DESIGN THESIS 2017-2018

THEME BASED RESORT IN A

HILLY REGION

SAHITYA ALUGADDALA
14041AA093

SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

86, Madhapur, Hi-Tech City Road, Hyderabad 500 033
 DESIGN THESIS
THEME BASED RESORT IN A HILLY REGION

Submitted For the Award of the Degree Of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

AWARDED BY
Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University
For the year 2017-2018

BY

SAHITYA ALUGADDALA
14041AA093

Under the Guidance of

PROF. KAMINI SINGH

SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

86, Madhapur, Hi-Tech City Road, Hyderabad 500 033
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ARCHITECTURE
AND FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY

SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

86, Madhapur, Hi-Tech City Road, Hyderabad 500 033

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this design thesis entitled THEME BASED

RESORT IN A HILLY REGION carried out by Miss SAHITYA
ALUGADDALA , Roll No. 14041AA093 , currently in fourth year
B.Arch, during the academic year 2017-2018 in partial fulfillment for
the award of the Degree of Bachelors in Architecture from Jawaharlal
Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University is a record of bonafide
work to the best of our knowledge and may be placed before the
examination board for their consideration.

THESIS GUIDE THESIS COORDINATOR

Prof. Kamini Singh Prof. Kamini Singh

EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL

1. Prof. M.Kalpana

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Sahitya Alugaddala , would first like to show sincere gratitude to

my thesis guide, Professor Kamini Singh for her careful attention, constant
guidance and stable support. Next, I‘d like express my gratefulness to the thesis
coordinators, for organizing juries smoothly, throughout the semester. A warm
thank you to all the internal and external jurors without whose keen insight and
reviews this project would not have evolved beyond a mere rough draft.
Finally, my heartfelt appreciation to my family and friends for their invariable
encouragement, assistance, cooperation and more, which helped make my thesis a
success.
 CONTENTS

01. SYNOPSIS 1-3

02. LITERATURE STUDY 4-20

03. DATA COLLECTION – SURVEY 21-29

04. DESKTOP STUDY I 30-37

KC GRANDE RESORT & SPA-HILLSIDE, THAILAND

05. DESKTOP STUDY II 38-42

THE WINDFLOWER HILL SPA RESORT, KERALA

06. CASE STUDY I 43-62

KADKANI RIVER RESORT , COORG

07. CASE STUDY II 63-79

AMANZI RESORT , LONAVALA

08. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 80-87

09. AREA STATEMENTS 88-90

10. SITE ANALYSIS 91-112

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 113

SYNOPSIS

1
 INTRODUCTION
A resort is a self-contained commercial establishment that tries to provide most of a
vacationer's wants, such as food, drinks ,lodging , sports and entertainment. The term resort
may be used for a hotel property that provides an array of amenities , typically including
entertainment and recreational activities. People in urban areas are especially busy all through the
week and look for ways to refresh and rejuvenate themselves.
Resorts are the perfect place for such people who can happily spend time with families and
friends. When the resort is situated in hilly tourist places ,they are termed as hill resorts.
Hill resorts are way from the cities and people usually visit these resorts for recreation and
therapeutic purposes.

STRUCTURE OF A RESORT
Resorts are generally interwoven with natural surroundings without disturbing the serene
environment. Unlike hotels , resorts are spread over large areas. They provide comfortable privacy
to the families very similar to their own houses in the form of individual residencies.
Resorts should be provided with spacious parks , swimming pools, play areas for children and
adults.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

There is a need to study the topography of the hilly areas and understand the contour levels
and heights.
A well-synchronized and planned resort, which caters the modern amenities as per the
requirement of the visitors, is a present need. The multifunctional resorts will be one of the iconic
resort with all resort facilities which will ultimately promote resort tourism. There is also a need
to study the theme properly and be able to impose it in the whole resort design.

AIM
To design a theme based resort in a hilly region with respect to the topography of the land
and without disturbing the existing elements.

OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this proposal are:

Study Objectives
• To study the circulation pattern in the resorts
•To study and understand the functioning of the resort
•To study about various facilities to be provided
•To study the different services ( drainage , water supply , etc.)
•To study about the specific theme to be used in the resort.

Design Objectives
•To design a resort which is fully a theme based one and the theme being very
different from the present resort architecture style
•To create spaces which can suffice all needs related to leisure and tourism
•Provide a recreational environment for the resort through a variety of
activities.

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SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
To study the architectural style prevalent to the theme and characteristic elements of the
design. Site planning with special emphasis on the design on outdoor spaces.
Providing design solutions considering the building functions and its relation with the climate
and environment. The resort will function as a luxurious resort which provides all the facilities
within its boundary so as to make their stay pleasing and exotic.

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

Design details with be provided on the basis of the scale of the project and also the amenities
to be provided.

METHODOLOGY:
SYNOPSIS Introduction
Aim
DATA COLLECTION Objectives
LITERATURE STUDY Scope
Library Primary source
 Interview Limitations
Magazines Need to study
Web source  NBC
Area statements

Study of examples
DESKTOP STUDY Data analysis
Conclusion
Design aspects
CASE STUDY

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

IDENTIFYING THE SITE

SITE ANALYSIS Topography, location , site

surroundings , accessibility
to site , climatology, services,
ARISING TO THE AREA STATMENTS circulation, land use, views,
swot analysis

DESIGN PROPOSAL

PRELIMINARY DRAWINGS

FINAL DESIGN

3
LITERATURE
STUDY

4
 RESORT

DEFINITION
A resort is a place used for relaxation , recreation , attracting visitors for holidays or
vacations. Resorts are places , towns or sometimes commercial establishments operated by a
single company. It is a fully – service lodging that provides access to or offers a wide range of
amenities and recreation facilities to emphasize a leisure experience.
Resort is a place where accommodation , reorientation are involved and most important is a
place for enjoyment which drives the mind of a visitor with its diversified activities. The resorts
have a physical as well as psychological impact on the minds of the people. Traffic development
and industrialization has lead to the urbanization which has stolen the mental peace of the human.
In this endeavour of man to escape from the urban chaos has created resorts to quench his thirst
for peace.
Nestling amidst lush green environs , embraced by hillocks or a forest reserve or any natural
reserve , resort emerges as an enchanting retreat for everyone. One can enjoy the beauty of nature
by taking a walk along the lonely pathways or playing on the lawns and feeling the carpet of green
under the feet or taking a boat ride or plunging into the swimming pool or pending a quiet evening
and recharging for the week ahead.

HILL RESORT

HISTORY OF RESORTS
The concept of leisure resort is not a product of modern age , but in fact resorts have been in
existence for many centuries. Historically , the oldest resorts can be traced back to the Roman
empire nearly two thousand years ago.

ROMAN EMPIRE: BATHS

The origin of resorts can be traced back to the second
century B.C. The first baths were Small modest and
separated the genders. Eventually, the baths became larger,
more elaborate and were opened to both men and women. These
baths were large buildings built at the public‘s expense. Baths ROMAN BATH
were free but few had small entrance fees.
Baths were much like resorts of today because of all the amenities offered at their location
including gyms, libraries, snack bars, restaurants, shops, lounges, museums and theatres.

EUROPE: MASS FOLLOWS CLASS

The first noteworthy resort area was developed in Belgium in 1326 in a town now called Spa.
An ironmaster, named Colin le Loup, was cured of a long-term illness when he bathed in the iron-
rich waters near Liege. He opened a shelter there and the town surged in popularity. Spa means
fountain.

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 Many English spas are unique because they have gambling
and dancing. Spas also became popular because of the medical
benefits that were attributed to them such as waters that were
rich in certain minerals and could cure ailments.
The Swiss resort industry was developed in the 1800s to aid
the need of private resort facilities for more prosperous people.
At the time, travel was not simple. People who travelled to
resorts stayed for long periods of time – up to two months to
get the best value for their travel expenses. This led to resort
facilities being built to accommodate a guest better than your HOTEL BAUR AU LAC ,
average inn. Hotel Baur Au Lac, built in Zurich, was the first ZURICH
resort to utilize the value of a scenic view.

NORTH AMERICA : SPAS

Like Europe, North American hotels were developed
around spas in the late 1800s. The resorts were built
first in the east in Virginia, New York and West Virginia.
Shortly after, seaside resorts became popular. It was
not until later that beach resorts were built in the south
and mountain-based resorts were developed out west.
The first luxury resort was built in 1829 in Boston. THE TREMONT HOUSE ,
It was called the Tremont House and featured bellboys, BOSTON
gaslights instead of candles and marble and private rooms with locks for each family. The first
‗big‘ hotel was built by Gideon Putman in Saratoga Springs, New York centred around the hot
sulphur spa there.

ARCHITECTURE AND RESORTS

Resort immensely relate to architecture and environment. The ideal goal to be achieved is to
provide an architectural design which would analyze to be an attractive , permanent and shall be
distinct in design and accordance to the environment in which it exists.
The main aspects that define a resort and are responsible for its popularity and development
are relative of the location and industrialization preservation of landscape , individuality ,
architecture of the place and its culture are gradual to be strictly dealt. The basic requirements
are same as that of hotel. But spaces surrounded and provided for guests are more liberal and
landscaped. Thus a resort consists of loosely arranged groups of one or two stored guest house or
rooms set in landscaped gardens and taking full advantage of scenic site and its setting.
Architecture has very essential and strong bond with tourism. Invariable architect town
planners are responsible for the protection of environment , culture and history of the place and
their interest in dealing with all the relative aspects and existing conditions.

CONCEPT OF RESORTS:
RESORT ENVIRONMENT – Give the resort a distinctive image and character that provides a
contrast to the tourist‘s home environment.
ENVIRONMENT ORIENTATION – Allow tourist appreciation of nature.
COMMUNITY ORIENTATION – Allow tourist interaction with local residents and encourage
learning of local culture.

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They should be designed in such a way that the privacy of the tourists is ensured. The concept of
land using zoning is applicable to resorts. Relation to this conservation is maintenance of view
planes and corridors so that there are views of important features from the building in the final
development.
Activities are to be provided in order to keep the tourists engaged. The materials used are to be
environment friendly , which emits less pollution into the environment.

TYPES OF RESORTS
HERITAGE RESORT – It includes numerous historic
architectural monuments , archaeological and heritage sites. The
monuments could be maintained by converting them into resorts
and could be protected.

CULTURAL RESORT – It includes museums and culture centres traditions of dress, music
, drama , etc. It relates to regions specific cultures and traditions.

HEALTH RESORT- The major sources of attraction may

be favourable climate or certain systems of medication , for the
medical benefits of hot water springs and fountains or for certain
medicinal herbs and plant species growing in specific areas.

BEACH RESORT - A seaside resort is a resort town or resort

hotel, located on the coast. Where a beach is the primary focus for
tourists, it may be called a beach resort.

SCIENCE RESORT –This includes technological parks , science museums , amusement

parks and planetariums.

HILL RESORT- When the resort is situated in hilly tourist places,

they are termed as hill resorts. Hill resorts are way from the cities
and people usually visit these resorts for recreation and
therapeutic purposes.

GOLF RESORT - Golf Resorts is a full service lodging

facility, that cater specifically to the sport of golf, and provides access
to a golf course. Golf Resorts typically offer golf packages that
provide visitors with all greens, cart fees, range balls,
accommodations and meals. sports, entertainment, shopping, etc.).

SKI RESORT - A ski resort is a resort developed for

skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. These resorts
are mainly used by people of certain age groups.

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SPA RESORT - A destination spa is a resort centered
on a spa, such as a mineral spa. Historically many
such spas were developed at the location of natural hot
springs or mineral springs.
Resort spas are generally located in resorts and offer
similar services via rooms with services, meals, body
treatments and fitness.

COMPONENTS
PUBLIC ZONE – This zone consists of reception , recreation ,parking , restaurant and library.
ADMINISTRATION ZONE - It is nerve centre for control and coordination of all activities.
General administration areas include mangers room , director room , accounts room , stores,
security. Administration should be placed close to all areas which requires supervision.
SERVICE ZONE – Supporting building services include electric substation , water storage ,
boiler rooms for hot water supply , laundry services , house keeping .
ACCOMODATION – Each room should be provided with modern amenities like hot and cold
water supply, dressing room , telephone , sit out. They should have scenic views from their
rooms.

LEISURE AND RECREATION

Leisure and recreation are related , but they are different things. Which leisure has commonly
been thought of as , period of time or state of mind and recreation as an active space, the
contemporary view in much broader and more humanistic. The view sees leisure as a context for
pleasure , self expression and recreation as what happens , people as direct result of activities or
experience.
Recreation is not a point in time or space. It is an emotional condition independent of activity
achievement or satisfaction and can occur at any time and in many places. The resorts include
many aspects of a city , where an individual can experience freedom , diversity self – expression
, challenge or enrichment.

OUTDOOR RECREATION AND OPEN SPACES

The relationship of outdoor recreation to open space is based is based on biological need,
some association with the natural environment in an urban setting and a psychological need for
contrast and change in spatial surroundings and activities that most indoor environment do not
provide. When these needs are linked with the routine indoor jabs of most people and the sterile
or stressful outdoor environments of many cities and suburbs, these generate strong desires for
escapes to open , especially those with a natural character.
INDOOR FACILITIES
 Covered patios and sheltered walkways
 Restaurants , bars , lounges
 Indoor games
 Dance hall and entertainment areas
 Tennis , squash , badminton courts
 Swimming pool
 Fitness and beauty centres BADMINTON COURT

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 INDOOR SWIMMING POOL SQUASH COURT

RESTAURANT GYM

DANCE HALL BEAUTY SALON

DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF HILL RESORT

Hill resorts makes a bold appearance on the dominantly physical landscape of the hilly or
mountainous regions.
Altitude , terrain , micro climate , scenic beauty , accessibility, strategic importance plural
societies and reputation of a locality have been identified as chief determinants of the
location and distributional pattern of hill resort.

ALTITUDE - Altitude had been the dominating factors in determining the sites of resort.
The area of such stations either lies above 1,829 meters from the main sea level which is
beyond the approach of tropical diseases or below 2,287 meters , which is free from mountain
sickness.
CLIMATE - Climate has the capacity to make the location of any place less r more
suitable , the choice of hill resorts remained the question of scenic beauty , particularly the
presence of green grasses and woodlands.

9
ACCESSIBILITY – One of the most important factors to be considered in selection of
site of resorts has been accessibility. The concept of accessibility is not based only on distance
and availability of means of transportation but also social factors such as political access and
control.
ACCESSIBILITY SITE CLIMATE

ALTITUDE
Valley have been the most suitable site for development of resort. Due to advantage of easy
accessibility of water and convenience of laying out transport network. Transitional between the
valley floors and hill tops. Spur site enjoyed the benefits of natural difference , panoramic
landslides were quite frequent.
Hill top sites have an advantage of a healthy climate, scenic beauty, strategic position and free
drainage. Their disadvantages lack of water supply and inconvenience in intra resort mobility.
Gap sites, by their very nature enjoy modality. The convergence of routes in the gap made them
favoured transit point.

10
BULDING CONSTRUCTION IN HILLY AREAS

Building construction in hilly regions requires comprehensive planning, site selection and
design for slopes and sustainable concrete construction practices. Deprived of picturesque
views, fresh air and accessible flat lands in the cities, people have finally started to resort to
hilly regions searching for their perfect abodes. The economic growth and rapid urbanization in
hilly regions have further encumbered the real estate development with an onus of developing
multi-story buildings.
Hilly regions, though tempting to construct a structure at, have wide variations in geology,
geomorphology, climate, altitude and materials resources.
The unpredictable geological situations and on-going development activities, precarious
climatic variation, hydrogeological conditions result in different types of hazards like landslides
and mud flows in these areas which make planning and design of buildings in a hill settlement a
herculean task.
There are 3 major points that should be etched into your mind when planning to construct a
building in any hilly region:-

1. Construction Site Selection:

Check for Landslide-Vulnerable areas
Check for Slope and sequence of rock structures
Check for existing subsurface water
Check for existing streams

Landslides are the most prevalent natural disaster in hilly regions which increases its spatial
extent day after day. Leafing through the history of an area and assessing how it behaves in
different climatic conditions could prove to be very useful and help prevent landslides. Also,
awareness about how the different elements of a hill work is essential, like dip of the rock
should never be towards the slope especially when the amount of dipping of such dipping
planes is less than the hill slopes at the site.
The result is livelihood security lost, socio-economic condition of people destroys and a huge
amount of revenue spent with untold suffer of victims after landslide occurrences. Thus it is
very important to identify the aforementioned areas before beginning any kind of construction
on a hilly area.

2. Comprehensive planning

Garnering topographical data:

It involves detailed study of geological maps so that the engineers are aware and understand
the geological formation of the site of the proposed development. Topographic map and aerial
photographs of the site and abutting areas should be examined to know the geomorphological
features, previous and present land use, current development, construction activities, problem
areas like previous slope failure, etc.

11
 The knowhow of the site-histories particularly previous landslides and underground services
is very important for the planning of the layouts and designs.

Site Reconnaissance
It helps confirm the information acquired from the topographical data and also to obtain
additional information from the site. For hill-site development, it is also very important to locate
and study the protuberances to identify previous landslides or collapse that can act as an
indicator of the stability of the existing slopes.

Site Investigation:
For a hill-site construction, site investigation should be carried out in at least two stages. First
stage consists of boreholes and sometimes also includes geophysical survey.
The locations of the field tests should be carried out with an objective to obtain the overall
subsurface condition of the site like general depth of soft soil, hard stratum and most important,
the depth of bedrock. Normally the boreholes are spread out to cover the whole site and placed at
areas of potential major cut and fill.
Soil samples (disturbed and undisturbed) should also be collected from the boreholes to carry
out laboratory tests for the necessary soil and rock parameters for preliminary geotechnical design
of the slopes, foundations and retaining walls. In addition, the ground water profile should also be
assessed. Long term monitoring of water table is also needed in sensitive and critical areas.
The general information on the subsurface profile and properties will be useful when planning
the cut and fill and formation of the platform because the depths of hard stratum and bedrock will
have major influence on the cost and construction time of earthworks.
Once the preliminary layout of the hill-site development is confirmed, the detailed site
investigation should be carried out to obtain the necessary information for detailed geotechnical
designs.

In the detailed site investigation field tests can be carried out at the following locations:
•Areas of major cut and fill.
•Retaining walls.
•Buildings or Structures with Heavy Loading.
•Layout
•The planning of platform layout for hill-site development should attempt to fit the natural
contour and reduce cut and fill of earthworks. If possible, try to avoid using retaining walls as this
will be costlier than normal earthwork solution.
•It is also very important to orientate the building layout to minimize potential differential
settlement especially if the buildings are on filled ground.

This can be achieved by arranging the longitudinal axis of the building parallel to the contour
lines of the original topography, in which the building is underlain by fill of uniform thickness and
therefore less differential settlement.
When using piles to support buildings on fill, the design engineer should evaluate negative skin
friction (down drag) acting on the piles if the ground is going to settle with time. Slip-coating of
the piles with bitumen coating or surcharging of the fill to eliminate future settlement are options
to eliminate the negative skin friction.

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3. Design of Slopes:
The phenomenon of slope failure transpires in much the same ways throughout the world with
the basic causes do not differ greatly with geological and geographical locations. Therefore, the
same methods of assessment, analysis, design and also remedial measures can be applied.
The solemn difference is that in tropical localities, the climate is both hot and wet causing
deep weathering of the parent rocks and the slopes are of weaker materials. For man-made
slopes, there are many factors that can contribute to slope failures:
•Amiss or improper design, analysis or construction.
•High intensity rainfall
•Lack of maintenance
Therefore, for the design of the slopes, proper information on soil properties, groundwater
regime, geology of the site, selection of methodology for analysis are important factors that
require attention from the Engineer.

Green Building Materials for Hilly region:

•Steel framed construction
•Cement-wood-boards
•Sandwich panels (amalgamation of two fibre reinforced cement sheets)
•Aerated concrete panels
•Gypsum plasterboards

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN HILLY REGIONS

It is cooler in hilly areas if they are closer to the sun than plains?
Reason- The main reason for this is because of the adiabatic nature of the Earth's
atmosphere. The Earth and its atmosphere can be considered to be an isolated body with only the
Sun as an external source of heat. Due to gravity, Earth's atmosphere clings to its surface with
the air pressure increasing as you get closer to the centre of the Earth (ie the ground in this case).
Thus, the density of air is the highest on the ground (plains) and reduces as you go higher (like
up a mountain).
Now, the denser the air, the greater is its capacity to hold heat due to the greater mass per
unit volume and this air is receptive to the Sun's heat in two ways:
1) The radiant heat of the Sun that is absorbed by molecules of the constituents of air (gases,
particulates and water vapour) in its passage through the atmosphere, and
2) The reflected heat (as radiant energy) of the Sun from the ground which diminishes with
increasing altitude in accordance with the inverse square law.
Consequently, since the predominant feature is the retention of the Sun's radiant heat when
compared to the reflected ground heat as the altitude increases, results in the atmospheric heat
holding capacity to rapidly fall off as you go from the plains to the hills.
Since our bodies sense this heat as temperature, the higher you go, the cooler it is.

Factors influencing climatic variation in hilly areas:

Generally temperature decreases as altitude increases. Hills and mountains have lower
temperature than plain areas. Relief of an area influences the climate.
Several hill stations of Himalayan region have cool climate even during the peak summer
months due to this factor.

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Similarly Kodaikanal and Ooty have cooler climate, compared to places near the coast,
because of their altitude.
Altitude
Location
Distance from the sea
Availability of water resources

MATERIALS TO BE USED IN HILLY REGIONS

Though wood has been one of the prime building materials in hilly areas, usage of reinforced
concrete (RC) construction with moment frame type configurations has replaced this common
practice. However, the poor quality of the material has plagued the challenges while constructing
several storeys on hilly slopes or near rivers. Since it is mandatory to check the nature and
behaviour of soil or rock at the cuttings or test pits or by boring in soils to check the wetness of
the ground on which the construction is to be done, RCC strip foundations must be provided.
There has to be adequate reinforcement along the wall to take care of loose and soft pockets
below strip footing.
Other green materials that can be used are steel framed construction, cement-wood-boards,
sandwich panels, aerated concrete panels or gypsum plasterboards.

PRECAUTIONS
Ensure that the technical investigation is done prior to earthworks. You can also request hazard
zone maps from the municipality.
Natural vegetation acts as a resistor at the time of hazard, hence should be retained during site
clearing.
Foundation should be very strong while the building over the ground level should be light.
Check if the area has been already hit by cloudbursts or any related disasters.
Prefer usage of light steel structures or a hybrid structure (RCC + steel). In such cases,
installation of a tin roof and a light wood ceiling may be preferred.

TOPOGRAPHY
SLOPES
ELEVATION OF A POINT
CONTOUR LINES

SLOPE:A slope is the rise or fall of the land surface. It is important for the farmer or irrigator
to identify the slopes on the land.
A slope is easy to recognize in a hilly area. Start climbing from the foot of a hill toward the top,
this is called a rising slope. Go downhill, this is a falling slope.

14
 Flat areas are never strictly horizontal; there are gentle slopes in a seemingly flat area,
but they are often hardly noticeable to the naked eye. An accurate survey of the land is
necessary to identify these so called "flat slopes―.
Method of expressing slopes
The slope of a field is expressed as a ratio. It is the vertical distance, or difference in
height, between two points in a field, divided by the horizontal distance between these two
points. The formula is:
Slope = height difference (m) / horizontal distance (m)

ELEVAION OF A POINT

Point A is at the top of a concrete bridge. Any other point in the surrounding area is higher or
lower than A, and the vertical distance between the two can be determined.
For example, B is higher than A, and the vertical distance between A and B is 2 m. Point C, is
lower than A and the vertical distance between A and C is 1 m. If point A is chosen as a reference
point or datum, the elevation of any other point in the field can be defined as the vertical distance
between this point and A.
Thus, the height or elevation of B, in relation to the datum A, is 2 m and the elevation of C, also
related to the datum A, is 1 m. As a reminder that a point is above or below the datum, its
elevation is prefixed by the sign + (plus) if it is above the datum, or - (minus) if it is below the
datum.
Therefore, in relation to the datum A, the elevation of B is +2 m and the elevation of C is -1 m.

CONTOUR LINES
A contour line is the imaginary horizontal line that connects all points in a field which have
the same elevation. A contour line is imaginary but can be visualized by taking the example of a
lake.
The shore line of the lake forms a contour line

The water level of a lake may move up and down, but

the water surface always remains horizontal.
The level of the water on the shore line of the lake
makes a contour line because it reaches points which
are all at the same elevation.
When the water level rises, a new contour line is formed
Suppose the water level of the lake rises 50 cm above
its original level. The contour line, formed by the
shore line, changes and takes a new shape, now
joining all the points 50 cm higher than the original
lake level.

15
STAR RATING

Hotel ratings are often used to classify hotels according to their quality. From the initial
purpose of informing travellers on basic facilities that can be expected, the objectives of hotel
rating has expanded into a focus on the hotel experience as a whole.
Today the terms 'grading', 'rating', and 'classification' are used to generally refer to the same
concept, that is to categorize hotels. There is a wide variety of rating schemes used by different
organizations around the world. Many have a system involving stars, with a greater number of
stars indicating greater luxury. Food services, entertainment, view, room variations such as size
and additional amenities, spas and fitness centres, ease of access and location may be considered
in establishing a standard.
Hotels are independently assessed in traditional systems and rest heavily on the facilities
provided. Some consider this disadvantageous to smaller hotels whose quality of accommodation
could fall into one class but the lack of an item such as an elevator would prevent it from
reaching a higher categorization.
The features and amenities may not be available at condominiums, apartment-style facilities,
bed-and-breakfasts, and other specialty properties. Items listed may not all be offered at every
property in a specific rating classification. Some criteria may vary from country to country. Our
hotel star rating classifications are not a representation or promise of any particular feature or
amenity.

National Ratings
National Ratings awarded by the regional rating authorities appear for hotels in Europe and
parts of Asia. When the national rating does not correspond to our display of 1.0 to 5.0-stars,
additional information regarding the rating is listed in an advisory box, located in the Hotel
Details section.

These basic motels, hostels, and dormitories offer no-frills accommodations with minimal on-
site facilities. Public access and guest reception may not operate 24 hours. Daily housekeeping
service may not be offered. Guestrooms are small and functional, but may not have private
bathrooms, TVs, or in-room telephones.

These budget properties offer clean accommodations. Most offer 24-hour reception, daily
housekeeping service, TVs, telephones, clothes racks or small closets, and private bathrooms—
possibly with showers only. On-site dining is usually limited to a Continental breakfast.

Properties in this classification place a greater emphasis on comfort and service, with many
offering an on-site restaurant and bar. Baggage assistance is often available. Guestrooms typically
feature more space, comfortable seating, and better quality bedding.
Bathrooms are often larger, with shower/tub combinations and expanded counter space.

16
 Lobbies typically offer upscale decor and multiple conversational areas. Services often include
a dedicated concierge, valet parking, turndown service by request, and 24-hour room service.
Guestrooms usually feature superior amenities such as large beds, additional seating, mini bars,
laptop-compatible safes, pillowtop mattresses, bathrobes, and upscale bath products. Decorative
features such as bathroom artwork, and granite or marble accents may appear.
Resorts, and some hotels in Asia, customarily feature full-service spas, tennis courts, golf access,
child-care services, and upgraded pools with poolside food servers.

Fresh flowers, original art, and luxurious furnishings often adorn the lobbies. Amenities
customarily include fine-dining restaurants (occasionally award-winning), 24-hour room service
with hot food items, and automatic turndown service. Personalised service aims to anticipate guest
needs.
Guestrooms typically feature premium hardwood furniture, luxurious bedding with triple
sheeting, and large bathrooms with separate bathtubs and showers, and materials such as granite
or marble.

Amenities typically include gourmet dining, luxury spas, and full-service health clubs with
lavish locker rooms. Staff members are generally polished, anticipate guest needs, and
consistently address guests by name. Features may include upgraded check-in, a welcome amenity,
and butler service on all or select floors.
Guestroom decor is often elegant and may include coordinated fabrics on drapes, chairs,
headboards, and duvets. Electronic features sometimes include bedside controls for drapes,
lighting, and surround-sound.
Oversized bathrooms are often clad in marble, with premium, custom-built features, dual-sink
vanities, enclosed toilets, premium spa-brand toiletries, and fresh flowers or live plants. Five-star
resorts typically offer signature golf courses, tennis centres with choice of playing surfaces, health
clubs with personal trainers, luxurious spas, cultural activities, and children's day camps. In Asia,
both hotels and resorts often feature some of these amenities.

LANDSCAPING IN HILLY REGIONS

It is very cold in winter in hilly places like Ooty , Coorg ,Kashmir, Darjeeling and the
Himalayan ranges including Himachal Pradesh. There is snowfall in some areas. The trees that
grow here have to survive the cold and snowfall.
Instead of flowers they have cones and are called conifers. The cones have seeds in them.
Conifers have needle-like leaves which are very tough and can survive the cold and snow. The
sloping shape of the trees makes the snow fall off easily.
The main plants of these areas are pine, spruce, cedar (deodar) and fir trees. These trees have
straight and tall trunks and needle like leaves. They are called coniferous trees. These trees keep
their leaves green all throughout the year and so they are called evergreen trees. The spruce trees
are used as Christmas trees.
Oak, maple, birch and beech trees shed their leaves in winter to protect themselves from the
cold. New leaves grow in spring. They are called deciduous trees.

17
Some commonly found trees in hill stations:

CEDAR TREE
Family: Pinaceae
Common name: Indian Cedar, Himalayan cedar.
Indian names: Devdor, deodar, Diar, Kelo.
 Staying tall and erect with its horizontal branches, not
many trees can match in its grandeur.
It is an evergreen handsome tree with dark green
foliage.

PINE TREE
A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus, of
the family Pinaceae .
 Pine trees are evergreen,
coniferous resinous trees growing 3–80 m (10–260 ft)
tall, with the majority of species reaching 15–45 m
(50–150 ft) tall.

SPRUCE TREE
Spruces are large trees, from about 20–60 m (about 60–200 ft)
tall when mature, and can be distinguished by
their whorled branches and conical form.
 The needles, or leaves, of spruces are attached singly to the
branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small, peg-like
structure.
 The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches
rough with the retained pegs.

OAK TREES
The Indian oaks are important both economically and
silviculturally.
 There are many species of oaks.
Wood is prized fuel and small timber.
Leaves are good fodder. Its silvicultural importance is
of great significance as it acts as a nurse tree and
companion of the important conifers with which they are
frequently associated.

MARSH MARIGOLD
Finely toothed leaves, each up to 3-15 cm across, and bloom
with clusters of yellow or white cup-shaped flowers. Flowers
are 2.5-4 cm across, with 5-8 ovate petals.

18
 BENTHAMEDIA CAPITATA
They are medium sized deciduous trees, which display a
wide range of colour in their bracts, foliage and twigs during
various seasons of the year especially in autumn of fall.
 Flowers are small, grouped in hemisphere masses of 1.2 cm
of diameter, with sulphur yellow colour 4-6 bracts of 3-5 cm
in length, giving in appearance of petals.

Fruit of scarlet colour and with aspect of strawberry when ripe. It contains numerous seeds.
Most tree species generally grow up to a height of 20-30 feet and require little maintenance.

PYRUS PASHIA
Indian names: Kainth Shegul, Mehal, Mol, Kainth.
Tall, thorny open headed medium sized tree, flowers white ,
borne on spurs.
Fruit on oval pome; unripe fruits, willow green.
Flowering season starts in late February and goes upto march
end.Fruits are edible, being soft and sweet.

ADVENTURE SPORTS IN HILLY REGIONS

Hill station offers a wide range of sports activities for adventure lovers. The diverse landscape
and difficult terrain is a delight for adrenalin junkies eager to engage in land and water sports.
The snow covered peaks are perfect for popular adventure sports such as Trekking, Angling and
Paragliding.
While the breathtaking landscape makes for a romantic setting, it also presents some thrilling
opportunities for heli-skiing, biking, angling or water rafting on the River Beas. It has also
influenced tourism to a great extent.

TREKKING ROCK CLIMBING HORSE RIDING

SKIING MOUNTAIN CYCLING ZIP LINE

19
CHALLENGES
Despite landslides occurring around the world, people are still visiting hills due to the
serenity and comfort that come with it.
Building on a hill is expensive because of the cutting and filling. The foundation often has
to go deeper up to the rocky part so that the house stands on a firm ground. The foundation on a
hilly land is more expensive than that on the flat land; it costs 40 per cent of the total cost of
construction.

Basic considerations:
 Cutting helps to reposition the retaining wall to prevent the land from sliding. The foundation
is reinforced with iron bars. The back filling can be as expensive as constructing a slab on any
other house. However, before the cutting and filling is done, after the detailed drawing of the
architectural design, the structural engineer has to visit the site to make an accurate design.
 The structural engineer gives his designs depending on the type of soil on the site. This helps
to estimate how much is needed to be done. However, he must be registered with the architects‘
registration board. He should then fill in sub forms indicating detailed information of/about the
land and the house. It is then submitted to the city council or any district council so that it can be
endorsed.

Materials used:
The materials used when constructing a house that is on a hill are the same; this includes
cement, reinforcement bars, sand and binding wire. Though the materials are quite the same, the
quantity of the materials is what matters and does differ a bit. ―For example, the reinforcement
bars are bigger, which also increases the total cost.‖

Anticipated challenges:
When a landslide occurs, it may over-power the house. Being on a hill, the pressure will be too
much for the retaining walls to handle.
Make sure that the structure is as strong as possible.
The designs of these spaces are usually more splendid than for the houses built on a flat land.

20
 DATA
COLLECTION

21
LOCATION
Sites with water and electricity available are to be preferred.
Sewage has to be disposed off quickly and easily.
For larger sites disposal systems with septic tanks or with complete rotary distributor systems
are needed.
The building layout types may take the form of pavilions , blocks of building containing many
bedrooms, suites of bedrooms , huts , separate or in small groups.
A large area of site adjacent to the main building should be kept open and available as a
recreation space.
If a pavilion type layout is adopted, the distance should be kept open and available as a
recreation space.
An adequate amount of landscaping between blocks not only adds to the appearance , but also
increases privacy especially when the balconies or covered porches attached to the adjoining
blocks from one another.

PARKING
Covered parking may be desirable for about 10 to 25% of the motor car accommodation.
The car parks should not be planned in opposition where their use is disturbing to any
sleeping accommodation and should occupy a position where the entrances and exits are
capable of control.

DRIVES AND TURNING CIRCLES

Gateways should never be less than 2.36m.
The minimum turning radius for the average car is 6.09m
7.62m is more satisfactory allowance and reduces the risk of damage of grass and curbs and
to the wings of the car by contact with boundary walls.
The construction of drives should be sufficiently strong to permit moderately heavy traffic up
to about 2 ton loads to pass over it without damage to the surface.

MAIN ENTRANCE
The main entrance door should open, into a vestibule or a small opening.
Separate space for the pedestrian approach is to be provided.
This should lead directly into the resort and may form the main axis but passes the reception
building so that the latter exercises some control over all persons entering or leaving the site.

RECEPTION
In many resorts the arrival times must be after a fixed time such as 4 or 5 p.m. And often
desire the g not later than 10 a.m.
In consequences of the fixed arrival times, a large proportion of new visitors have to be dealt
at the reception office in a very short period of time.
The reception buildings incorporate the management offices of the resort and may be
a separate building
or may form a part of the main building of the resort.

22
The reception unit is set back from the main road to allow for the vehicles to drive up to the
doors to set down passengers and luggage and also to allow vehicles to wait picking up visitors
without obstructing the main road.
A full length counter which may be divided into section for clerks dealing with reservations of
various groups of tourists , for cashiers , general information , etc.
Large resorts need considerable space for shops and kiosks. Storage space -files , stationary
and literature should be available in the shops and also in the offices.

LOUNGES
This room may be used for dancing or concerts ,
involves a considerable amount of labour ,which is
rapidly followed by the replacement of furniture ready
for breakfast.
Large glass areas , overlooking the gardens , should form the outer walls, terraces and covered
veranda opening from the public rooms as additional lounge space are very desirable.
A good proportion of the window area should be capable of opening to provide , on occasion ,
semi open air appearance to the rooms and to add to a general effect and comfort on summer
evenings.

ACCOMMODATION
The types of accommodation have to be varied to meet different needs. There considerable
demand for groups of rooms, more especially 1 double bed room with 1 or 2 single rooms
adjoining for family use.
The maximum of privacy for each person , couple or family is the desirable aim and the most
difficult factor provide satisfactorily.
Single rooms -floor at least 6 sq.m and the
 double rooms not less than 9 sq.m ,
these areas are not only desirable for health , but the necessary furniture cannot be
accommodated in less space.
The other requirements include
 a combined dressing table chest of drawers with mirror attached or on the wall above it ,
 a wardrobe or curtained hanging space for clothes, where luggage may also often being of a
resort folding armchair type, which can also be used in the veranda or in the gardens.

CHALETS
Verandas are desirably attached to each chalet for use as
a semi- private sitting space and as a shelter in bad weather ,
in addition they provide a protection to the room when the
door is open.
Verandas should not be less than 1.2m wide, desk chairs
are about 1.2m long without leg rests and cannot be used with
comfort in a space less than 1.8m long, a width of 1.2m permits the use of folding chairs of the
type often provided in the bedrooms.
 When a chalet system is adopted for accommodation it is usual to place the chalets about
1.5m apart in order to isolate them and reduce the penetration of sound.

23
The rows of chalets must be spaced far enough apart to provide an access path, not less than
1.8m wide, separated from the veranda by grass and/or flower beds to assist privacy.
Access paths should be constructed of hard materials such as paving , which keep clean and
dry quickly in wet weather. Artificial lighting should be provided.
Chalets probably give more privacy, with less penetration of noise.

BEDROOM
The room should be occupied by essential furniture and equipment, which usually consists of
a bed ,a dressing table , a chest of drawers , cup-boards or wardrobe , chairs and a fire place.
The door should not be placed on the same wall as the bed heads except in very small rooms,
but when this is necessary a space of at least 45cm must be allowed for a bed side table or chair.
The ideal aspect for bedroom is south-east so as to be bright early in the morning , during the
day light hours.

GENERAL DATA
Single beds are from 75cm to 1m.
Double beds are 1.2m wide to 1.5m wide but the most common size is 1.3m.
Twin beds, if each size is 1m wide require at least 2m when placed together the length of bed
is usually 2m.
A space of at least 60cm should be allowed on each side of the head of a double or twin beds
for side tables.
Cup-boards for the storage of clothes are better if partially lined with cedar wood as a
protection against moths.
A lavatory basin requires a wall space of at least 90cm and is considerably more is desirable,
consideration must also be given to provision of good light for a mirror placed over the basin.
Windows in bedrooms are satisfactory with the glass line 1m above the floor level, and they
should extend to an opening height of at least 2m above the floor.

BEDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

DRESSING TABLE BATH TUB WC AND SINK

24
DINING ROOM
It is essential that the dining rooms for resorts should have an area sufficient to seat the
maximum number of visitors which the resort can accommodate at one time.
Space allowance of at least 1 sq.m/ person
Spans of dining rooms should be as large as possible , in order to avoid supports obstructing
the floor area, if plans are fairly large , light should be provided from roof lights or clerestory
windows for the parts of the room away from the outside walls has the constant use of artificial
light is costly in buildings of this character.
Direct top light is better avoided, as in the summer time the cumulative heat in the room due to
direct rays from the sun is likely to be uncomfortable , clerestory and similar high side-lighting is
much more satisfactory, as the direct sun light entering the room is limited.
Windows may be made to open more easily than the top lights, thus providing ventilation to the
rooms at a high lever near the centre of the floor space.

A dining area with proper ventilation and scenic view

CONFERENCE ROOM

Allow 48″ between table and wall for minimum clearances

Allow 56″ between table and wall for more comfortable space
Allow 16″ to walk sideways between chair and wall
Allow 24″ to walk between chair and wall without turning sideways
Allow 30″ side to side per chair
Allow 56″ between table and visual display board

SEATING CAPACITY SUGGESTED ROOM MINIMUM ROOM SIZE

SIZE

4-6 15‘ x 13‘ 14‘ x 12‘

6-8 17‘ x 13‘ 16‘ x 12‘

8-10 19‘ x 13‘ 18‘ x 12‘
10-12 21‘ x 13‘ 20‘ x 12‘
12-14 24‘ x 14‘ 23‘ x 13‘

25
BANQUET HALL

A function hall, reception hall, or banquet hall is a

room or building for the purpose of hosting a
party, banquet, wedding or other reception, or
other social event. Function halls are often found
within pubs, clubs, hotels, or restaurants.

A banquet usually serves a purpose such as a charitable gathering, a ceremony, or a celebration,

and is often preceded or followed by speeches in honour of someone. In the majority of banquets,
the gathering is seated at round tables with around 8-10 people per table.

DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN FIGURES

26
 RECREATION

INTRODUCTION
Types of open spaces may be divided roughly into 2 main categories , namely:
public or communal use,
private, for the use of owners only.
The public open spaces may include parks, gardens, recreation spaces, and children‘s play
areas, open-air baths , all of which may be grouped together or provided separately. Any
sufficiently large open space may be developed for one of these purposes and advantage should
be taken of sites not suitable for building development, such as woodlands, low-lying ground at
the sides of streams, etc.
Care should be taken to grade and drain public spaces properly , so as to ensure reasonable
dryness and rapid drying after rain.
Grass makes the best surface for play areas when properly drained. Drinking fountains should
be provided in all public open spaces.
Proper facilities are necessary for watering the grounds.

CHILDREN’S PLAY AREA

 All apparatus should be placed apart from general recreation and game space, preferably in
the shade.
Dangerous apparatus should be avoided or used only supervision.
The apparatus must not only be beneficial to the children , but attractive.
Swings and any other quickly moving apparatus are best placed at the sides or in the corners
of the game space , to avoid children running into them when playing ball or other games.

SWINGS:
Chair type swings are frequently provided for small children, with this type there is less risk
of small children falling backwards.
To avoid the chair swings by older children , they should be small dimensions (12 inches wide
only).
Swings for older children usually arranged in sets of from 3 to eight , with uprights placed
between every 2 or 3 wings.
A space of at least 4 feet is needed between each swing and a general height of 10 or 12 feet
to the cross bar.
Chains should be used to support the seats, which have rubber buffers on the edges to prevent
serious injury to the children.

SEE-SAW:
This apparatus is generally used for smaller children .
The longer and safer it is , the safer it becomes.
It is usual to provide a plank 12 to 14 ft long , 10 in wide, and 2 in thick, with all ends and
edges carefully rounded.
The standard on which the plank swings and is fixed is generally 24 in high.
On the underside of the ends of the plank should be fixed wooden , rubber – covered bumpers
8 in high.

27
RINGS:
This apparatus is similar to the swing , but provides facilities for arm exercises.
Rings should be at various heights , but 5 to 6 ft is a good average.

OTHER APPARATUS:
Climbing ladders and ropes.
Entertainment apparatus , such as merry-go-rounds , slides , miniature motor racing tracks , etc.
Slightly raised platforms of wood are sometimes provided for the smaller children to use for
floor games, covered with a permanent roof on posts, or with adjustable canvas sun blinds.

SLIDES MERRY-G0-ROUND

SWIMMING POOL SWINGS

28
ZIP-LINE

ATTACHMENT:
Zip lines are most commonly attached to trees or poles.
Depending on the design, most poles and some small or questionable trees will need guy wires
to counter the tension forces placed by the weight of the cable and the rider which pulls strongly
inward due to the vector forces involved.
 Some home zip lines have been attached to tree houses, ground houses, play sets, rock
outcrops, or steel towers.

DESIGN:
We can‘t zip line on a flat or uphill pitch and expect to reach the end of the ride due to friction
and gravity.
Neither can you zip down a steep cliff and expect to stop right at the bottom.
We have take into account the pitch between the starting attachment and the ending attachment.
Ideally, this will be on a slightly downhill pitch.
This all changes starting with longer zip lines over 250′ or so
(the longer the zip line, the greater the tolerable pitch). If you
are going down a cliff or off a high point to a low point
(i.e. treehouse to ground), then just make sure that the line is long
enough for friction to slow the rider and/or that the tree at the
bottom is tall enough to raise your estimated attachment point if
necessary to reduce the pitch.

HEIGHT:
The cable should not be installed taut. This
makes the tension way too high when weight is
applied in the centre.
 Professional zip line builders will typically build
in about 5% sag as a rule of thumb – the percentage
changes with each zip line design! The cable size, length of run, and maximum rider weight all
affect the minimum required sag.
So to use the rule of thumb on an unrealistically simple design, a 200′ zip line that is 7′ high in
the middle (when loaded with a rider), should sag 5% or 10 feet.

29
DESKTOP STUDY-1
KC GRANDE RESORT &
SPA-HILLSIDE,
THAILAND

30
INTRODUCTION

Architects : Foundry Of Space

Location : Koh Chang, Trad, Thailand
Design Team : Makakrai Jay Suthadarat, Rinchai Chaiwarapon,
Singha Ounsakul
Interior Design : Alisa Tejasrisukko, Thissana Leelahapant
Area : 8000 sq.m
Project year : 2013

In the recent years, the growing tourism market in the East coast of Thailand has resulted
in even more developments in hotel and tourism-related businesses in the region. Chang Island
in the province of Trad, one of the most popular beach cities among European holidaymakers,
has also followed this trend steadily.

The existing KC Grande Resort & Spa, located

on the most beautiful beach in the island : Had Sai Kao
(White Sand Beach), has welcomed its guests in full
capacity for the last couple years. To accommodate the
increasing number of bookings in the near future, the
new extension demands additional 79 keys with facilities
including pools, a restaurant, bars and sun-bathing decks.
Situated at the corner of the inclined road that cuts
the site into a triangular shape which is less than
100 meters away from the beachfront.

KC Grande Resort & Spa New Extension faces two problematic challenges:
how can the building fit in a triangular site with a steady inclination?
And how can the guests feel like being part of the beachfront despite the fact that they are far-
off?
By splitting the building into two parts in two different levels according to the existing
topography, we optimise the internal space between the 5-metre different levels of the front and
the back buildings while also strategically placing a 30m-long pool and a 3.5m-high artificial
waterfall as a focal point in middle of the space.

31
 SWIMMING POOL

COMMON POOL FOR FEW ROOMS

BALCONIES PROVIDED
BEDROOM FOR EACH ROOM

DECK

32
 On the first floor of both the lower and upper buildings,
all guestrooms have direct access to the plunge pools of
their own, representing the effect of being adjacent to the
sea.
Another advantage of locating the back building on top
of the slope is that most of the guestrooms have clear
view towards the sea, not being blocked by the lower
building and other buildings in front.

FLOOR PLANS
FIRST FLOOR PLAN:

SECOND FLOOR PLAN:

33
THIRD FLOOR PLAN:

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN:

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN:

34
SECTIONS

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

35
ELEVATIONS

ELEVATION 1

ELEVATION 2

36
 On the rooftop level of the lower building, a 40m-long infinity-edge pool with a pool bar at
the far end provides a unique experience of being at the seam line between the sky and the
horizon overlooking towards Had Sai Khao Beach.
The architectural elements, from the scale of the facade to the interior space of the project,
are treated as the performing character of wooden weaving, a local craftsmanship.
The interplay of light and shadow is subtlely articulated in various part of the building.

RECEPTION DINING AREA

CIRCULATION

ANALYSIS
The existing topography has not been disturbed for the extension of the hotel.
The planning has been properly done , even though the site being triangular in shape.
By placing the pool on a certain height , it gives the feel of an infinity pool.
All guestrooms have direct access to the plunge pools of their own, representing the effect of
being adjacent to the sea. ( First floor)
Locating the back building on top of the slope is that most of the guestrooms have clear view
towards the sea, not being blocked by the lower building and other buildings in front.
Rooms on the higher floors have been provided with balconies with a view to the sea.
The use of wood and other elements have been done by the local craftsman which
encourages them.
More amenities could have been provided in the resort.

37
DESKTOP STUDY-2
THE WINDFLOWER HILL
SPA RESORT,
KERALA

38
 LOCATION

Private zone has been separated to

maintain the privacy.
Semi public zones have been located
in northern part of the resort.
Public zone is designed in such a way
so as to have a view of the Chambera
hills.
Windflower resort is located at a place which provides a view to the scenic area of Vythiri.
Project : The Windflower Hill Spa and Resort
Project year : 2011
Architect : C.P.Raj
Site area : 25 acres
Function : club / resort

CONCEPT
Provide human comforts inside the forest with local materials.
Designed in a linear from to ensure privacy for the rooms.
Extended roof to avoid water to enter inside the room.
Pitched roof and the use of teak wood shows the typical Kerala architecture.
HOLLOW BRICKS
Wooden cladding, hollow bricks , Mangalore tiles and stone flooring provide more natural
environment.

PITCHED ROOF
ZONING STONE PATHWAYS

Private zone has been separated to maintain the

privacy.
Semi public zones have been located in northern
part of the resort.
Public zone is designed in such a way so as to
have a view of the Chambera hills.

39
FACILITIES

OUTDOOR:
Swimming pool
Restaurant with lounge SWIMMING POOL OPEN RESTAURANT
Plantation treks

INDOOR:
Activity room with board games
Steam sauna and chilled shower
Fully equipped suites and villas

BUSINESS:
Conference halls
Banquet halls INDOOR DINING AREA

COTTAGES STEAM SAUNA

ACCOMMODATION

VILLA UNITS:
The huge window in every room increases connectivity to the nature.
The balconies provided give a direct view of the Chembara hills.
Open jacuzzi is provided beside the balconies.
Pitched roof provided which gives a traditional architecture look.
The villas are arranged in a linear form.
Size of each villa is 425 sq.m

VILLA UNITS OPEN JACUZZI

40
SUITE UNITS:
Size -107 sq.m
The suite rooms are also provided with balconies.
The basic requirements are provided :
a small living area , bed , toilet and a small dressing.

SPA AND ENTERTAINMENT BLOCK: SUITE UNITS

Open shower
Swimming pool
Fountain
Treatment room
Landscaping

MATERIALS USED

WALLS
Stone cladding in restaurant

Laterite in administration block

Stone pilasters

ROOF
Mangalore tiles

Steel trusses

FLOORING

Stone paving in open restaurant

Wooden finish in rooms

Vitrified tiles in reception area

41
ANALYSIS:
Creating an environment to live within the forest is a different way , where the person can
connect to the nature (away from city life).
The use of traditional elements emphasizes on vernacular architecture.
Extending roof avoids water to leak inside the rooms.
More activities should have been provided to keep the people engaged.
Providing 2 types of accommodation helps the people to choose according to budget and
also their interests.

42
 CASE STUDY-1
KADKANI RIVER RESORT,
COORG

43
 LOCATION
Hachinad , Pochat , Ammathi Kodagu (main town),
Coorg, Karnataka
(571211)
- Nearest airport - Mangalore Airport (170 km away
) , Calicut airport ( 166 km away)
- Nearest Railway station - Hassan (100 km) ,
Mysore (100 km away)
- Nearest Bus station - KSRTC bus station (30 km‘s
away)
- Nearest Town - i. Virajpet (15km away) , the main
source for vegetables , fruits etc.
ii. Ontiangadi ( 6 km away) – the main
source for meat.

PLAN OF KARNATAKA PLAN OF KODAGU PLAN OF KADKANI RIVER RESORT

KODAGU
Kodagu is an administrative district in Karnataka, India. It occupies an area of 4,102 square
kilometres (1,584 sq mi) in the Western Ghats of southwestern Karnataka. Kodagu is known for its
coffee and its people.
The people include indigenous (Kodavas) and other ethnic groups (Arabashe Gowdas and
Kodava subgroups). The chief languages presently spoken in Kodagu are Kodava, Are Bhashe,
Kannada, Tulu, Konkani, Malayalam and Urdu. Kodagu is home to the native speakers of
the Kodava language.

Total Area 4,102 km2 (1,584 sq mi)

Avg. summer 28.6 °C (83.5 °F)

temperature
Avg. winter 14.2 °C (57.6 °F)
temperature

The district is bordered by Dakshina Kannada district to the northwest, Kasargod district of
Kerala to the west, Hassan district to the north, Mysore district to the east, Kannur district of
Kerala to the southwest, and the Wayanad district of Kerala to the south.

44
 It is a hilly district, the lowest elevation of which is 120 metres (390 ft) above sea-level. The
highest peak, Tadiandamol ,rises to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft), with Pushpagiri, the second highest,
at 1,715 metres (5,627 ft).
The main river in Kodagu is the Kaveri (Cauvery), which originates at Talakaveri, located on
the eastern side of the Western Ghats, and with its tributaries, drains the greater part of Kodagu.

CLIMATE OF COORG
Coorg is the most famous hill station in Karnataka and one of the best summer destinations from
Bangalore.
Coorg is the largest producer of Coffee in India and one of the places with highest rainfall in
India.
It is one of the top tourist places in Karnataka.

Latitude/longitude: 12°25′00″N75°45′00″E
Decimal coordinates: 12.4167 75.7500

AGRICULTURE
Kodagu is a rural region with most of the economy based on agriculture, plantations and forestry,
as well as one of the more prosperous parts of Karnataka. This is due primarily to coffee
production and other plantation crops.
Rice and other crops are cultivated in the valleys. Coffee plantations, situated on hillsides too
steep for growing rice, and taking advantage of shade from existing forests, became
characteristic of the district in the 20th century. Coffee is now a major cash crop. Coffee
processing is also becoming a major economic contributor.
In recent years, tourism has also begun to play a role in the economy. Eco-tourism, such as
walking and trekking tours, take advantage of plantation buildings converted into guest-houses.
Characteristically and historically, paddy fields are found on the valley floors, with Coffee and
pepper agro forestry in the surrounding hills mainly near Madikeri.
The most common plantation crop is coffee, especially Coffea robusta variety. It is mandatory to
grow coffee in shade so it is grown with the eucalyptus trees and the vanilla. The coffee
agro-forestry systems of Kodagu are one of the richest agro-forest in the world, with about 270
species of shaded trees .
In those coffee agro-forests are also cultivated spices like black pepper , cardamom, vanilla.
Besides, the other famous agricultural produce of Kodagu is Kodagu Oranges. (Citrus sinensis)
known for its distinctive taste and shrunken nature.

45
 Kodagu is also known for its forest honey.
Many other crops are also cultivated, including para rubber,
teak, and cocoa.
There are also large areas of natural forest, especially
in the forest reserves in the south and east.

A WALK THROUGH THE

COFFEE ESTATE
FLORA AND FAUNA
Kodagu is considered rich with wildlife and has three wildlife sanctuaries and one national park:
the Brahmagiri, Talakaveri, and Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuaries, and the Nagarhole National Park,
also known as the Rajiv Gandhi National Park.
The flora of the jungle includes Michelia champaca, Mesua (Ironwood), Toona ciliata (Indian
mahogany), Canarium strictum (Black Dammar),Euonymus, Cinnamomum, Myristica,
Vaccinium, Myrtaceae, Rubus (three species) and a rose.

BLACK PEPPER RUBUS MICHELIA CHAMPACA

WILD BOAR

ASIAN
ELEPHANT

In the undergrowth are found cardamom, Areca, plantains, canes, wild black pepper,
Cyatheales and other ferns, and arums.
In the forest of the less thickly-wooded bamboo country in the west of Kodagu the most
common trees are the Dalbergia latifolia(Black wood), Pterocarpus marsupium (Kino tree),
Terminalia tomentosa (Matthi), Lagerstroemia parviflora (Benteak), Bassia latifolia,
Nauclea parvifiora, and several species of acacia.
Teak and sandalwood also grow in the eastern part of the district.
The fauna include: the Asian elephant, tiger, leopard, wild boar, and several species of deer.

46
CULTURE OF KODAGU

The Kodavas are the earliest inhabitants of Kodagu. Kodava oral traditions are rich, some of the
traditional folk songs have been compiled into the Pattole Palome .
The Kodavas revere ancestors, arms and worship a number of deities, besides the River Kaveri,
some of them being, Igguthappa, Bhagwathi, Muthappa, Mahadeva, Bhadrakali, Subramani and
Ayyappa.
Very similar to the Kodavas in religion, culture and language are the Kodava Peggade (Kodagu
Heggade), the Amma Kodava, the Airi (artisans), the Meda (craftsmen and drummers) and the
Kembatti (labourers).
The Kodava language speakers, other than the Kodavas, include the Kodava Heggade (cultivators
of Malabari origin), the Amma Kodava (a mixed race), the Airi (smiths and carpenters), the Thatta
(jewellers), some of the Male-Kudiya, the Kodagu Kembatti, the Maringi, the Kapala
(of Siddiorigin), the Meda (basket and mat weavers and drummers), the Kanya, the Malaya
(astrologers of Malayala origin), the Kodagu Golla (cowherds of Mysorean origin), the Kodagu
Ganiga (oil-makers), the Kolla, the Kavadi, the Koleya, the Koyava and others.

KODAGU COSTUME

Kodavas wear the traditional Kodava costume.

Men wear ‗Kupyas‘ (knee-length half-sleeved coats) over a full-sleeved white shirt. ‗Chale‘ i.e.
a maroon and gold sash is tied at the waist and an ornately carved silver dagger known as
‗Peechekathi‘ is tucked into it.
‘Odikathi‘ is yet another knife that is tucked into the Chale at the back.
Furthermore, a chain with a minuscule gun and a dagger hanging onto it
give them a martial look.
The saris worn by women are pleated at the back and the pallu fixed
with a brooch is also wrapped in a unique way. They wear either a full-
sleeved or three-quarter sleeved blouse and cover their head with a scarf.
A traditional gold beaded necklace (Jomalae) and a gem-pendant
(Kokkethathi) is worn by kodavas.
TRADITONAL
DRESS OF COORG
KODAGU CUISINE

Kadumbuttu and pandi curry is a local dish of Coorg/kodagu,

a district in the state of karnataka, India.
This dish is made of steamed rice balls and pork curry.

PLACES TO VISIT NEARBY

Abbey falls
Dubare elephant camp
Irupu falls
Nagarhole national park
Omkareshwara temple

47
Madekri fort
Raja‘s seat
Tibetan monastery
Cauvery nisargadhama
Mallali falls

ABBEY FALLS OMKARESHWARA

TEMPLE

NAGRAHOLE NATIONAL DUBARE ELEPHANT

PARK CAMP

MALLALI FALLS MEDIKERI FORT

RAJA‘S SEAT TIBETAN

MONASTERY

48
 KADKANI RIVER RESORT

INTRODUCTION
Coorg is rich in natural resources which included timber and spices.
Kadkani Riverside Resort is a beautiful resort located on the banks of Cauvery River in
Hachinad, Coorg. Premium riverside resort on the banks of River Cauvery surrounded by 250-acre
coffee estate.
The garden has 1,000 types of plants and flowers, exotic birds and butterflies. 32 cottages
categorised into Premium Cottage, Deluxe Cottage and Dens overlooking plantations.
Activities include bird watching and habitat tours of Coorg wildlife, river rafting and river
crossing with full time resident professional water sport expert, paddle boating, beach volley ball,
game fishing, nature treks, naturalist guided tours, birding and coffee plantation walks.
Recreational facilities include riverside club house, swimming pool with children‘s pool,
hobby centre, table tennis and indoor games like carrom, chess, playing cards, etc.
Conference room and meeting rooms to accommodate 80 participants.

ENTRANCE GOLF COARSE AT PATHWAYS INSIDE THE

KADKANI RESORT

SITE LEVEL
HISTORY:
A forest area along the river , developed in the year 2007 by the most well educated person of
the town. The private resort started in the year 2007.
The chairman (owner) of the resort belongs to the village and wanted to raise the standard of
living of the people specially women in his village.
Chairman : Vijaya Borara ( Vice president of WIPRO )
The jungle area was developed into a resort of 20 acres , out of which 10 acres is covered by the
resort and the rest 10 is the golf course.
Mission : To increase job opportunities for local women ( Educated )
Staff : Women > Men

TOPOGRAPHY:
The lowest point is the site is the river Kaveri.
The site slopes downwards towards the river from the main entry gate.
The site planning has been done without disturbing the contours.
The site also includes 3 ponds of different sizes and designed for different purposes.
The highest point is at 1,020 m from the sea level.

49
 TOTAL AREA – 20 ACRES
BUILT UP AREA – 1.74 ACRES
SITE PLAN

LANSCAPING:
A. CROTONS
B. WILD PLANTS
C. HYBISCUS (RED)
D. SEA HYBISCUS (YELLOW AND
WHITE)
E. BOUGENVILLA
F. ELEPIA (BANANA FAMILY) LEGEND

50
G. BLACK PEPPER
H. CHAMPAK TREE 1. GOLF COARSE
I. PINE TREES 2. INDOOR
J. ARECANATE GAMES
K. SILVER OAK 3. DELUXE
(SPREAD AROUND) COTAGES
4. DELUXE PLUS
5. PREMIUM
COTTAGES
N 6. ADMIN. BLOCK
7. DEN COTTAGES
8. POND
9. PARKING
10. CRICKET NET
11. COFFEE
ESTATE
 ACCESSIBILITY:
Common gate for entry and exit.
The service entry is through the main gate and the same path continues to the kitchen area.
The entry gate is 7m wide.
The path continues till the kitchen area where the width reduces to 5.5m.

HIERARCHY OF ROADS:
The pathways in the site descend from the roads to the walkways.

The main entry – 7m

The path continues till the kitchen area – 5.5m

The walkways are 3m wide

AREA FOR
ROAD CONTINUES BURING PAPER
TILL
KITCHEN

SEPTIC
TANK

PATHWAYS
MAIN ENTRANCE

N
SERVICES

Water supply :
- A bore well is situated within the site
- The water from bore well is pumped and stored in the water tank
( located on the highest point of the site )
Electricity :
- It is started in the year 2007 in the main town Virajpet.
- The main transmitter is 1.5km away from resort
- The electricity lines are planned in a sloping way so that trees
do not interrupt them.
- The trees being very tall in hill station and grow in a slant manner

51
 Sewage Disposal :
Solid (garbage) – used to feed pigs
Paper waste – separate area for burning in site
Toilet waste – septic tank
Kitchen waste (liquid) – Greece trap

Fire safety :
- Fire extinguisher located for every 2 cottages
- Metal roof has been used to protect fire from spreading
- Staff trained by the fire department
- Whose reel connected to the main water tank is located in the
- Main administration block (only huge structure in the site)

Water heating :
- Geysers are operated on gas
- Gas is changed everyday
- There is continuous supply of hot water

Fire safety :
- Fire extinguisher located for every 2 cottages
- Metal roof has been used to protect fire from spreading
- Staff trained by the fire department
- Whose reel connected to the main water tank is located in the
- Main administration block (only huge structure in the site)

Water heating :
- Geysers are operated on gas
- Gas is changed everyday
- There is continuous supply of hot water

Street lights along the pathways run on solar power

The waste from toilets is filtered and used for watering plants, the waste from septic tanks is
collected every 3 days during off season and every day during heavy crowd.

A 3.5 foot depth stream is dug along pathway from highest point ( entry ) to the lowest point (
river )
For the rainwater to directly flow into the river.

Swimming pool :
- The cleaning is done daily
- Chlorine is added
- Cleaning is done even not in use
- The is changed by using the tank beside the
pool in a regular cycle.

SWIMMING POOL

52
SURROUNDINGS:
- Surrounding by a forest , river Kaveri and the town Ontiangadi.
- The part of river is included in the site.
- Activities like rafting , crossing take place in the resort.
- There are coffee estates on one side ( owners property ).
- Everyday at 6:30 , a walk to the estates is held.

Coffee estate

Golf coarse

Forest

River Kaveri

NOISE:
- No disturbing factor around or within the resort
- Located beside a jungle and river
- And also many trees are planted between 2 cottages and trees absorb noise.

PARKING FACILITIES:
- A 2 wheeler parking for the staff coming from nearby towns :25
- 4 wheeler and bus parking is providing and also special parking for mini bus.
- Parking for 4 wheeler (cars) -80
1. Buses – 8 VEHICLE AREA NUMBER
2. Mini bus – 5
CARS 1200 SQ.M 80
Resort vehicles BUS 240 SQ.M 8
1 Bike MINI BUS 50 SQ.M 5
1 Car (Innova) STAFF 50 SQ.M 25
VEHICLES
1 Mini bus ( staff)
TOTAL 1,540 SQ.M 118
Total staff – 65 members (40 women)
Most of the women are from the nearby towns , and are daily dropped in the mini bus.
The men have a separate accommodation outside the resort who are from far villages.

LANDSCAPING:
Particular trees have been used around the ponds and pathways.
Various types of huge trees and shrubs have been used around the reception area.
The cottages have been separated using trees.
Very few trees which are native to Coorg have been used.

53
BUILDING LEVEL

FORM AND FUNCTION:

• The form of the site is in a semi circular form
• It is the natural form taken along the river
• The functioning of the site is justified by creating and flowing the cottages in the
same manner.

CIRCULATION:
• Horizontal – pathways width 3m in site
• Vertical – the different levels in the site are separated by ramps (barrier free)
Wheel chairs can move freely around the site.

ZONING:
3 main zones :
Public zone (golf course- near entry)
Semi public zone (admin block , reception , pool, coffee shop)
Private zone (cottages – located near river)

N
LEGEND
SEMI PUBLIC ZONE – Includes the Administration
block, indoor activities, etc
PRIVATE ZONE – Includes cottages

LANDSCAPING – Includes plantations

Golf coarse
FOREST – The surrounding area
Deluxe plus rooms (connected rooms - 4)
PATHWAYS
Deluxe room (8)
LEVELS ON SITE:
The levels in the site descend from the main entry Premium room (8)
(highest point) to the lowest point (river).
The existing topography has not been disturbed in the Admin. Block
site.
The planning has been done according to contours Den cottages (12)
and each level is used for a different category of
cottages. River

54
 PLANNING STUDY

ENTRY AND EXITS RAMPS:

The resort is a barrier free environment.
the entry to reception and to other amenities is provided with ramps.
The entry to the cottages have a step of either 1 or 2. ( the staff is always there
for helping the physically handicapped)

SIGNAGES:
 Proper signages provided from the entry gate.
 The size and front is large and easily visible.

SECURITY CABIN

SAFETY ND SECURITY:
A security cabin provided right beside the entrance gate.
A minimum of 2 security people are always present in the cabin.
The main admin block is under CCTV surveillance.
The boundary of the site is covered with electrical wires from preventing
animals from entering the resort.

ADVANCED SYSTEMS:
No advanced systems of parking provided.
Water is heating using gas.
No solar panels used.
Waste paper is burnt.
Few wastes are dried and used in landscaping which are rich in minerals.

CICULATION ROUTES:
The circulation paths in the resort have been made using tiles.
Signages lead the way from entry to the admin block and to the amenities
and cottages.
The font and size are very clear and can be read easily from far distances.
Lights have been used along the pathways for clear vision.

55
ADMINISTRATION BLOCK

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

RAMP FOR ENTRY ENTRANCE

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

COORG TRADITIONAL COFFEE SHOP AT

STYLE FURNITURE GROUND FLOOR

FLOORING ROOF

MATERIALS USED:

ROOF – Metal frame with wooden cladding. ENTRANCE OF THE BLOCK

•Clay tiles also used on the above side.
WALLS – Brick walls
FURNITURE – Wooden furniture for chairs and tables.
•Cane chairs for seating in coffee shop.
FLOORING – Tiles (Smooth finish tiles)
REASON FOR USING METAL – To prevent the structure from catching fire metal has
been used as a frame but the cladding used is wood and clay for a traditional architectural style.

56
 DEN COTTAGES: (12)
The Den AC Cottages come with a touch of rural flavour.
 These cottages are furnished beautifully to exude comfort and luxury.
The rooms in the cottages provide all modern amenities.
These cottages can accommodate 2 adults and 2 children.

PLAN
MATERIALS:
Brick walls
Smooth finish tiles
Wooden furniture

LIGHTING:
High roof and proper cross ventilation inside the
room.
The study area is totally covered with glass and
hence there is ample natural light.
Artificial lights used mainly near the bed
Height of the roof is about 10m.

BEDROOM STUDY AREA COTTAGES

57
DELUXE COTTAGE: (8)

The Deluxe AC Cottages are traditional styled cottages that come with a veranda and
large sunlit bathrooms.
 These cottages are tastefully furnished and have a beautiful veranda.
The rooms in the cottages provide all modern amenities.
These cottages can comfortably accommodate 2 adults and 2 children.

MATERIALS:
Brick walls
Wooden rafters with tile cladding
Smooth finish tiles for flooring
Wooden furniture

LIGHTING:
High roof and proper cross ventilation
inside the room.
More number of artificial lights used
Height of roof – 9.2m

PLAN

TOILET ROOF OF TOILET

58
DELUXE PLUS: (CONNECTED ROOMS)
The Deluxe plus AC cottage is a large cottage with 2 rooms
connected with a common door.
All modern amenities are provided in the cottages.
Each room can accommodate 2 adults and 2 children.

ENTRANCE

PLAN

MATERIALS:
Brick walls
Metal frame for roof with cladding done with tiles
Smooth finish tils for flooring
Wooden furniture CONNECTING DOOR

LIGHTING:
High roof and proper cross ventilation inside the room
Minimum number of artificial lights used

59
PREMIUM COTTAGES : (8)
The Premium AC cottage is a large duplex cottage with spacious
living areas and a semi outdoor dining.
These cottages are elegant looking and are furnished in the best possible way.
 All modern amenities are provided in the cottages.
Each cottage can accommodate 2 adults and 2 children.

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

COMMON SEATING AREA NEAR

FIRST FLOOR PLAN THE ENTRANCE

MATERIALS:
Brick walls
Metal roof with wooden cladding
Smooth finish tiles for flooring
Wooden furniture
LIVING ROOM (GROUND FLOOR)
LIGHTING:
High roof and proper cross ventilation inside the
room
Minimum number of artificial lights used
Height of roof 9.2m

BEDROOM (FIRST FLOOR)

60
Activity Study :

Common spaces –
 Swimming pool
 Seating / waiting area (beside reception )
 3 ponds (seating around them )
COFFEE SHOP
 Coffee shop
 Bar
 Conference hall
 Restaurant

The different activities provided by the resort are :

 Still water rafting
 River crossing
 Golf
BOATING
 Zipline (kids)
 Fishing

Non changeable activities

• Double rope crossing
• Plantation walks
• Paddle boating
• Trampoline for kids
• Shuttle
• Table tennis SWIMMING POOL
• Carroms
• Chess
• Cycling

Study space :
Library
Conference hall

TRAMPOLINE GOLF COARSE

BURMA BRIDGE INDOOR GAMES

61
ANALYSIS:
The site is oriented in north direction. It is surrounded by a forest and river.
The location of the resort amidst the forest makes the ambience very calm and refreshing.
Since the project started with the mission of recruiting the educated women in the surrounding
villages so that the women don‘t have to go to far away places to work. It makes the first step
towards development of the places as well as ensures safety of women as they are within the
own boundaries.
The resort offers opportunities for a worry free and a peaceful vacation.
It also offers day visits mainly due to its wide variety of activities.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTH:
 Location of the resort is one of the biggest strength.
 Luxurious accommodation along with the recreational facilities are provided to their visitors.
 Hospitality playa a major role here. The staff are very polite and soft spoken t the visitors
which drags them back to the resort to visit again.

WEAKNESS:
 Travelling is a major drawback.
 No proper roads.
 The location of the main reception block is another drawback , as we have to cross the
cottages and might have privacy and noise issues.

OPPORTUNITIES:
 Growth of vacation ownership market is increasing now a days.
 Theme based resort also attracts the visitors.
 Digital media has become a new source of revenue for the owner.

THREATS:
 Weather effects the demand of the resort.
 Most hospitality companies are venturing into new emerging market and increasing
competitive pressure.

62
CASE STUDY-2
AMANZI RESORT,
LONAVALA

63
 LOCATION
440 Tikona Peth, Pavana Dam,
Gevhande Khadak, Maharashtra 410406
- Nearest airport - Pune Airport (56.6 km away )
,Mumbai airport ( 176km away)
- Nearest Railway station – Lonavala station (30 km) ,
Khandala (35 km away)
- Nearest Bus station – Lonavala bus station (30 km‘s
away)

PLAN OF PLAN OF KHADAK PLAN OF AMANZI

MAHARASHTRA RESORT

DISTRICT PUNE
GEVHANDE KHADAK:
LANGUAGE MARATI , HINDI
Gevhande Khadak is a village in India. It is
situated in Mawal taluka of Pune District in the TOTAL 279
state of Maharashtra.There are about 181 villages POPULATION SEX RATIO 130/149 –
in Mawal taluka which is in the subdivision M/F
of Pune district of stateof Maharashtra in India.

Gevhande Khadak is a medium size village located in Mawal Taluka of Pune district,
Maharashtra with total 42 families residing. The Gevhande Khadak village has population of
279 of which 130 are males while 149 are females as per Population Census 2011.
In Gevhande Khadak village population of children with age 0-6 is 31 which makes up 11.11 %
of total population of village.
Average Sex Ratio of Gevhande Khadak village is 1146 which is higher than Maharashtra state
average of 929. Child Sex Ratio for the Gevhande Khadak as per census is 938, higher than
Maharashtra average of 894.
Gevhande Khadak village has lower literacy rate compared to Maharashtra. In 2011, literacy
rate of Gevhande Khadak village was 78.63 % compared to 82.34 % of Maharashtra. In Gevhande
Khadak Male literacy stands at 95.61 % while female literacy rate was 64.18 %.

64
 BASE STATION LONAVALA
BEST TIME TO VISIT JULY TO OCTOBER

PEAK SEASON AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

WEATHER SUMMER: MAX- 31C MIN- 18C

WINTER: MAX- 25C MIN- 12C

CLIMATE
During the months January, February, July, August and September one will experience pleasant
weather with a nice average temperature. On average, the temperatures are always high.
A lot of rain (rainy season) falls in the months: June, July, August and September.
Lonavala has dry periods in January, February, March, April, May, November and December.
On average, the warmest month is November.
On average, the coolest month is January.
July is the wettest month. This month should be avoided if you don't like too much rain.
The soil in this region is made up of black basalt soil. This type of soil is rich in humus. The soil
is commonly known as the black cotton soil because it is best suited for the cultivation of cotton.
March is the driest month.
Latitude: 18°45.165′ N
Longitude: 73°24.345′ E

FLORA AND FAUNA

There are full of variety of plant species that include Jamun (Syzigium cumini), Palas (Butea
monosperma), Shisam (Dalbergia latifolia), Kate sawar (Bombax ceiba), Neem (Azardiracta
indica), Teak (Tectona grandis), Dhawada (Anogeissus latifolia), Kalam (Mitragyna parviflora),
Saja/Ain (Terminalia tomentosa), Bija (Pterocarpus marsupium), Shirish (Albizia lebbeck),
Mango (Mangifera indica), Acacia spp, Awala (Emblica officinalis), Kadamba (Anthocephalus
cadamba), Moha, Acacia spp, Terminalia spp, Hedu (Haldina cordifolia), Ficus spp and many
more.
Some of the exclusive wildlife species include giant Indian squirrel, spotted deer, sambhar,
Blackbuck, tiger, wild dog, butterflies, python, barking deer, flying fox, Rhesus macaque,
crocodile, wolves, Indian antelope, neelgai, hyena, fishes, Bonnet Macaque, Black napped hare,
migratory species and many more.
Some specific species of flora found mainly are: Acacia Auriculiformis , Acasia Farnesiana ,
Acasia Nilotica ,Adina Cordifolia , Amoora Rohituka , Albizia Amara.

65
 ACASIA ACASIA ADINA ALBIZIA
AURICULIFORMIS FAENESIANA CORDIFOLIA AMARA

CULTURE
When it comes to culture, the first thing that comes to mind is the famous delicacies. The town
is well-known across India, for the production of ‗chikki‘, a hard candy that come in many
varieties, such as groundnut, dry fruit and chocolate.
The people of Lonavala celebrate their festivals with joy and enthusiasm and the whole town
participate in the festivities.
Ganesh Chaturthi and Vijayadashami are the most popular festivals. Spending time with the
locals also gives you a chance to get a glimpse inside the culture of Lonavala.

COSTUME
Men wear dhoti with a shirt known as the pheta in Maharashtra. They also wear headdress,
which is a folded cap of made of cotton, silk or woolen cloth. It can also be a freshly folded
turban known as rumal, patka, phet. Pagadi, the prepared form of turban was also used to wear,
but it is rarely used this days.
Women in Maharashtra wear saree, which is nine yards in length and a short-sleeved blouse,
which is also known as choli. The choli covers about only the half part of the torso. Generally,
this is the costume of elderly Marathi women.

TOURISM
Lonavala is a famous hill station located at 622m above sea level, in the Sahyadri ranges
which runs from the Deccan Plateau along the Konkan coast.
This gorgeous hill station is known not just for its healthy climate and scenic views, but also
many tourist attractions. Some of the famous tourist attractions are:
Della adventure park
Pavana lake
Lohagad fort
Kune waterfalls
Naryani dham temple
Bhaja caves
Karla caves
LOHAGAD FORT NARYANI DHAM TEMPLE

DELLA ADVENTURE KUNE WATERFALLS KARLA CAVES

66
INTRODUCTION
Amanzi is a luxury resort in the village
Gevhande Khadak. It is also knows as the greatest
treasure of the Western Sahyadris.
It overlooks the sparkling water of Pavana Dam.
It was designed passionately by the owners.
It is the best place for paragliding and trekking near Mumbai.

SITE LEVEL

HISTORY:
A private property overlooking the Pavana Lake.
The private resort started in the year 2015.
The owners of the resort took advantage of the view and VIEW OF PAVANA LAKE
wanted to create a space only for spending time with family
with no TV or internet. The property was developed into a resort of 3 acres.
The theme that continues throughout the resort is the jungle theme where wood is carved into
different shapes showing animals. Just as a forest includes various types of flora , the landscaping
done in the resort incudes various trees and plants.
TOPOGRAPHY:
The lowest point in the site is the luxury villa.
The site slopes downwards towards the Pavana lake from the main entrance gate.
The site planning has been done without disturbing the contours.
The site includes more of landscaped area.

ACCESSIBILITY:
Common gate for entry and exit.
A separate service entry to the kitchen area.
The entry gate is 8m wide.
The service entry is completely out of the site
and the service vehicles do not enter the resort.

IMAGES SHOWING THE THEME OF THE RESORT

67
SITE PLAN
TOTAL AREA –3VACRES
BUILT UP AREA –0.249VACRES

LEGEND
1 – RECEPTION AND DINING
LANSCAPING:
2 – DELUXE VILLAS
3 – LUXURY VILLA
A. WHITE BOUGENVILLA 4 – COCOON VILLA
B. DRESSENA (RED LEAVES) 5 – SECURITY CABIN
C. GROUND COVER (VADELIA) 6 - KITCHEN
D. CASHIA (BLUE FLOWERS) 7 - GARDEN VILLAS
E. BAMBOO 8 – MANAGER ACCOMMODATION
F. INDIAN CHRISTMAS VTREE 9 – FUTURE EXPANSION
G. CREEPERS ON WALLS
H. KHALIFA
I. LILLY
J. CROTONS
K. KANER
L. THUMBUR

68
HIERARCHY OF ROADS:

The pathways in the site descend from the roads to the walkways
The main entry – 8m , The service entry is 6m wide

The steps in the site which connect the levels are 2.5m wide

The walkways are 2m wide

SERVICE ENTRY –
MAIN ENTRY – 8M 6M

OVERHEAD
TANK

PATHWAYS
2M STEPS 2.5 M

SERVICES

Water supply :
- The main source of water is from the river Pavana.
- An overhead tank is located on the highest point in the site.
- The water is collected and stored in the tank and is pumped through various pipes.

Electricity :
- The resort gets its main electricity from the dam constructed on the Pavana river.
- An alternative electric supply is the generator located near the service area.

Sewage Disposal :
Solid (garbage) – collected by the municipal vehicle everyday
Toilet waste - septic tank
Kitchen waste – a separate tank where it is cleaned every 3 days.

69
 Fire safety :
- Fire extinguisher located at the main building.
- Sprinklers located around the main building.
- Metal roof fabrication had been used for all cottages and the dining to prevent
fire from spreading

Water heating :
- Solar panels have been used for heating the water.

SOLAR
PANELS

METAL
ROOF

OVERHEAD
TANK

SWIMMING
POOL

Swimming pool :
- The cleaning is done daily
- Cleaning is done even not in use.
- The dirty water is left into the septic tank and the fresh water from the tank (river) is let into
the fool.

Lights along the pathway run on the main electricity supply from dam.
The waste from toilets is filtered and used for watering plants, the waste from septic tanks is
collected every 3 days.
No rainwater harvesting system.
The rainwater directly flows into the river as the topography slopes.

70
SURROUNDINGS:
- Surrounding by the Pavana lake and fields.
- The lake is away from the resort but due to its height and planning ,there is
a direct view to the lake.

Pavana lake

NOISE:
- No disturbing factor around or within the resort
- Located beside fields.
- And also many trees are planted between 2 cottages and trees absorb noise.

PARKING FACILITIES:
- A maximum of 14 car parking space is provided in the site.
- No special space for bus parking.
- The resort owns a car which is used for emergency purposes.

A PANORAMIC VIEW OF PARKING

Total staff – 40 members

Except 15 members , the staff leaves in the night.
The staff has accommodation near the service area

LANDSCAPING:
As the theme of the resort is a jungle theme , the architect has added different types of trees
and shrubs jus the way we find different flora in the jungle.
Various trees with wide variety of colours attracts the people and also refreshes mind.

71
BUILDING LEVEL
FORM AND FUNCTION:
• The land is a private property on a hill.
• The planning has been done in the middle part of the site leaving the boundaries for
landscaping.
• By placing the main block on the same level as the entrance makes the functioning of the
resort smooth.

CIRCULATION:
• Horizontal – pathways are 2m wide.
• Vertical – the different levels in the site are separated by ramps
and stairs (not completely barrier free)
• Wheel chairs can move freely only in particular part of the site.

ZONING:
3 main zones :
Public zone (dining , garden , swimming pool)

Private zone (cottages )

LEGEND

SEMI PRIVATE ZONE

PRIVATE ZONE

PUBLIC ZONE

PARKING

FUTURE EXPANSION

72
LEVELS ON SITE:

The levels in the site descend from the main service area to the cocoon villa.
The existing topography has not been disturbed in the site.
The planning has been done according to contours and each level is used for a different category
of cottages.
SERVICE AREA

GARDEN VILLAS

ENTRANCE AND DINING

DELUXE VILLAS

COCOON VILLA AND

LUXURY VILLA

PLANNING STUDY
ENTRY AND EXITS RAMPS:
The resort is not completely a barrier free environment.
The wheelchair can move freely only in a particular part of the resort.
The main dining hall has no ramp.
The entry to the cottages have 1 step.( the staff is always there for helping the physically
handicapped)

SIGNAGES:
 Signages provided only near cottages.

SECURITY CABIN

73
 STEPS PATHWAYS ENTRANCE TO SPA

SAFETY ND SECURITY:
A security cabin provided right beside the entrance gate.
A minimum of 2 security people are always present in the cabin.
The main admin block is under CCTV surveillance.

ADVANCED SYSTEMS:
No rainwater harvesting systems.
Water is heating using solar panels.
The water from toilets is filtered and used for landscaping.

CICULATION ROUTES:
The circulation paths in the resort have a natural stone effect.
No much signages provided.
The font and size are very clear and can be read easily from far distances.
Lights have been used along the pathways for clear vision.

74
RECEPTION AND DINING BLOCK:

MATERIALS USED:
The roof is made of metal frame and
fabrication to prevent fire from spreading.
The roof is about 15.2 ft high.
Walls are made of brick and is left with
natural brick effect.
The chairs and tables are all made of wood.

VENTALATIONS AND
PLAN
LIGHTING:
The room is properly ventilated on all 4
sides with large openings and windows.
6 fans along with cooler are placed.
There is proper natural lighting entering the
space.

ROOF

SEATING

ENTRANCE

PANORAMIC VIEW

75
GARDEN VILLAS: (3)

THE GARDEN VILLA, measuring nearly 5,000 sq. ft., consisting

of 3 individual Garden Villa Rooms attached with a spacious common
living area with the most exquisite furniture, a courtyard lit with natural sunlight radiating on
the koi fish and the resort swimming pool.
In addition to the spacious bedrooms with its soft queen-sized four-poster bed, a
convenient access to the common veranda , measuring nearly 1200 sq. ft., and a sitting area
overlooking the best views of the Sahyadri Mountains and Pavana Dam.
Garden villa rooms feature a mini-bar, tea-coffee machine, climate control and refreshing
bath amenities.
The living/sitting area and resort pool are accessible to all the rooms in the property,
Garden villa room residents have direct access as they are within the same unit.

SWIMMING POOL WATERBODY

BETWEEN ROOMS

PLAN

COMMON AREAS
1. SWIMMIN POOL
2. LIVING

LIVING ROOM

THE COMMON GARDEN FOR THE VILLAS

76
DELUXE VILLAS: (4)

Strolling in the lush green lawns of our paradise, with the feeling of being blissfully lost from the
world. Embracing this sensation, the deluxe villas have been designed;
each of them having a mezzanine floor with a space of 200 sq. ft.
Made of wood that retains its gnarls and bends it‘s bedroom is attached to a 250 sq. ft. private
veranda.
Each deluxe villa has a mini-bar, climate control, tea - coffee machine and refreshing bath
amenities. It can luxuriously accommodate 2 adults and 2 children with total privacy.

BALCONY WITH A VIEW TO THE

PAVANA LAKE

PLAN

MEZZANINE ROOF

PANAROMIC VIEW FROM THE BALCONY OF THE ROOM

77
 ​LUXURY SUITE: (1)

The largest room in the property , a spacious 2 room majestic suite

measuring 1,700 sq ft is luxury personified.
It boasts of a spacious living area of 500 sq ft and a private plunge pool makes it the perfect
private holiday retreat optimal for families with children as well as for groups of friends who will
find both privacy and comfort while
holidaying together.
Each individual room measuring 400 sq ft with private sun decks of 200 sq ft features
comfortable seating so you can soak up the sun in style and enjoy the breath taking views of
Pavana lake.

PRIVATE SIMMING POOL

PLAN

COMMON LIVING ENTRANCE BEDROOM

AREA

78
ANALYSIS:
 The site is oriented in north direction.
 The resort mainly focuses on the theme of nature.
 They provide facilities like library , swimming pool , indoor games , outdoor games , play area
for kids, spa and luxuriously furnished rooms.
 Not many outdoor activities provided.
 This resort does not provide Wifi connection or TV , since they believe in improving the
connection and spending quality time with the loved ones.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTH:
 Location of the resort is one of the biggest strength , since a beautiful view of the lake and
mountains are achieved from every part of the site.
 Luxurious accommodation along with recreation facilities are provided to the visitors.
 This resort is a 8 room property spread over 3 acres to achieve the view of nature and have a
peaceful stay.
 High security maintained.

WEAKNESS:
 Large amount of investment is required at initial stage.
 No proper road provided outside the resort.
 It is not a barrier free environment and is specially designed for couples.

OPPORTUNITIES:
 The only and most developed place in the town.
 Growth of vacation ownership market is increasing now a days.
 Theme based resort also attracts the visitors.

THREATS:
 The boundary of the resort is not rigid enough for people to break in the property , though there
are no houses nearby to the resort.
 Weather effects the demand of the resort.
 Most hospitality companies are venturing into new emerging market and increasing
competitive pressure.
 Major threats are from reptiles like snakes.

79
COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS

80
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS:

ANALYSIS KADKANI AMANZI INFERENCE

RIVER RESORT , RESORT,
COORG LONAVALA
1. Description To create a memorable To provide a The main aim is
experience to the luxurious experience however is create a
customers by designing to the customers with lasting experience to
the resort amidst the a view to the the customers which
forest and river. sparkling waters of attracts them back to
Pavana Lake. the place.

2. Year of 2007 2015

construction
3. History A forest area along the A private property
river , developed in the overlooking the
year 2007 by the most Pavana lake. -
well educated person of The owners of the
the town. resort took advantage
of the view and
The jungle area was wanted to create a
developed into a resort space only for
of 20 acres , out of spending time with
which 10 acres is family with no TV or
covered by the resort internet.
and the rest 10 is the
golf course.

4.Concept To follow a theme of The theme followed The theme for the
vernacular traditional throughout the resort resort depends mainly
architecture throughout is the jungle theme on the site and its
the resort in terms of which is seen in the surroundings.
architecture. landscaping and also
other architectural
elements.

81
ANALYSIS KADKANI AMANZI INFERENCE
RIVER RESORT, RESORT,
COORG LONAVALA
5.Site location Located in a small Located in a small town Location should be
town along the which is one of the the such that is easily
riverside and a forest. developed places of the accessible , proper
town which promotes facilities and services
tourism. provided.

6. Age group Caters to almost all Usually visited only by A resort should cater to
age groups couples and family. needs of all age groups
Family: april – june Not barrier free. to have a family time
Couples: july – as well as with
september activities for all age
Corporate: off season groups.
Not completely Barrier
free
7.Building The main entrance The main entrance gate The cottages have to be
orientation gate faces the north. faces the north. The placed according to the
The river runs along river runs along the east sun path and wind
the east side. side. direction.
The south side has to
be kept closed for
avoiding heat.
8.Parking Car parking – 80 A max. of 12 car Parking within the site
Bus parking – 8 parking facility is more advantageous
Mini bus – 5 provided. and is more easy to
Vehicles should pass No separate area for access and also must
the cottages to enter buses. be located near the
the parking lot. The main reception area main admin. Block and
is provided beside the away from the cottages
parking right near the for prevention of noise.
entrance.
9.Site The 3 main immediate It is surrounded by As resorts are usually
surroundings surroundings of the fields and river. for relaxation purposes
resort are the river , , the site has to be
forest and golf coarse. away from noisy
places.

82
ANALYSIS. KADKANI AMANZI RESORT, INFERENCE
RIVER RESORT, LONAVALA
COORG
10.Climate Humid , wet and cold -

11.Topography The slope descends Gradual slope from the The natural contours
from the entrance gate entrance to the river. should not be disturbed
to the river. It is 500m above sea for designing purposes.
The natural contours level Also it gives a natural
have not been effect and connects the
disturbed for designing resort to nature.
purposes.
It is 1,020m above sea
level
12.Accessibilit One gate for entry and Separate service entry A separate entry for
y exit. provided away from the services is
The same gate is used main entrance. recommended for any
for service entry. space to have proper
functioning of the
space.
13.Landscape Very few Coorg native As the theme suggests
trees used while the forest , the whole resort
rest include the is planted with a wide
common trees like variety of trees and
pine , hybiscus , etc. flowers.
No concept followed.
14.Noise The cottages are No source of noise and The site must be
surrounded by trees also due to no provision selected considering
which have a control of activities. the surroundings and
of noise entering. the source of noise.
15.Zoning The private zone is the zoning is done The different zones
towards the entry properly as the main need to be separated
which causes public space is placed by landscaping and no
disturbance to the right at the entry. public zone should
customers. interrupt the private
zone.

PUBLICZONE SEMI PRIVATE ZONE

PRIVATE ZONE PRIVATE ZONE
LANDSCAPING PUBLIC ZONE
FOREST PARKING
PATHWAYS FUTURE EXPNSION

83
ANALYSIS. KADKANI AMANZI RESORT , INFERENCE
RIVER LONAVALA
RESORT,
COORG
16.Horizontal Pathways run around Ramps and steps run Providing ramps a
circulation the site and form a throughout the resort and specific ratio makes
network (ramps) connect the spaces. the circulation paths
easier and to steep.
17. Vertical Steps are provided - -
circulation only in the main
administration block
18.Reception The reception area is Is placed right beside the Should be placed
away from the main parking near the entrance. close to the entrance.
entrance gate. The reception and the
The reception area is dining placed in the same
spacious enough and block.
can accommodate The space provided for the
more than 18 people. reception is quite small.
One counter.
19.Administrati Placed on the first No separate office or The administration
on floor admin. block has to be located near
the reservations and
reception area and
preferably on the first
floor.
20.Lighting Reception : More of Reception: The reception The lighting has to be
double heights used area has large windows on such that minimal of
and no solid walls as all 4 sides and makes the artificial lights
the structure is semi space more open to needed and more
open. Designed in a nature. importance to natural
way which allows Rooms: Natural light light should be given
natural light to enter. enters the room from the also to reduce the
Cottages: natural large glass window consumption of
light enters the space provided for each cottage. electricity.
but also proper Stretch lighting used to
artificial lighting have adequate and equal
provided. amount of light
More of bulbs and throughout.
lamps used.
21.Ventilation Windows are The window and door are Cross ventilation is
provided on the placed in opposite much needed in any
opposite walls. direction for cross space to keep the air
ventilation in all the flowing around and to
spaces maintain the
temperature.

84
ANALYSIS. KADKANI AMANZI RESORT , INFERENCE
RIVER LONAVALA
RESORT,
COORG
22.Materials Metal frames , Fabricated roof , stone
wooden furniture , cladding walls , wooden
clay tiles for roof , flooring and furniture , -
smooth finish tiles for stone pathways
flooring , paved
pathways
23.Structure The cottages Swiss type chalets
represent the
vernacular -
architectural style of
Kerala and Coorg.

85
QUANTITAIVE ANALYSIS:

ANALYSIS KADKANI AMANZI STANDARDS INFERENCE

RIVER RESORT ,
RESORT , LONAVALA
COORG
1.Total area 20 acres 3 acres - The site area
(10acres golf could be between
coarse) 5-8 acres

2.Parking Provision for Provision for 14 Car parking (5x3) Provision for 30-
80 cars (1,200 cars (210 sqm) 35 cars (480
sqm) sq.m)
8 buses
5 mini buses
3. Entrance 7m 8m not less than Minimum of
gate 2.36m 7.5m
4. Main 5.5m 2.6m Minimum of 4m
entrance 2.2m
5. Admin. Reception and
Block 112.12 sq. waiting area –
Reception 10.2 sq.m - minimum of 50 90-120 sq.m
waiting 109.2 sq.m - sq.m
office 22.125 sq.m 20 – 30 sq.m

6.Library 82.34 sq.m - 10-30 sq.m

7.public toilet 4.5 sq.m(each) - 3.72 sq.m (each) 3.5 - 4 sq.m

min (each)
8.Guest rooms Premium Premium 45– 60 sq.m
cottage (81.6 cottage (36.38 (each)
sq.m) sq.m)
Deluxe cottage Garden villa
(41.8 sq.m) (36.11 sq.m)
Deluxe plus Luxury villa
(106 sq.m) (182.25 sq.m)
Den cottage
(34.63 sq.m)
9.Dining area 88.1 sq.m 144.48 sq.m 100 – 125 sq.m

10.Conference 92.25 sq.m - 31.58 sq.m 45 – 55 sq.m

room

86
ANALYSIS KADKANI AMANZI STANDARDS INFERENCE
RIVER RESORT ,
RESORT , LONAVALA
COORG
11.Kitchen 135 sq.m - 75 – 100 sq.m

12.Security 15 sq.m 12 sq.m 7.85 sq.m 10 sq.m

cabin minimum

13.Spa 16.1 sq.m 11.15 sq.m

- minimum
14. Staff 36 sq.m 60 sq.minimum
accommodati -
on
TOTAL SITE 20 acres 3 acres
AREA
BUILT UP 1.74 acres 0.24 acres
AREA

87
 AREA
STATEMENTS

88
S.NO SPACE NUMBER AREA TOTAL
1 SITE AREA 5.2 ACRES
(21043.7 Sq.M)
2 PARKING 30 CARS 5X3 450 Sq.M

3 SECURITY 2 4M X 3M 24 SQ.M
CABIN
4 ADMIN. BLOCK:
RECEPTION 1 15 Sq.M
WAITING AREA 2 50 Sq.M 100 Sq.M
OFFICE 2 12 Sq.M 24 Sq.M
PUBLIC TOILET 2 (MEN & 4.5 Sq.M (EACH) 9 Sq.M
WOMEN)

5 LIBRARY 1 30 Sq.M 30 Sq.M

6 RESTAURANT 1 120 Sq.M 120 Sq.M

7 KITCHEN AREA 1 95 Sq.M 95 Sq.M

8 CONFERENCE 1 40 Sq.M 40 Sq.M

ROOM

9 GUEST ROOM 32 40 Sq.M 1280 Sq.M

(COTTAGES)

10 STAFF 1 45 Sq.M 45 Sq.M

ACCOMMODATI
ON
11 ENTRANCE 1 8M WIDE -
GATE
12 SERVICE ENTRY 1 6M WIDE -

13 PATHWAYS - 5M WIDE

14 OPEN FOOD 1 600 SQ.M 600 Sq.M

COURT

89
S.NO SPACE NUMBER AREA TOTAL
15 SWIMMING 1 10M X 8M 80 Sq.M
POOL
16 INDOOR GAMES 1 15M X 15M 300 Sq.M

17 OUTDOOR
ACTIVITIES:
TENNIS COURT 1 24M X 11M 264 Sq.M
CRICKET NETS 2 24M X 2.5M 120 Sq.M
OPEN AREA 3.95 ACRES

BUILT UP AREA 5036 Sq.M

(1.25 ACRES)

90
 SITE
ANALYSIS

91
 LOCATION
Kodaikanal is a city in the hills of the Dindigul district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Its
name in the Tamil language means "The Gift of the Forest".Kodaikanal is referred to as the
"Princess of Hill stations" and has a long history as a retreat and popular tourist destination.
In 1845, Kodaikanal was started as a hill station in the palani hills at 7375 ft. The first
people lived in the hills were dolmen-builders, which have left here several visible artifacts.
In the Palani Hills Tribes are of two kinds:
Paliyans: Kukkal Caves, which is 35 Kms. away from Kodaikanal, show traces of
of Puliyan occupation.
Paliyans are segmentary tribes.
Pulayans : Pulayans were settled as agriculturists at latter stage.
The survey report of 1821, reveals Pulayans were the aborigines of the
of the Palani Hills and followed Tamil culture.
Tamil culture.
Much of the local economy is based on the hospitality industry serving tourism. As of 2011,
the city had a population of 36,501

Location of Tamil Map of Tamil Location of Kodaikanal

Nadu in India map Nadu in Tamil Nadu

GEOGRAPHY: ZONE MADURAI

The town of Kodaikanal sits on a plateau above DISTRICT DINDIGUL
the southern escarpment of the upper Palani Hills at
2,133 metres (6,998 ft), between the Parappar and ESTABLISHED 1845
Gundar Valleys. These hills form the eastward spur TOTAL AREA 21.45 km2 (8.28 sq
of the Western Ghats on the Western side of South mi)
India.
It has an irregular basin as its heartland, the ELEVATON 2,133 m (6,998 ft)
centre of which is now Kodaikanal Lake a 5 OFFICIAL TAMIL
kilometres (3.1 mi) circumference manmade lake. LANGUAGE
Meadows and grasslands cover the hillsides.
Gigantic Eucalyptus trees and shola forests POPULATION 36,501
flourish in the valleys. Mighty rocks and cascading SEX RATIO M 51% F 49%
streams lie above the valleys. There are many high
waterfalls and ubiquitous gardens and flower beds LITERACY 89.50 %(2011)
in bloom. RATE

92
ECONOMY: SEASON MONTHS
The economy of Kodaikanal predominantly
depends on tourism. The number of tourists PEAK SEASON MARCH-MAY
increased from two million in 1999 to 3.2 million
in 2009. LOW SEASON FEB-MARCH
The town's infrastructure changes every year in JULY-SEPTEMBER
preparation for the peak tourist season. Major
roads are converted into one-way lanes to SECOND OCTOBER-
regulate the constant inflow of traffic SEASON JANUARY

SITE LOCATION

Location: Kodaikanal Ghat Rd, Kodaikanal,

Tamil Nadu 624101
Latitude/longitude: 10°14′21″N77°29′21″E
Decimal coordinates: 10.2393 77.4893
Altitude: 2098 m.

KODAIKANAL MAP SITE LOCATION SILVER CASCADE FALLS

The site is located adjacent to the Silver cascade falls in Kodaikanal , Tamil Nadu. It is
situated on the main Ghat road , on the Madurai - Kodai road which is the main highway of
Kodaikanal. It is 8 kms before Kodaikanal as we approach Kodai from Kodai Road.
The site is surrounded by waterfalls , a village and a forest on the opposite side. The nearest
tourist spot is the Cascade falls and Kodai pine forest. The site is located in a primary
residential zone.

Latitude/Longitude:10°14′23.42″N 77°30′34.58″E
Elevation : 1751m
Site area: 5.2 acres
N

93
SILVER CASCADE FALLS: (LANDMARK)
Silver Cascade Falls, one of the most famous waterfalls, is the first attraction that unfolds to
tourist, located on the Madurai - Kodaikanal road, on way to Kodaikanal. This waterfall is the
result of excess water in the Kodai Lake, which comes down as a fall.
In addition, this fall also serves as a halting point for vehicles and tourists as there are several
shops dotted around, which sell fruits and other forest products. There are few shops selling fruits
and other forest products making this point a pit stop for travellers and tourists crossing this road.
Cascade area is compounded and a small park has been developed around it, making it fine
for a few minutes break of travel and photography.

LAND USE AND EVOLUTION

Kodaikanal Taluk is a hilly area with forest cover as the main natural resource. Most of
the forest lands are reserved and dense forest. But day by day forest lands are converted to
built- up (settlements, road, tourists amenities) and agricultural land.
According to SOI Taluk map of the year 1969 forest covered almost 70 per cent of the
study area. This has decreased to 46 per cent in 2003 and 33 per cent in 2008.
It is worth observing that in the 40 years almost 50 per cent of the forest lands
have got transformed to Agricultural land, Harvested and Built- up land. Because of human
population forest land got converted to forest Plantation, Settlement and Road.

Kodaikanal Taluk: Area under land use and land cover

1996 2003 – MAY 2008- APRIL
Sl. Lu/Lc Hectares % Hectares % Hectares %
No.
1 FOREST 75200.00 69.54 49700.00 45.96 35700.00 33.02

2 AGRICULTU 21540.00 19.92 28573.20 26.43 37905.50 35.05

RE
3 WASTE 5296.63 4.90 4415.00 4.08 4012.00 3.71
LAND
4 BUIT-UP 3489.00 3.23 20302.90 18.78 23280.00 21.53

5 HARVESTED 2409.00 2.23 4782.00 4.42 7071.00 6.54

LAND

6 WATER 198.37 0.18 359.90 0.33 164.45 0.15

BODY
TOTAL 108133 100 108133 100 108133 100

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 Agriculture land occupies sizeable area. Vegetables, cardamom, pepper, and coffee are the
major agricultural crops. The cultivation of these cash crops is more profitable to farmers.
Cardamom plantation, mixed plantation, Pepper Cardamom and coffeE mixed plantation are
the major type of use in agricultural land.
Built- up land includes settlements, roads and tourist places. Due to tourist activities land
Under hotels, lodges, gardens and waste dumping places have increased.
In few areas agricultural land also got transformed to built -up area. The gradual increasing of
Harvested land may be attributed to the procedure of leaving the land without cultivation for
some time.
Waste lands are not suitable for agriculture and other human activities. These lands have
very steep slope and areas susceptible to land slide.

KODAIKANAL TALUK – DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USE / LAND COVER

AREA IN %

LAND USE/LAND COVER

95
96
EVOLUTION OF SITE:

2012

2014

2016

2018

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IMMEDIATE SURROUNDGS:

SILVER CASCADE FALLS

VILLAGE

FOREST

PINE TREES

Silver Cascade Falls, one of the most famous waterfalls, is the first
attraction that unfolds to tourist, located on the Madurai - Kodaikanal
road, on way to Kodaikanal.
The water gushes down from a vertical cliff of over 180 feet on the
rocks finally resting in a pool near the Ghat Road.
 The quality has been deemed due to garbage being thrown by local
vendors in the waterfall.

FOREST (ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE) SILVER CASCADE FALLS

SHOPS IN FRONT OF THECASCADE FALLS

The fall also serves as a halting point for vehicles and tourists as there are several shops
dotted around, which sell fruits and other forest products.
There are few shops selling fruits and other forest products making this point a pit stop for
travellers and tourists crossing this road.

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BASIC NECESSITIES NEARBY:
Pharmacy - Apollo pharmacy (3.9 km away)
Bank - Indian overseas bank (3.4km away) , Bank of India (3.6 km away)
Supermarket - Kaleshwari supermarket (7.3 km away) , Spencers supermarket (6.8 km away)
Restaurant - Aromas of kodai (7.4 km away) , The royal Tibet ( 6.7 km away)

NOISE FROM THE STREETS:

The main source of noise is from the shops located along the kodai road (which is usually
during the morning –evening) though it doesn‘t reach the site.
The sound of the water falling from the falls is pleasing and refreshing.
During the night there is no much noise except when vehicles move on the highway.
Travelling during the night on the ghat roads is dangerous and so there are no or very few
vehicles moving around.

ODOURS:
No odours around the site.
The surrounding forest give a refreshing and fresh feel and a view.
One could smell the fresh flowers nearby.

IMPACT OF SITE ON SURROUNDINGS:

The site is located on the developing part of Kodai and is the first major project undertaken
in the area.
Since the site is surrounded by the most famous tourist spot and on the main highway ,it
has a scope of becoming the next attractive location beside the waterfalls with a perfect view
to the forest.
With the development of the site , the nearby shops may also develop and become bigger
increasing their economy and quality of living.
The project may provide job opportunities for the local people living in the nearby villages
and raise their standard of living.

IMPACT OF SURROUNDINGS ON SITE:

The beautiful surroundings make the resort even more attractive.
The forest on one side with waterfalls on the other makes the site peaceful and calm and
also refreshing.
The nearby shops make the tourists to drop by and quickly pick the products , fruits and
vegetable native to Kodai.
The forest on the opposite side can be used as well as well as for a nature walk.

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ACCESSIBILITY
MAJOR ROADS:

TRANSPORT
NEAREST AIRPORTS: Madurai International Airport (115 kilometer)
Coimbatore International Airport (170 kilometres)
Tiruchirapalli International Airport (197 kilometres
NEAREST RAILWAY STATION: Palani Station (64 kilometres)
Kodaikanal Road Station (80 kilometres)
NEAREST BUS STATION: Madurai Aarappalayam bus stand (113 kilometers)

NEARBY TAXI STANDS:

Kodai star cabs - 3.8 km away
Kodaikanal taxi royal travels – 17.3km away
Arrow cabs – 6.8 km away

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SITE

101
SITE SPECIFICATIONS

TOPOGRAPHY: (SLOPE)

SITE ENTRY

SLOPE OF THE SITE

The lowest point of the site is 1651 m above the main sea level.
In Kodaikanal hill region, it is generally found that the slope of the land ranges from: 5°- 35°.
The site lies between a slope of 15°- 25°. Category of 15°- 35° are mainly prone to landslide
and soil slip.
The site slopes in the same direction as the silver cascade walls.
The site has 2 roads , one on the top and the other at the lower side. The one on the higher
side is the village road and the lower side one is the highway.

SOIL CONDITIONS:
The major group of soils that are found in the town are
black, laterite and red varieties. The site mainly consists of
red soil.
The surface texture ranges from loam to clay loam.
The colour of the soil ranges from brown to black depending
upon the organic matter content of the soil.
Lateritic soil with rocks are mainly noticed in all the ridges
having steep slope in the hills and in high altitude peaks.
During heavy monsoon rainfall the weathered lateritic soil
are completely washed towards the stream basins.

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VEGETATION ON SITE:
The site is covered with trees and ground cover.
Boulders are located only at the highest contours.
The trees found on the site include Cactus Aloe , pine trees and the Fir trees at the top.
The ground is covered mainly by Cymbopogon.

KURINJI (BEISDE THE CYMBOPOGON FIR TREEES

ENTRY TO SITE)

ROCKS AND BOULDERS:

The charnockite is the most dominant rock type in the
entire Kodaikanal region. The entire hill ranges are made
up of bluish grey coarse grained charnockite.
The rocks in the Kodaikanal hill have been highly
weathered and capping of lateritic formation and
lithomorgic clay are formed concealing the fresh and
unaltered charnocknite observed along the steep escarpment
and ridges. This is a part of ancient formation.
Age- long weathering and other processes have resulted in
hills and valley formations suitable for human inhabitation. Charnockite boulders

LOCAL FLORA ND FAUNA:

Kodaikanal also receives a large amount of rainfall every year, making it an ideal
environment for cultivation. FRUITS-Therefore, many varieties of fruits and vegetables
are grown in the Kodaikanal region, many of which can only be grown here including: peaches,
pears, grapes, plums, guava, jackfruit, hill-banana, passion fruit, cauliflower, potatoes, garlic,
carrots, and coffee.
The famous KURINJI FLOWER is an another beauty to Kodaikanal. The name of the
Kodaikanal remains the kurinji.. So Kodai is also called as "KURINJI CITY".
The Kurinji flower blossoms every 12 years only. It blossomed last time at 1982. Thereafter,
Now the Kurinji flowers are shown in various places in Kodaikanal. In the slope of coakers walk,
there are lot of Kurinji flowers are present now.
Australian black wood (Acacia melanoxylon) was created , in order to provide Kodaikanal with
firewood.

KURINCHI FLOWER

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 PASSION FRUIT CAULIFLOWER SHOLAS COFFEE

Few distinct attitudinally delineated bands of vegetation are found in the Kodaikanal region:
Up to 300 m –highly degraded remnants of the thorn (scrub jungle) of the lower
elevations gives way to small trees (Acacia, Zizyptno.).
•Shrubs-Dichrostachys, Euphorbia, Flueggea etc., Grass–Aristolia, Brachiaria,
cenchruschloris, Chrysopogen, Coix, Cynodon etc.

300 – 800 m – Trees begin to dominate (Cochtospermum, Givotio, Gyrocarbus Grass –

Bamboos, Oropetium

800 - 1500 m – The dry deciduous belt begins. Alstonia, Anogeissus, Bridelia,
Bischofia, Cassinc, Garuga, Phyllanthus, Plerocarpus Santalum Shorea etc.Grasses:
Apurda, cytococcum, mperata, Panicum etc.

1300 - 1700 m – Dry evergreen forest with Albeodapline, Alstonio, Cellis, Dimocarpus
and others are found. A savannah zone of grasses may be noticed towards the higher
reaches of these areas with Borhriocola, Cymbopogon, digitaria Psuede chinolaana etc.
dominating the vegetation scene.

•The natural vegetation of upper elevation i.e. above 1700m is divided into two main
types-ridge forests and sholas. Both types survive only in small patches on the plateau
and the ridge forests are particularly scarce.
•exotic tree cover wattle (Acacia Mearnsil), blue gum (Eucalpytus globules) and pine
(Pinus paula). The patches of dense isolated woods composed of evergreen trees
occurring along the folds on the undulating plateau often associated with streams in the
middle are referred to as sholas.
•Among the best sholas are the Kodaikanal with Bombay shola, Gunda, Kookal,
Tambirikkanal shola and especially those associated with the Foothill Downs (Upper
Palani) and Tiger shola, Perumal shola and Kookal shola (Lower Palani).

Palani, Vedasandur and part of Dindigul taluks are unique in buffalo breeding, buffaloes are
highly productive in this dry tract.
This dry tract exports butter and curd to other States. Buffalo is the 'bread-winner' for many
families including agricultural labour households.

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CLIMATOLOGY

TEMPERATURE:
Kodaikanal region has four seasons: They are
Cold weather (Jan and Feb) - Rainfall scarce
Sun warm and Frost occur Hot weather (March April, may and June) - Showers occasional
,sun hot season
South west monsoon (July, August and September) -Moderate rainfall
North east monsoon (October, November and December) -Maximum rainfall
The climate of Kodaikanal is very pleasant and cool all round the year. Due to the high altitude
the hill station enjoys a temperate subtropical climate.
Summer:
Maximum - 22°C & Minimum - 13°C , Average - 19.8 °C
Winter:
Maximum - 17°C & Minimum - 6°C , Average - 8.3 °C

Peak Season: March to May

During the winter season, Kodaikanal is very cold. The surface temperature during these months
vary between 8 degrees and 17 degrees. During these months the temperature sometimes fall to the
freezing point and beyond.
The best seasons to visit Kodaikanal are the times between April and June and from September
to October, when the Climate of Kodaikanal is at its very best. The surrounding is very colourful
during these months.

PRECIPITATION:
Kodaikanal experiences rain between the months of June and September.
The town gets major rainfall during the south west monsoon period. The Annual normal rainfall
varies from 300 mm to 800 mm. The average annual rainfall being received in the town is 770
mm.
Rainfall in Kodaikanal is mainly due to the north retreating monsoon in this hill station. The
average rainfall is about 1650 mm, annually.
Since Kodaikanal region is located in the rain shadow region rainfall received during north east
monsoon season is relatively more when compared to the south west monsoon.
But the hot weather season also receives sizeable amount of rainfall.
The lowest amount of rainfall is received during the cold weather season. Thus from the rainfall
analysis it could be concluded that Kodaikanal region has received rainfall throughout the year.

105
 AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL

RELATIVE HUMIDITY:
The relative humidity recorded in Kodaikanal region reveals that the average relative humidity
is78 per cent.
Relative humidity is high through out the year ranging between 60 per cent and 87 per cent.
The high relative humidity may be attributed to the heavy rainfall received in the area through
out the year.

AVERAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY

AVERAGE SUNLIGHT HOURS:

MEAN MONTHLY WIND SPEED (m/s):

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SUN PATH:

SERVICES:
The electric lines are situated
ELECTRICITY LINES: on the corner of the site along the
slope. The lines step down till the
main kodai highway from the
village road.
The site gets its main electricity
supply from the Electricity
kodaikanal board. The board is 5.5
km away from the site and is the
main and important supply for the
whole town.

DRAINAGE:

The site is located beside one of the main

drains of the Kodai region.
As it is a hilly region , the drain pipes are
easy to manage as the flow is continuous due
to the natural terrain.
The Kodaikanal region is drained by a
large number of streams. The southern slope
of the Kodaikanal hilly region forms the
major catchment area.
As a hilly region, Kodaikanal region is a
source region for a number of streams
flowing down hills. These streams offer
water for agriculture as well as drinking
purposes to people living in the adjacent
areas.

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WATER SUPPLY:
Water supply situation in Kodaikanal is satisfactory. With an alternate day supply, the people
of Kodaikanal have to resort ground water or other alternate sources of supply for the domestic
needs.
The Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) , agency develops and transfers
the projects to the local body, who will maintain the system. Any decisions on water supply and
drainage improvements will largely depend upon the TWAD‘s consent and cooperation.
Kodaikanal town has been provided with protected water supply system. The present water
supply schemes were implemented utilizing the water from Reservoir.

Treatment and Transmission

The Water from various sources is transmitted to the treatment plants located at Observatory.
The Water is treated through primary treatment methods such as filtration and chlorination
before distribution.
The total length of transmission line including the raw water and treated water is 21.00 km,
and the water is transmitted through gravity method from the source. The treated water is
pumped to the storage reservoirs for the purpose of distribution

Water Quality
The treated water sample test for the town indicates that the PH value (6.0) is below the
permissible limits of 6.5 to 8.5 for the drinking purpose. And the turbidity level of NTU
against the norms of 10 NTU indicates (yellow in colour ) , which is normally allowed for the
drinking purpose; otherwise the water is very safe in quality.

Storage and Distribution System

The current practice of water transmission and distribution indicate that the water is drawn
both through pumping and gravity methods from the sources and transmitted to the Ground
level service Reservoirs located at various zones. Then the water is distributed for the local
supply through individual service connections and public stand posts located at the various
locations.

Distribution Network
The existing distribution system comprises of distribution network from the service
reservoirs to the individual house service connections and public fountains/stand posts, which
covers 100% of the total municipal road length (68.616 Km) in the town.
The existing network system is laid out to cover dense population located in the different
parts of the town. At present, the water is distributed for duration of 4 hours in a normal day to
cover different wards in the town.

Problems
Kodaikanal town has been facing acute water shortage owing to the failure of monsoon and
sharp slump in storage in new and old dams. Many streams on upper and lower Kodaikanal
hills are dry.
Kodaikanal Municipality has been struggling to maintain water supply. Now, it has been
depending on bore wells sunk near the lake.

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VIEWS

ENTRANCE TO THE SITE SLOPING LAND

VIEW OF SITE FROM ROAD FEW BOULDERS AT THE

TOP OF THE SITE

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH:
 Prominent location capable of becoming an icon of the neighbourhood
View of Silver cascade falls & Reserved Forest

WEAKNESS:
The location next to the highway is the one and only weakness of the site.

OPPORTUNITY:
Provide view from & create view points at high ground
Site lends to creation of interactive programs
Retail shops as part of public realm

THREATS:
Minor risk of soil erosion

109
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF KODAIKANAL

Since Kodaikanal was founded by the American and European Missionaries, Christian
churches are abundant. They include the Church of South India (opposite Bryant Park), St. Peters
Church (near Coakers Walk), Gorapur, Lake End, La Salette, Lutheran Mission, Sacred Heart
(Munjikal), Saint Antony's (Antonyar Kovil Street), Saint Francis Xavier, Saint Joseph's, Saint
Mary's and Saint Peter's (Coakers Walk Road).
Amongst the most popular is Union Church with a large Tamil congregation and Margaret
Eddy Memorial Chapel at Kodai International School with lively services in a typically
American style and distinctive stone architecture.
There are many Hindu Temples in Kodaikanal including the Durgai Amman Kovil, Kurinji
Andavar Kovil, Mariamman Kovil, Observatory Murugan Kovil and Vinayagar Kovil.
There is an active community of Tibetan Buddhist refugees.

Lutheran Church
Lutheran Church, located in Lakshmipuram, is one of the most iconic structures of Kodaikanal.
Flaunting exquisite Gothic style of architecture, this church truly deserves a visit.
Stained glass windows, paintings and batiks that portray scenes from Jesus
Christ's life are some of the most impressive features of the Church.

Christ the King Church

Located close to the Coakers Walk, Christ the King Church is one of the most highly revered
places of worship in the hill station of Kodaikanal.
Built in the year 1895 by American Madurai Mission, this Protestant Church flaunts of brilliant
Gothic architecture.
 Known as 'Union Church' in the past, Christ the King Church features a series of stained glass
that give an exquisite look from the exteriors.

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 Kurinji Andavar Temple
Located approximately 3 km away from Kodaikanal Lake, Kurinji Andavar Temple is one of
Kodaikanal's most revered places of worship.
Built under the patronisation of Leelavathi Ramanathan in the year 1936, this temple is
dedicated to the 'God of the Hills'- Lord Muruga.
The name 'Kurinji Andavar' is derived from the Kurinji flower that can be found in seemingly
endless numbers in the valleys of the hill station. Blossoming once in twelve years, these flowers
lend a stunning hued tinge to the slopes of Kodaikanal.

The Palani Temple

Dedicated to lord Subramanian, the Palani Temple is one the most famous in South India and is
located just 65 kilometres away from Kodaikanal.
Reinforcing the fact that spirituality doesn‘t come easy, you'll need to climb 659 steps to get to
the temple.
The festival of Thaipusam (January) and the festival of Panguni Uttaram(April) draws an
ardent lot of tourists and pilgrims to the temple.

THE LOCAL HOUSES

111
DESIGN CONSIDERATION:

A high tension line runs from reserved forest to the site. Moving it is not feasible. The
structures should be 10 meters away from the post.
No permanent structures can be constructed near the falls area (min 50 meters).The area could
be used for outdoor activities or landscape.
There is an existing public path that runs towards falls side used by locals. This could be used
for the resort guests as well without constructing a new one.

112
BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.archdaily.com/342862/kc-grande-resort-spa-hillside-foundry-of-space

https://www.archdaily.com/342862/kc-grande-resort-spa-hillside-foundry-of-
space/513e9590b3fc4b560c000007-kc-grande-resort-spa-hillside-foundry-of-space-photo

http://www.amanzi.in/

http://www.kadkani.com/

http://www.kadkani.com/gallery.html

https://www.mapsofindia.com/hill-stations-india/

https://www.mapsofindia.com/kodaikanal/climate.html

http://www.tnau.ac.in/dr/zonepdf/HighAltitute-HillyZone.pdf

http://123.63.242.116/kodaikanal/

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/51468/6/06_chapter2.pdf

https://www.coorg.com/topography/

https://indiabiodiversity.org/checklist/show/289

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Acute-water-scarcity-looms-over-
Kodaikanal/article16834467.ece

http://ipublishing.co.in/jggsvol1no12010/EIJGGS1015.pdf

http://www.lonavlaonline.in/city-guide/tourism-in-lonavala

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