
information adds to the carrier. Multiple radio carriers can exist in the same
space at the same time without interfering with each other if the radio waves
are transmitted on different radio frequencies. To extract data, a radio
receiver tunes in one radio frequency while rejecting all other frequencies.
The modulated signal thus received is then demodulated and the data is
extracted from the signal. Wireless networks offer the following
productivity, convenience, and cost advantages over traditional wired
networks:
Mobility: provide mobile users with access to real-time information so that
they can roam around in the network without getting disconnected from the
network. This mobility supports productivity and service opportunities not
possible with wired networks.

Installation speed and simplicity: installing a wireless system can be

fast and easy and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and
ceilings.

Reach of network: the network can be extended to places which can not
be wired More Flexibility: wireless networks offer more flexibility and adapt
easily to changes in the configuration of the network. Reduced cost of
ownership: while the initial investment required for wireless network
hardware can be higher than the cost of wired network hardware, overall
installation expenses and life-cycle costs can be significantly lower in
dynamic environments.

Scalability: wireless systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to

meet the needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations can
be easily changed and range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small
number of users to large infrastructure networks that enable roaming over a
broad area.

2. EXISTING STANDARDS
In the world of wireless communication there are many standards
existing today, each with a specific application field and characteristics
which best suites the need. However among so many standard we will only
discuss about Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee as they are the most
complementary standards among all.
2.1.Wi-Fi (IEEE standard 802.11)
Wi-Fi is the wireless way to handle networking. It is also known as 802.11
networking and wireless networking. The big advantage of Wi-Fi is its
simplicity. Mobile connectivity for computers is a rapidly growing
requirement. Of the schemes that are available the IEEE 802.11 standard,
often termed Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard. With peak operating
speeds of around 54 Mbps it is able to compete with many wired systems.
As a result of the flexibility and performance of the system, many Wi-Fi
hotpots have been set up and more are following. These enable people to use
their laptop computers as they wait in hotels, airport lounges, cafes, and
many other places using a wire less link rather that needing to use a cable.

2.1.1. Standards

There is a plethora of standards under the IEEE 802 LMSC (LAN /

MAN Standard Committee).Of these even 802.11 has variety of standards,
each with a letter suffix. These cover everything from the wireless standards
themselves, to standards for security aspects, quality of service and the like:
802.11a Wireless network bearer operating in the 5 GHz. ISM band with
data rate up to 54 Mbps. 802.11b Wireless network bearer operating in the
2.4 GHz ISM band with data rates up to 11 Mbps 802.11e Quality of service
and prioritization 802.11f Handover 802.11g Wireless network bearer
operating in 24.GHz ISM band with data rates up to 54 Mbps 802.11h Power
control 802.11i Authentication and encryption 802.11j Internetworking
802.11k Measurement reporting 802.11n stream multiplexing 802.11s Mesh
networking Of these the standards that are most widely known are the
network bearer standards, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g.
2.1.2 Network types

There are two types of network that can be formed: infrastructure networks;
and ad-hoc networks. The infrastructure application is aimed at office areas
or to provide a hotspot. It can be installed instead of a wired system, and can
provide considerable cost savings, especially when used in established
offices. A backbone wired network is still required and is connected to a
server.

Wireless network is then split up into a number of cells, each serviced

by a base station or Access Point (AP) which acts as a controller for the cell.
Each Access Point may have a range of between 30 and 300 meters
dependent upon the environment and the location of the Access Point. The
other type of network that may be used is termed as Ad-Hoc network. These
are formed when a number of computers and peripherals are brought
together. They may be needed when several people come together and need
to share data or if they need to access a printer without the need for having
to use wire connections. In this situation the user4s may only communicate
with each other and not a larger wired network. As a result there is no
Access Point and special algorithms within the protocols are used to enable
one of the peripherals to take over the role of master to control the network
with the others acting as slaves.

2.2. Bluetooth
Bluetooth is based on IEEE standards 802.15.1. Bluetooth has now
established itself in the marketplace enabling a variety of devices to be
connected together using wireless technology. Bluetooth technology has
come into its own connecting remote headsets to mobile phones, but it is
also used in a huge number of other applications as well. Bluetooth
technology originated in 1994 when Erricsson came up with a concept to use
a wireless connection to connect items such as an earphone and a cordless
headset and the mobile phone. The name of the Bluetooth standard
originates from the Danish king Harald Blat and who was king of Denmark
between 940 and 981 AD. His name translates as Bluetooth and this was
used as his nickname. A brave warrior, his main achievement was that of
uniting Denmark under the banner of Christianity, and then uniting it with
Norway that he had conquered. The Bluetooth standard was named after him
because Bluetooth endeavors to unite personal computing and
telecommunications devices.

Bluetooth is a wireless data system and can carry data at speeds up to

721 Kbps in its basic form and in addition to this it offers up to three voice
channels. Bluetooth technology enables a user to replace cables between
devices such as printers, fax machines, desktop computers and peripherals,
and a host of other digital devices. Furthermore, it can provide a connection
between an ad-hoc wireless network and existing wired data networks. The
technology is intended to be placed in a low cost module that can be easily
incorporated into electronics devices of all sorts. Bluetooth uses the license
free Industrial, Scientific and Medical(ISM) frequency band for its radio
signals and enables communications to be established between devices up to
a maximum distance of 100 meters. Running in the 2.4 GHz ISM band,
Bluetooth employs frequency hopping techniques with the carrier modulated
using Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK). After a network
connection is established between two devices they change their frequency
1600 times per second thus leaving no time for interference, and if by
chance there is interference it will be for few microseconds. No other sub
network will be working at the frequency at which other sub networks work,
thus eliminating interference.

2.3. ZigBee
ZigBee is a wireless networking standard that is aimed at remote
control and sensor applications which is suitable for operation in harsh radio
environments and in isolated locations, It builds on IEEE standard 802.15.4
which defines the physical and MAC layers. Above this ZigBee defines the
application and security layer specifications enabling interoperability
between products from different manufacturers. In this way ZigBee is a
superset of the 802.15.4 specification. With the applications for remote
wireless sensing and control growing rapidly it is estimated that the market
size could reach hundreds of millions of dollars as early as 2007. This makes
ZigBee a very attractive proposition, and one, which warrants the
introduction of a focused standard.

3. INTRODUCTION TO ZIGBEE
The past few years have witnessed a rapid growth of wireless
networking. However, up to now wireless networking has been mainly
focused on high speed communications, and relatively long-range
applications such as IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network standards. The
first well known standard focusing on low rate wireless personal area
networks was BLUETOOTH. However it has limited capacity for
networking of many nodes. There are many wireless monitoring and control
applications in industrial and home environments which require longer
battery life, lower data rates and less complexity than those from existing
standards. For such wireless applications, a new standard called IEEE
802.15.4 has been developed by IEEE. The new standard is also called
ZigBee.

3.1 The Zigbee Alliance

The ZigBee standard is organized under the auspices of the ZigBee
Alliance. The ZigBee alliance isan organization of companies working
together to define an open global standard for making low power wireless
networks. The intended outcome of ZigBee alliance is to create a
specification defining how to build different network topologies with data
security features and interoperable application profiles. This organization
has over 150 members, of which seven have taken on the status of what they
term promoter. These seven companies are Ember, Honeywell, Invensys,
Mitsubishi, Motorola, Philips and Samsung. A big challenge for the alliance
is to make the interoperability to work among different products. To solve
this problem, the ZigBee Alliance has defines profiles, depending on what
type of category the product belongs to.

For example there is a profile called home lightning that exactly

defines how different brands of home lightning-products should
communicate with each other. Under the umbrella of the ZigBee Alliance,
the new standard will be pushed forward, taking on board the requirements
of the users, manufacturers and the system developers.

Figure 1. Alliance Zigbee

Private Profile: In this profile interoperability is not at all important.

However producers cannot use the official ZigBee stamp, but can claim that
based on ZigBee platform.

Published Profile: A private profile is shared among other users. Still one
cannot use official ZigBee stamp, but can claim based on ZigBee platform
Public profile: It is the official ZigBee profile
3.2. The Name ZigBee

The name ZigBee is said to come from the domestic honeybee which
uses a zig-zag type of dance to communicate important information to other
hive members. This communication dance (TheZigBee Principle) is what
engineers are trying to emulate with this protocol a bunch of separate and
simple organisms that join together to tackle complex tasks.

3.3 Why Zigbee?

There are a multitude of standards like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi that
address mid to height data rates for voice, PC LANs, video etc. However, up
till now there has been a wireless network standard that meets the unique
needs of sensors and control devices. Sensors and controls done need high
bandwidth but they do need low latency and very low energy consumption
for long battery lives and for large device arrays. There are a multitude of
proprietary wireless systems manufactured today to solve a multitude of
problems that don’t require high data rates but do require low cost and very
low current drain. These proprietary systems were designed because there
were no standards that met their application requirements. These legacy
systems are creating significant interoperability problems with each other
and with newer technologies.

The ZigBee Alliance is not pushing a technology; rather it is providing

a standardized base set of solutions for sensor and control systems.

Low power consumption, simply implemented:

Users expect batteries to last many months to years! Consider that a

typical single-family house has about 6 smoke/CO detectors. If the batteries
for each one only lasted six months, the home owner would be replacing
batteries every month! In contrast Bluetooth, which has many different
modes and states depending upon your agency and power requirements,
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 has two major states: active(transmit/receive) or
sleep.

The application software needs to focus on the application, not on

which power mode is optimum for each aspect of operation. Even mains
powered equipment needs to be conscious of energy. ZigBee devices will be
more ecological than their predecessors saving megawatts at it full
deployment. Consider a future home that has 100 wireless control/sensor
devices,

Case 1: 802.11 Rx power is 667 mW (always on) [at] 100 devices/home &
50,000 homes/city = 150 3.33 megawatts.

Case 2: 802.15.4 Rx power is 30 mW (always on) [at] 100 devices/home &

50,000 homes/city = 150 kilowatts.

Case 3: 802.15.4 power cycled at .1% (typical duty cycle) = 150 watts Low
cost to the users means low device cost, low installation cost and low
maintenance. ZigBee devices allow batteries to last up to years using
primary cells (low cost) without any chargers (low cost and easy
installation). ZigBee simplicity allows for inherent configuration and
redundancy of network devices provides low maintenance.

High density of nodes per network: ZigBee use of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY
and MAC allows networks to handle any number of devices. This attribute is
critical for massive sensor arrays and control networks.

Simple protocol, global implementation: ZigBee protocol code stack is

estimated to be about ¼ of Bluetooth or 802.11. Simplicity is essential to
cost, interoperability, and maintenance. The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY adopted by
ZigBee has been designed for the 868.
3.4 IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15 is the working group 15 of the IEEE 802 which specializes in
Wireless PAN standards. It includes four task groups (numbered from 1
to 4): Task group 1 (WPAM/Bluetooth) deals with Bluetooth, having
produced the 802.15.1 standard, published on June 14, 2002. It includes a
medium access control and physical layer specification adapted from
Bluetooth 1.1. Task group 2 (coexistence) deals with coexistence of
Wireless LAN (802.11) and wireless PAN. Task group 3 is in fact two
groups: 3 (WPAN High Rate) and 3a (WPAN Alternate Higher ate), both
dealing with high-rate WPAN standards (20 Mbit/s or higher). ask group 4
(WPAN Low Rate) deals with low rate but very long battery life (months or
even years). The first edition of the 802.15.4 standard was released in May
2003. In March 2004, after forming Task Group 4b, task group 4 put itself in
hibernation. The new Task Group 4b aims at clarifying and enhancing
specific parts of the Task Group 4 standard.

3.5 Components of IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 902.15.4 networks use three types of devices. The network

coordinator maintains the overall network knowledge. It is the most
sophisticated one of the three types and required the most memory and
computing power.

Block Doiagram Of Zigbee

 (FFD) supports all IEEE 802.15.4 functions and features specified by
the standard. It can function as a network coordinator. Additional memory
and computing power make it ideal for network router functions or it could
be used in network-edge devices (where the network touches the real world).
The Reduced Function Device (RFD) carries limited (as specified by the
standard) functionality to lower cost and complexity. It us generally found in
network-edge devices.

4. ZIGBEE/IEEE 802.15.4 GENERAL

CHARACTERISTICS

• Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 Kbps ([at] 915 MHz) and 20
kbps (@868 MHz)

• Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%).

• Low power (battery life multi-month to years).

• Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh.

• CSMA-CA channel access yields high throughput and low latency for
low duty cycle devices like sensors and controls.

• Addressing space of 64 bits 18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64

bit IEEE address) 65,535 networks.

• Optional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency.

• Fully hand-shaked protocol for transfer reliability

• Range: 50m typical (5-500m based on environment).

4.1 ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Typical Traffic types Addressed

Following are typical traffic types specified: Periodic Data

Application defined rate (e.g. sensors) Intermittent data

Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch) Repetitive low
latency data Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse) Each of these traffic types
mandates different attributes from the MAC. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC is
flexible enough to handle each of these types. Periodic data can be handled
using the beaconing system whereby the sensor will wake up for the beacon,
check for any messages and then go back to sleep. Intermittent data can be
handled either in a beaconless system or in a disconnected fashion. In a
disconnected operation the device will only attach to the network when it
needs to communicate saving significant energy. Low latency applications
may choose to the guaranteed time slot (GTS) option. GTS is a method of
QoS (Quality of Service) in that it allows each device a specific duration of
time each Super frame to do whatever it wishes to do without contention or
latency.

5. ZIGBEE PROTOCOL STACK

The ZigBee protocol stack is 1/4th of that of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It
may be helpful to think of IEEE802.15.4 as the physical radio and ZigBee as
the logical network and application software. Following the standard Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, ZigBee protocol stack is
structured in layers. The first two layers, physical (PHY) and media access
(MAC) are defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard as shown in the figure
5.1. The layers above them are defined by the ZigBee Alliance. The IEEE
working group passed the first draft of PHY and MAC in 2003.
 Figure 2 ZigBee stack architecture

5.1 The Physical Layer (PHY)

ZigBee-compliant products operate in unlicensed bands worldwide,

including 2.4 GHz (global), 902 to 928 MHz. (America) and 868 MHz
(Europe). Raw data throughput rates of250Kbps can be achieved at 2.4 GHz
(16 channels), 40 Kbps at 915 MHz (10 channels), and 20 Kbps at 868 MHz
(1 channel). The transmission distance is expected to range from 10 to 75m,
depending on power output and environmental characteristics. Like Wi-Fi,
ZigBee uses direct-sequence spread spectrum in the 2.4 GHz band, with
offset-quadrature phase shift keying modulation. Channel width is 2 MHz
with 5 MHz channel spacing. The 868 and 900 MHz bands also use direct-
sequence spread spectrum but with binary-phases shift keying modulation.

868/915 MHz Band Modulation

The transmitter must be capable of transmitting at least 3dbm

although this should be reduced when possible to reduce interference to
other users.

The maximum allowable power will depend on local regulatory

bodies. The receiver must have a packet error rate of <1% for input signal
sat the antenna connector of -92dBm. 2450 MHz Band Modulation The
transmitter must be capable of transmitting at least 3dBm although this
should be reduced when possible to reduce interference to other users. The
maximum allowable power will depend on local regulations.
What is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)?

In direct Sequence Spread Spectrum a bit is assigned a particular

code spectrum that is transmitted and on the destination node that code is
replaced by that specific bit, this way assigning the code spectrum utilizes
bandwidth efficiently.

ZigBee operating frequency and modulation technologies used Two

types of devices are defined: Full Function Device (FFD) and Reduced
Function Device (RFD). An FFD can serve as a coordinator or a regular
device. It can communicate with any other devices within its transmission
range. An RFD is a simple device that associates and communicates only
with an FFD, The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer provides a parameter, Link
Quality Indication (LQI), to characterize the quality of received signal. It can
be the received power, the estimated signal-to-noise-ration (SNR), or a
combination of both. LQI is passed to MAC layer and finally available to the
network and upper layers. Other futures of PHY layer include the activation
and deactivation of the radio transceiver, channel selection, clear channel
assessment, and transmitting/receiving packets across physical medium.

5.2 Media Access Layer (MAC)

There are two channel access mechanisms used by MAC Layer:

• Non-Beacon mode

• Beacon mode

ZigBee networks can use beacon or non-beacon environments.

Beacons are used to synchronize the network devices, identify the PAN and
describe the structure of the super frame intervals are set by the network
coordinator and vary from 15ms to over 4 minutes. Sixteen equal time slots
are allocated between beacons are message delivery. The channel access in
each time slot is contention-based. However, the network coordinator can
dedicate up to seven guaranteed time slots for non contention based or low-
latency delivery. The non-beacon mode is a simple, traditional multiple-
access system used in simple peer and near-pear networks. It operates like a
two-way radio network, where each client is autonomous and can initiate a
conversation at will, but could interfere with others unintentionally.

The recipient may no there the call or the channel might already be in
use. Beacon Mode is a mechanism for controlling power consumption in
extended networks such as cluster tree or mesh. It enables all the clients to
know when to communicate with each other. Here, the two-way radio
network has a central dispatcher that manages the channel and arranges the
calls. The primary value of beacon mode is that it reduces the system power
consumption Non-beacon mode is typically used for security systems where
client units, such as intrusion sensors, motion detectors, and glass-break
detectors, sleep 99.999% of the time. Remote units wake up on a regular, yet
random, basis to announce their continued presence in the network. When an
event occurs, the sensor wakes up instantly and transmits the alert
(Somebody is on the front porch). The network coordinator, powered from
the main source, has its receiver on all the time and can therefore wait to
hear from each of these stations. Since the network coordinator has an
infinite source of power it can allow clients to sleep for unlimited periods of
time, enabling them to save power.

Beacon mode is more suitable when the network coordinator is

battery-operated. Client units listen for the network coordinator beacon
(broadcast at intervals between 0.015 and 252 s). A client registers with the
coordinator and looks for any messages directed to it. If no messages are
pending, the client returns to sleep, awaking on a schedule specified by the
coordinator. Once the client communications are completed, the coordinator
itself returns to sleep.
 This timing requirement may have an impact on the cost of the timing
circuit in each end device. Longer intervals of sleep mean that the timer
must be more accurate or turn on earlier to make sure that the beacon is
heard, both of which will increase receiver power consumption. Longer
sleep intervals also mean the timer must improve the quality of the timing
oscillator circuit (which increases cost) or control the maximum period of
time between because to not exceed 252s, keeping oscillator circuit costs
low.

5.2.1 Frame Structure

The frame structures have been designed to keep the complexity to

minimum while at the same time making them sufficiently robust for
transmission on a noisy channel. Each successive protocol layer adds to the
structure with layer-specific headers and footers.

THE IEEE 802.15.4 MAC DEFINES FOUR FRAME

STRUCTURES:

A beacon frame: used by a coordinator to transmit beacons. The beacon

frame wakes up client devices, which listen for their address and go back to
sleep if they don’t receive it. Beacons are important for mesh and cluster-
tree networks to keep all the nodes synchronized without requiring those
nodes to consume precious battery energy by listening for long periods of
time.
 A data frame: used for all transfers of data. The data frame provides
a payload of up to 104 bytes. The frame is numbered to ensure that all
packets are tracked. A frame-check sequence ensures that packets are
received without error. This frame structure improves reliability in difficult
conditions.

Figure 5.3 The four basic frame types defined in 802.15.4: Data, ACK,
MAC command, and beacon

An acknowledgment frame: used for confirming successful frame

reception It provides feedback from the receiver to the sender confirming
that the packet was received without error. The device takes advantage of
specified quiet time between frames to send a short packet immediately after
the data-packet transmission.

A MAC command frame: used for handling all MAC peer entity control
transfers. A Mac command frame provides the mechanism for remote
control and configuration of client nodes. A centralized network manager
uses MAC to configure individual clients command frames no matter how
large the network. The data frame is illustrated below in fig 5.3:
Fig 5.3 ZigBee Data Frame.

The Physical Protocol Data Unit is the total information sent over the
air. As shown in the illustration above the Physical layer adds the following
overhead: Preamble sequence: 4 Octets Start of Frame Delimiter:1 Octet
Frame Length :1 Octet The MAC adds the following. Overhead:

Preamble sequence : 40 Octets

Start of Frame Delimiter : 2 Octets

Frame Length : 1 Octets

Frame control : 2 Octets

Data Sequence Number : 1 Octets

Address Information : 4 to 2 Octets

Frame Check Sequence : 2 Octets

The total overhead for a single packet is therefore 15 31 octets (120 bits);
depending upon the addressing scheme used (short or 64 bit addresses).
These numbers do not include any security overhead.

5.2.2 Super Frame Structure

The LR-WPAN standard allows the optional use of a super frame

structure. The format of the super frame is defined by the coordinator. The
super frame is bounded by network beacons, is sent by the coordinator and is
divided into 16 equally sized slots. The beacons are used to synchronize the
attached devices, to identify the PAN and to describe the structure of the
super frames. Any device wishing to communicate during the contention
access period (CAP) between two beacons shall compete with other devices
using a slotted CSMA-CA mechanism. All transactions shall be completed
by the time of the next network beacon.
 For the low latency applications or applications requiring specific
data bandwidth, the PAN coordinator may dedicate portions of the active
super frame to that application. These portions are called guaranteed time
slots (GTSs). The guaranteed time slots comprise the contention free period
(CFP), which always appears at the end of the active super frame starting at
a slot boundary immediately following the CAP, as shown in fig. 5.5.the
PAN coordinator may allocate up to seven of these GTSs and a GTS may
occupy more than one slot period. However, a sufficient portion of the CAO
shall remain for contention-based access of other networked devices or new
devices wishing to join the network. All contention-based transactions shall
be complete before the CFP begins. Also each device transmitting in a GTS
shall ensure that its transaction is complete before the time of the next GTS
or the end of the CFP.

5.3 Network and Security Layer (NWK)

The NWK layer associates or dissociates devices using the network

coordinator implements security, and routes frames to their intended
destination. In addition, the NWK layer of the network coordinator is
responsible for starting a new network and assigning an address to newly
associated devices. The NWK layer supports multiple network topologies
including star, cluster tree, and mesh as shown in fig 5.6 and fig 3. In a star
topology, one of the FFD-type devices assumes the role of network
coordinator and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the devices on
the network. All other devices, known as end devices, directly communicate
with the coordinator.
 Fig.3

Fig. 3. Star and pear-to-pear network topology In a mesh topology,

the ZigBee coordinator is responsible for starting the network and for
choosing key network parameters, but the network may be extended through
the use of ZigBee routers. The routing algorithm uses a request-response
protocol to eliminate sub-optimal routing. Ultimate network size can reach
264 nodes (more than well probably need). Using local addressing, you can
configure simple networks of more than 65,000 (216) nodes, thereby
reducing address overhead.

5.4 Application Layer.

The ZigBee application layer consists of the APS sub-layer, the ZDO
and the manufacturer-defined application objects. The responsibilities of the
APS sub-layer include maintaining tables forbidding, which is the ability to
match two devices together based on their services and their needs, and
forwarding messages between bound devices. Another responsibility of the
APS sub-layer is discovery, which is the ability to determine which
responsibilities of the ZDO include defining the role of the device within the
network (e.g. ZigBee coordinator or end device), initiating and/or
responding to binding requests and establishing a secure relationship
between network devices. The manufacturer-defined application objects
implement the actual applications according to the ZigBee- defined
application descriptions.

5.4.1 ZigBee Device Object

Defines the role of the device within the network (e.g. ZigBee
coordinator or end device) Initiates and/or responds to binding requests
Establishes a secure relationship between network devices selecting one of
ZigBee’s security methods such as public key, symmetric key etc.
5.4.2 Application Support Layer

This layer provides the following services:

Discovery: The ability to determine which other devices are operating in the
personal operating space of a device.

Binding: The ability to match two or more devices together based on their
services and their needs and forwarding messages between bound devices.
The General Operation Framework (GOF) is a glue layer between
applications and rest of the protocol stack. The GOF currently covers
various elements that are common for all devices. It includes sub-addressing
and addressing modes and device descriptions, such as type of device, power
source, sleep modes, and coordinators using an object model, the GOF
specifies methods, events, and data formats that are used by application
profiles to construct set/get commands and their responses. Actual
application profiles are defined in the individual profiles of the IEEE
working groups. Each ZigBee device can support up to 30 different profiles.
Currently, only one profile, Commercial and Residential Lighting, is
defined. It includes switching and dimming load controllers, corresponding
remote-control devices, and occupancy and light sensors.
 6. ZIGBEE SECURITY
When security of MAC layer frames is desired, ZigBee uses MAC
layer security to secure MAC command, beacon, and acknowledgment
frame. ZigBee may secure messages transmitted over single hop using
secured MAC data frames, but for multi-hop messaging ZigBee relies upon
upper layers (such as the NWK layer) for security. The MAC layer uses the
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as its core cryptographic algorithm
and describes a variety of security suites that use the AES algorithm. These
suites can protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of MAC
frames. The MAC layer does the security processing, but the upper layers,
which set up the keys and determine the security levels to use, control this
processing. When the MAC layer transmits (receives) a frame with security
enabled, it looks at the destination (source) of the frame, retrieves the key
associated with that destination (source), and then uses this key to process
the frame according to the security suite designated for the key being used.
Each key is associated with a single security suite and the MAC frame
header has a bit that specifies whether security for a frame is enabled or
disabled.

7. ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS
The ZigBee Alliance targets applications Across consumer,
commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide. Unwired
applications are highly sought after in many networks that are characterized
by numerous nodes consuming minimum power and enjoying long battery
lives. ZigBee technology is designed to best suit these applications, for the
reason that it enables reduced costs of development, very fast market
adoption and rapid ROI..
 For the last few years, we have witnessed a great expansion of remote
control devices in our day-to-day life. Five years ago, infrared (IR) remotes
for the television were the only such devices in our homes. Now the number
of devices is uncountable. This number will only increase as more devices
are controlled or monitored from a distance. To interact with all these
remotely controlled devices, we will need to put them under a single
standardized control interface that can interconnect into a network,
specifically a HAN or home-area network.

ZigBee applications can be divided into the following groups.

• Home networking

• Industrial control and management

• Human and computer interface

• Smart dust

• Intrusion sensors, motion detectors and glass break detectors.

“The Home” is receiving a lot of attention lately as the place that could do
with a lot of new technology. Some of it seems like wishful thinking. Ideas
that we want to connect all our electronic devices at home from PCs, stereos,
TV and DVD players to the security system, all utility meters, microwave
oven, fridge and even toaster to a single home network that is then
connected to the internet does not stand up to much scrutiny at this time.
Why would we all want to do that? In fact, the home networking market
appears to be fragmented into four different application areas: PC
networking, connecting two or more PCs to a single broadband connection
to the Internet as well as printers and other resources that can be shared.
Home entertainment distribution, sharing content among televisions, stereos,
and game consoles around the home. Home control, where one group of
applications offers electronic control of heating, lighting and security
systems. Home appliances, where your fridge can access recipes on the
Internet or shop on your behalf and your washing machine can call a service
engineer. Then there is Microsoft work on SPOT (Smart Personal Object
Technology) that seems to be away for Microsoft to try to Improve everyday
household objects like alarm clocks, key chains ad pens. Of these, PC
networking is clearly in the ascendancy at present, as a direct result of the
rollout of broadband connections to the home. The second typically involves
connecting the TC to the Stereo system, for example, and looks a little less
certain as a mass market. It may well pick up steam though also as a result of
broadband connections transferring those music and video files from the PC
to the home entertainment system perhaps. Industrial automation includes
extending existing manufacturing and process control systems reliably and
improve asset management by continuously monitoring critical equipment.
Using ZigBee we can reduce energy costs through optimized manufacturing
process and to identify inefficient operation or poorly performing
equipment. Smart dust an emerging technology can be used for various
purposes such as surveillance, military purposes, weather monitoring and
many other things which are still beyond reach. The goal of the Smart Dust
project is to build a self-contained, millimeter-scale sensing and
communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network. This
device will be around the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors,
computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications, and a power
supply, while being inexpensive enough to deploy by the hundreds. Smart
Dust may not be the subject matter of science fiction any longer the advent
of ZigBee and other wireless protocols suitable for sensor networks is
pushing the technology to the next level.
 8. CONCLUSION
Bluetooth has already matured and graduated to version 1.2 after its
initial hype. Lots of products compliant to Bluetooth version 1.1 are
available on the market. Will ZigBee be able to compete with Bluetooth in
the market? And if yes, will it replace Bluetooth? This question is asked by
the people where since ZigBee came to the market. We have already seen all
the aspects of both ZigBee and Bluetooth. And hence can be concluded that
ZigBee and Bluetooth are two solutions for two different application areas.
The differences are from their approach to their desired application.
Bluetooth has addressed a voice application by embodying a fast frequency
hopping system with a master slave protocol. ZigBee has addressed sensors,
controls, and other short message applications by embodying a direct
sequence system with a star or peer-to-peer protocols. Minor changes to
Bluetooth or ZigBee won’t change their inherent behavior or characteristics.
The different behaviours come from architectural differences.
 9. REFERENCECS

 http://www.standards.ieee.org

 http://www.sigbee.org/en/about/initial_mp_home.asp

 http://www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdf

 http://www.palowireless.com/zigbee/tutorials.asp

 http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/03141...nology.doc

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee

 ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers

– Author: Shahin Farahani

 ABSTRACT
ZigBee is an open technology developed by the ZigBee Alliance to
overcome the limitations of BLUETOOTH and Wi-Fi. ZigBee is an IEEE
802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer
devices. It is designed around low-power consumption allowing batteries to
essentially last forever. BLUETOOTH as we know was developed to replace
wires and Wi-Fi to achieve higher data transfer rate, as such till now nothing
has been developed for sensor networking and control machines which
require longer battery life and continuous working without human
intervention. ZigBee devices allow batteries to last up to years using primary
cells (low cost) without any chargers (low cost and easy installation). The
ZigBee standard provides network, security, and application support services
operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard. It employs a suite of technologies
to enable scalable, self-organizing, self-healing networks that can manage
various data traffic patterns. The network layer supports various topologies
such star, clustered tree topology and self healing mesh topology which is
essential in Smart dust Apart from easy installation and easy implementation
ZigBee has a wide application area such as home networking, industrial
networking, Smart dust, many more, having different profiles specified for
each field. The upcoming of ZigBee will revolutionize the home networking
and rest of the wireless world.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1

2. EXISTING STANDARDS .................................................................2

3. INTRODUCTION TO ZIGBEE .......................................................6

4. ZIGBEE/IEEE 802.15.4 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ......11

5. ZIGBEE PROTOCOL STACK ......................................................12

6. ZIGBEE SECURITY .......................................................................22

7. ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS .............................................................22

8. CONCLUSION .................................................................................25

9. REFERENCECS ..............................................................................26

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I take pleasure in acknowledging the contribution of many individuals

for the preparation of my seminar. I would like to thank God almighty for

pouring extreme blessings for the successful completion of my seminar

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. H. Sadasivan Pillai,

Principal of D.B College Keezhoor and Mrs. Sheeja R, Head of the

Department of Electronics; D.B College, Keezhoor, for permitting me to

present my seminar.

I am debited to Mrs. Jinet Treasa Jose, Seminar Co-ordinator; for her

valuable guidance and support for presenting my seminar.

I give a special thanks to all lectures of Electronics Department; for

their worthy information’s and timely advice in my seminar.

I also give thanks to my family and friends for their support on

presenting my Seminar.

WYNIMOL JOSE