PROJECT REPORT

“Hydraulic Power Bicycle”

Submitted by

ABRAR MATCHESWALA(110340102021)
AVESH SHAIKH (110340102028)
SALIMKHAN PATHAN (110340102033)
SHRIRAJ SISODIA (110340102046)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Automobile Engineering

Narnarayan Shastri Institute of Technology, Jetalpur

Gujarat Technological University

Ahmedabad
December, 2014
 Narnarayan Shastri Institute of Technology
Jetalpur

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report, submitted for project entitled “Hydraulic Power Bicycle”
has been carried out by Abrar Matcheshwala (110340102021), Avesh Shaikh
(110340102028),Salimkhan Pathan (110340102033), Shriraj Sisodia (110340102046) under my
guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of: Bachelor of Engineering in (Automobile
th
Engineering) 7 Semester of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the
academic year 2014-15. These students have successfully completed activity under my guidance.

Mr. Vraj Mistry Mr. Akshay Pujara

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Assistant Professor Automobile-NSIT

Automobile-NSIT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Without taking help of other people it is not possible to work on this project. So we have
opportunity to say thank them all who have helped us directly or indirectly in our project.

Firstly, we would like to thank our guide Mr. Vraj Mistry. We are grateful to his
prolonged interested in our work and excellence guidance. He has been a constant source of
motivation to us by providing us with suitable media performance, a platform to show our
potential and a chance to prove our skills by the way of project development.

We are grateful to Mr. Akshay Pujara , HOD of Automobile Department for allowing us
to take project. We are sincerely thankful to him for his time to time and valuable guidance.

With Sincerely
 ABSTRACT

A Hydraulic bicycle is a bicycle that transfer power from pedals by

means of liquid passing through tubes to rear wheel. Drives transmit power
through pedaling forward and backward. Fewer moving parts , all of which
are continuously bathed in clean lubricating fluid. It uses the power of
hydraulic fluid to run the bicycle. Various components like piston, cylinder,
link, seal gland, etc. Our goal through this project is to design a hydraulic
power assisted bicycle, allowing a human passenger to provide a constant
torque to the pedals regardless of grade.

We searched that a human can pedal at 60 revolutions per minute and

we aim to cover a longer distance for the same revolutions. The bicycle is to
be designed such that it keeps the hydraulic system completely free of air
during crashes or when riding over rough terrain surface. It is distinct from
other types of power bicycle as it neglect the components like pump, motor
, battery, solar panel, etc. which are heavy in weight and costly.
 INDEX

Chapter-1 Problem summary or introduction

Chapter-2 Aims and objectives

Chapter-3 Plan of work
Chapter-4 Project Design

-- CAD Model

Chapter-5 Materials and methods used in project work

5.1) Methods used in project work

5.2) Materials used in project work

Chapter-6 Literature Review

Chapter-7 Conclusion

7.1) References & Bibliography

Problem
SUMMARY OR
INTRODUCTION
- To obtain more power and to cover longer distance in short time
hydraulic fluid can have a better advantage.

- Hydraulic power bicycle can produce more power than ordinary bicycle.

- It can cover more distance in minimum time period.

- The effort applied to hydraulic power bicycle is less compare to ordinary

bicycle.

- Future projects based on this research can be shared with potential

engineering students during college tours.

- This comparison usually includes the quality, cost, and performance of the
existing technologies.

- It allows designers to understand where their product would fit in the

marketplace and if their ideas represent a new concept or an improvement
upon an existing process or product.

- In order to offset the drawbacks of efficiency loss, the added value to the
design by creatively using hydraulic fluid in various configurations is
helpful.

- This design without pump , motor reduces overall cost of the bicycle. It
also reduces the overall weight of the bicycle.

- Seals and seal glands are also provided to prevent the leakage of
hydraulic fluid.

- Sprocket mounted at the wheels provides the starting torque.

- Chain drive which is used reduce 99 % of power loss due to the mating
parts.
 - Hydraulic bicycle is mainly designed for the comfortable ride and also to
obtain to achieve higher speed when compared to ordinary bicycles.

- It can used for all age peoples, all profession working people,
schoolchildren, college students, workers, employees and many others.

- Middle class people can afford this bicycle which is cheaper than two
wheeler vehicles working on fuel like petrol and diesel.

- The hydraulic fluid used is easily available in the market.


 AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES
- The main purpose of this hydraulic bicycle is to travel longer
distance with minimum effort applied.

- Superior to chain drive systems.

- Impervious to dirt, water, rocks and sand.

- Simple, robust, low maintenance design.

- Shifting, through valves and displacement, provides either

variable gearing or more steps than traditional bicycles.

- Sealed systems require less maintenance than open chain

system.

Useful for all types of age group people

- Children
- Adult
- Old age group

Also useful for

- Employers
- Workers
- Students
- Salesman

- The hydraulic (hydrostatic) transmission could be useful

for recumbent bicycles because the hoses may be easier to route than a
long chain.
Plan of work
- The whole hydraulic power bicycle mechanism consist of slider
crank mechanism, pistons, cylinders, sprocket, seal gland, chain
drive and fluid. Slider crank mechanism is used to transmit
motion with the help of sprocket from one side of piston to the
another side of piston in the cylinder.

- It is important to study about all components in brief.

- The mechanical properties of all the components to be used are to

be studied.

- Properties like ductility of material, corrosiveness of a material,

heat conductivity, viscosity, etc. are taken into consideration.

- Calculations and analysis of piston stroke length, cylinder

diameter, piston diameter, is to be done.

- Working of cad model through crank slider meachanism is to be

designed.

- Slider crank is used to connect the piston and sprocket.

- The force applied to the piston exerts a high pressure on hydraulic
fluid.

- Due to this pressure the transmission power is obtained at the rear

sprocket.

- This rear sprocket is connected to the rear wheel which rotates

with the help of this power obtained by the hydraulic fluid.
Cad model
Calculations :

Volume Swept by Piston A = Volume swept by Piston B

r12 h1 = r22 h2

r12 h1 = r22 h2
If h1 is fixed,
h2 = ( r1 / r2 )2 h1

Here,
h1 = 50 cm
r1 = 100 cm
r2 = 50 cm
Hence, h2 = 200 cm
Now,
Circumference of Disc A = Stroke Length of Piston A = h1
And similarly,
Circumference of Disc B = Stroke Length of Piston B = h2
Methods

Useful in

Project work
 There are different types of methods which can be used in hydraulic
bicycle Which are given as follows :

1) By using Chain Drive.

The transmission of hydraulic fluid power is transmitted to rear wheel
Through chain.

2) By using Gear Mechanism.

The transmission of hydraulic fluid power is transmitted to rear wheel
Through gear mechnasim.

They are explain in detailed as follows :

1) Chain Drive

Chain drive have a efficiency of 99 % transmission. There is only one

percent power loss in chain drive. Chain has perfect functioning of chains
running in parallel or in pairs, extremely precise positioning, ease of running,
and very quiet operation. A wide range of factors should be taken into
account when selecting a chain drive in order to secure its long service life
and reliable operation. The service life of roller chains is supposed to be
around 10 000 running hours providing two chain wheels are used and all the
principles of correct assembly and maintenance are respected. Non-
compliance with or undervaluation of the constructional and/or maintenance
principles will lead to considerably shorter service life of the chain.

Main factors influencing chain selection and service life:

 load type and transmit power

 chain running speed
 number of teeth of the small chain wheel
 transmission ratio
 axial distance and sag
 specific pressure at chain joint
 lubrication method
 work conditions
 correct assembly of the complete drive
 chain drive maintenance
Like any method of power transmission, chain drives have advantages and
disadvantages. Advantages of chain will be discussed initially, and the note
will conclude with a discussion of chain disadvantages.

ADVANTAGES

1. Relatively inexpensive.

2. Virtually any length chain can be obtained (splicing).

3. Large selection of chain and sprockets, especially for smaller chain.

4. Positive drive provides synchronization of two shafts (Synchronous belts

such as Poly Chain also possess this characteristic).
5. Bearing loads are generally lower than for belts (no slack side tension).

6. Chain drives are 95-99% efficient (Poly Chain is 98-99% efficient).

7. Tends to be self-cleaning.

8. Simplicity of design and selection of components.

9. Versatile - large variety of attachments can be adapted (a situation

difficult to handle with synchronous belts).

10. Breakable - splice capability allows for varying length and installation on
drives where endless chain cannot be installed.

11. Due to chain's symmetric design characteristics, serpentine drives are

possible.

12. Fixed center drives can be "accommodated" by removing links to take up

chain slack (although this is not a recommended practice).

13. Chain tends to be fairly forgiving when misapplied and users are willing
to live with poor performance.
 14. Chain drives seem to give the appearance that they will do the job - i.e.,
steel is tough.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Lubrication is critical - un lubricated drives can wear 300 times faster

than lubricated drives (difficult to properly re-lube chain).

2. The lubrication attracts dirt which leads to wear problems.

3. Life is usually low since an estimated 90-95% of chain drives are

improperly lubricated.

4. Frequent maintenance is required due to wear and stretch.

5. Necessary lubrication is messy (may be a problem in food/beverage

industry).

6. Alignment is important as it affects life and stability.

7. Chain drives are noisy (proportional to speed) due to metal-to-metal

contact.

8. Linear speed is limited to 3000 ft / min. for roller chain.

9. Vertical drives may present problems since less slack can be permitted
than in a horizontal drive in order to insure proper chain/sprocket
engagement.

10. Vertical "shaft" drives are generally discouraged.

11. Equipment damage can result upon chain failure due to steel
construction.

12. Available only in full box length increments except in rare cases.

13. Smooth speed transfer is not possible due to chordal action.

 14. Backlash is significant - chain does not perform well on applications
requiring precision positioning.

2) Gear drive

Different types of gears that can be used in gear drive are :

A ) Spur gear

Advantages :

- Spur gears have high power transmission efficiency.

- They are compact and easy to install.

- They offer constant velocity ratio.

- Unlike belt drives, spur gear drives have no slip.

- Spur gears are highly reliable.

- They can be used to transmit large amount of power.

Disadvantages :

- Spur gear drives are costly when compared to belt drives.

- They have a limited center distance. This is because in a spur gear drive, the
gears should be meshed and they should be in direct contact with each other.

- Spur gears produce a lot of noise when operating at high speeds.

- They cannot be used for long distance power transmission.

- Gear teeth experience a large amount of stress.

2) Helical gears
 Advantages:

- The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear teeth causing
them to run more smoothly and quietly.
- Helical gears are highly durable and are ideal for high load applications.
- At any given time their load is distributed over several teeth, resulting in
less wear.
- Can transmit motion and power between either parallel or right angle
shafts.

Disadvantages:

An obvious disadvantage of the helical gears is a resultant thrust along the

axis of the gear, which needs to be accommodated by appropriate thrust
bearings, and a greater degree of sliding friction between the meshing teeth,
often addressed with additives in the lubricant. Thus we can say that helical
gears cause losses due to the unique geometry along the axis of the helical
gear’s shaft.

Efficiency of helical gear is less because helical gear trains have sliding
contacts between the teeth which in turns produce axial thrust of gear shafts
and generate more heat. So, more power loss and less efficiency.

3) Bevel gear
Advantages:

This gear makes it possible to change the operating angle. Differing of the
number of teeth (effectively diameter) on each wheel allows mechanical
advantage to be changed.

By increasing or decreasing the ratio of teeth between the drive and driven
wheels one may change the ratio of rotations between the two, meaning that
the rotational drive and torque of the second wheel can be changed in relation to
the first, with speed increasing and torque decreasing, or speed decreasing and
torque increasing.
Disadvantages :

 One wheel of such gear is designed to work with its complementary wheel
and no other.
 Must be precisely mounted.
 The shafts' bearings must be capable of supporting significant forces.

4) Worm Gear

Advantages :

 Worm gear drives operate silently and smoothly.

 They are self-locking.
 They occupy less space.
 They have good meshing effectiveness.
 They can be used for reducing speed and increasing torque.
 High velocity ratio of the order of 100 can be obtained in a single step

Disadvantages :

 Worm gear materials are expensive.

 Worm drives have high power losses
 A disadvantage is the potential for considerable sliding action.
 They produce a lot of heat.

Thus from the above gears spur gears are most suitale for better
transmission and less friction.
 And analysis done by comparing the above two drives, chain drive is most
efficient and suitable.

Construction:

The whole hydraulic power bicycle mechanism consist of slider crank mechanism,
pistons, cylinders, sprocket, seal gland, chain drive and fluid. Slider crank
mechanism is used to transmit motion with the help of sprocket from one side of
piston to the another side of piston in the cylinder.

There are two pistons which are mounted at a certain distance between them and
the fluid is placed between these two pistons. The diameters of this pistons are
different. The piston exerting force is of larger diameter and the piston
transmitting force is of smaller diameter.

The sprocket consist of two trunnions which are connected to the piston which is
exerting force, through slider crank mechism. Sprocket is of smaller diameter and
gear through which the power is to be transmitted is of larger diameter.

The cylinder contains two valves 1) intake port

2) exhaust port

The hydraulic fluid is filled in the cylinder through the Intake port. It is sealed
with rubber gland so no leakage of fluid takes place.

Exhaust port is used for the removal of the fluid.

The chain drive is used to transmit power produced in cylinder to the rear wheels.
Sprocket is used to connect the wheel to chain. From cylinder , gear is used to
connect with the chain drive.
Working:
- The force is applied to the piston through the rotation of pedals by
the means of trunnions.

- The trunnions are connected to the sprockets mounted on the

frame of the bicycle.

- Slider crank is used to connect the piston and sprocket.

- The force applied to the piston exerts a high pressure on hydraulic
fluid.

- Due to this pressure the transmission power is obtained at the rear

sprocket.

- This rear sprocket is connected to the rear wheel which rotates

with the help of this power obtained by the hydraulic fluid.

- The working of piston and cylinder arrangement is shown in the

figure.

- This depends upon the piston stroke, cylinder diameter, piston

diameter, property of fluid etc.
Components
and materials
used
 Different types of components used are as follows :
- piston

- cylinder

- seal gland

- sprocket

- slider crank

- gear

- chain

- brakes

- trunnions

Hydraulic fluid that can be used :

1. Mineral-Oil based Hydraulic fluids

As these have a mineral oil base, so they are named as Mineral-oil-Based

Hydraulic fluids.

This kind of fluids will have high performance at lower cost. These mineral oils
are further classified as HH, HL and HM fluids.

Type HH fluids are refined mineral oil fluids which do not have any additives.
These fluids are able to transfer power but have less properties of lubrication and
unable to withstand high temperature. These types of fluid have a limited usage in
industries. Some of the uses are manually used jacks and pumps, low pressure
hydraulic system etc.

Type HL fluids are refined mineral oils which contain oxidants and rust inhibitors
which help the system to be protected from chemical attack and water
contamination.
These fluids are mainly used in piston pump applications.

HM is a version of HL-type fluids which have improved anti-wear additives.

These fluids use phosphorus, zinc and sulphur components to get their anti-wear
properties. These are the fluids mainly used in the high pressure hydraulic system.

2. Fire Resistant Fluids

These fluids generate less heat when burnt than those of mineral oil based fluids.
As the name suggests these fluids are mainly used in industries where there are
chances of fire hazards, such as foundries, military, die-casting and basic metal
industry.

These fluids are made of lower BTU (British Thermal Unit) compared to those of
mineral oil based fluids, such as water-glycol, phosphate ester and polyol esters.
ISO have classified these fluids as HFAE(soluble oils), HFAS(high water-based
fluids), HFB(invert emulsions), HFC(water glycols), HFDR(phosphate ester) and
HRDU(polyol esters).

3. Environmental Acceptable Hydraulic Fluids (EAHF)

These fluids are basically used in the application where there is a risk of leakage
or spills into the environment, which may cause some damage to the environment.

These fluids are not harmful to the aquatic creatures and they are biodegradable.

These fluids are used in forestry, lawn equipment, off-shore drilling, dams and
maritime industries.

The ISO have classified these fluids as HETG (based on natural vegetable oils),
HEES (based on synthetic esters), HEPG (polyglycol fluids) and HEPR
(polyalphaolefin types).
 Classification of hydraulic fluids :

HM 46 hydraulic fluid.
HM 46 hydraulic fluid is high performance lubricant that use exclusive ashless
technology,coupled with highly shear stable viscosity modifiers.

HM 46 give excellent viscosity control and protection under severe mechanical,

thermal and chemical stresses across a wide range of temperatures.
HM46 provide outstanding protection and performance in most mobile equipment
and other applications subjected to a wide range of ambient or operating
temperatures.

Performance, Features & Benefits

Long fluid life - maintenance saving. HM 46 fluid offer an improved capability to
extend fluid maintenance intervals and hence reduce equipment downtime
through:

- An extended ASTM D943 TOST lifetime, with an oxidative stability that is

designed for a minimum 5000 hours TOST life;

- Excellent resistance to breakdown in the presence of water and heat;

- Class leading shear stability to maintain viscosity control.

These features provide extended maintenance capability without compromising

protection or performance, even under severe or extended temperature range
applications.

Outstanding wear protection

Advanced ashless (zinc-free) anti-wear additives provide protection over a wide

range of conditions, including low and severe duty, and high-load operations. The
very high viscosity index (VI) of HM 46, in combination with outstanding shear
stability, help to ensure that critical oil film thicknesses are maintained in the
highly stressed components of the hydraulic system.

Protection is maintained even under high temperature and high load conditions.
 FEATURES AND BENEFITS

 High resistance to breakdown and sludge formation

 Extend filter life
 High oxidative stability
 Excellent protection against rust and corrosion in the presence of both copper, and
steel
 Outstanding viscosity stability over wide temperature range
 Foam suppression
 Excellent wear protection
 Meeting requirements by leading pump manufacturers
 Fast water separation and good filterability
 Exceptional resistance in modern hydraulic systems with high loads and
temperatures, in the presence of air, water and copper.

Maintaining system efficiency

Superior cleanliness and outstanding filterability, excellent water separation, air

release and anti-foam characteristics, all help to maintain or enhance hydraulic
system efficiency. The excellent filterability is maintained even when the fluid is
contaminated with water, with negligible production of the silts or gels that can
block fine system filters.

HM 46 meet at the filling lines the requirements of max ISO 4406 21/19/16 class.
As recognized by DIN 51524 specification the oil is exposed to various influences
with transport and storage that could effect the cleanliness level. These features
contribute to extended filter life and allow the use of finer filtration for added
equipment protection.

Cylinder:
A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the
space in which a piston travels. A cylinder's displacement, or swept volume, can
be calculated by multiplying its cross-sectional area (the square of half
the bore by pi) and again by the distance the piston travels within the cylinder
(the stroke).
Materials used in cylinders and Piston.
1) Cast Iron

- Carbon 2.1-4.5wt and Si normally 1.3 % .

- Lower melting point (about 300 °C lower than pure iron) due to
presence of eutectic point at 1153 °C and 4.2 wt% C.
- Low shrinkage and good fluidity and casting ability.
- Types of cast iron: grey, white, nodular, malleable and compacted
graphite.

A) Grey Cast Iron

- Grey cast iron contains graphite in the form of flakes. Named after its
grey fractured surface.C:3.0 –4.0 wt%, Si: 1.0 –3.0 %

- Microstructure: graphite flakes in a ferrite or pearlite matrix .

- Weak & brittle in tension (the graphite flake tips act as stress
concentration sites).

- Stronger in compression, Excellent damping capacity, wear resistance.

- Microstructure modification by varying silicon content and cooling

rate.

- Casting shrinkage is low.

B) White Cast Iron

- White cast iron –C: 2.5 –3 wt.%, Si: 0.5 –1.5%.

- Most of the carbon is in the form of cementite.

- Named after its white fracture surface.

- Results from faster cooling.

- Contains pearlite + cementite, not graphite. Thickness variation may

result in nonuniform microstructure from variable cooling .
- Very hard and brittle.

- Used as intermediate to produce malleable cast iron.

C) Malleable Cast Iron

- Malleable cast iron –Carbon: 2.3 –2.7 wt%, Si: 1.0 –1.75 % .

- Obtained by heat treating white iron for a prolonged period that causes
decomposition of cementite into graphite.

- Heat treatment : Two stages –Isothermal holding at 950 ^C and then

holding at 720 ^C.

- Graphite forms in the form of rosettes in a ferrite or pearlite matrix.

- Reasonable strength and improved ductility.

Applications of Cast iron

- Cast irons are used in wide variety of application owing to the
properties like good fluidity, ease of casting, low shrinkage,
excellent machinability, wear resistance and damping capacity.

- Applications – Car parts –cylinder heads, blocks and gearbox

cases.

- Pipes, lids (manhole lids) ,Foundation for big machines (good

damping property) ,Bridges, buildings ,Cook wares.

- Excellent heat retention.

2) Aluminum
- Aluminum is a light metal (= 2.7 g/cc); is easily machinable; has
wide variety of surface finishes; good electrical and thermal
conductivities; highly reflective to heat and light.
- Versatile metal -can be cast,rolled, stamped, drawn, spun, roll-
formed, hammered, extruded and forged into many shapes.
- Aluminum can be riveted, welded, brazed, or resin bonded.
- Corrosion resistant -no protective coating needed, however it is
often anodized to improve surface finish, appearance.
- Al and its alloys -high strength-to-weight ratio(high specific
strength) owing to low density.
- Such materials are widely used in aerospace and automotive
applications where weight savings are needed for better fuel
efficiency and performance.
- Al-Li alloys are lightest among all Al alloys and find wide
applications in the aerospace industry.

Aluminum Alloys
- Aluminum alloys are classified into two categories –Cast and
Wrought alloys.
- Wrought alloys can be either heat-treatable or non-heat treatable.
- Alloys are designated by a 4 digit number.
- Wrought –the 1st digit indicates the major alloying element.
- Cast –The last digit after the decimal indicates product from(
casting -0 or ingot -1)

Application
- Food/chemical handling equipment, heat exchangers light
reflectors.
- Utensils,pressure vessels and piping
- Bellows, clutch disk, diaphragm, fuse clips, springs
- Aircraft structure, rivets, truck wheels, screw
- Aircraft pump parts, automotive transmission cases,
cylinder blocks
- Aircraft structures and other highly loaded applications
 Sprocket :

A sprocket or sprocket wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even

sprockets that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material.
The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which are radial
projections that engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in
that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that
sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.

Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and

other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears
are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most
common form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft
carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small
sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely driven
by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles.

Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each
by its originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used
with timing belts have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and
chains are also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where
slippage is not admissible, sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and
sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms
of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless even at high speed.
 Seal Gland :

The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from
leaking past the interface between the rod and the head. This area is called
the seal gland.

The advantage of a seal gland is easy removal and seal replacement. The seal
gland contains a primary seal, a secondary seal / buffer seal, bearing
elements, wiper / scraper and static seal. In some cases, especially in small
hydraulic cylinders, the rod gland and the bearing elements are made from a
single integral machined part.

The seals are considered / designed as per the cylinder working pressure,
cylinder speed, operating temperature, working medium and application.
Piston seals are dynamic seals, and they can be single acting or double acting.

Elastomer seals made from nitrile rubber, Polyurethane or other materials

are best in lower temperature environments, while seals made of
Fluorocarbon Viton are better for higher temperatures. Metallic seals are also
available and commonly use cast iron for the seal material. Rod seals are
dynamic seals and generally are single acting.

The compounds of rod seals are nitrile rubber, Polyurethane, or

Fluorocarbon Viton. Wipers / scrapers are used to eliminate contaminants
such as moisture, dirt, and dust, which can cause extensive damage to
cylinder walls, rods, seals and other components. The common compound for
wipers is polyurethane. Metallic scrapers are used for sub zero temperature
applications, and applications where foreign materials can deposit on the rod.

The bearing elements / wear bands are used to eliminate metal to metal
contact. The wear bands are designed as per the side load requirements. The
primary compounds for wear bands are filled PTFE, woven fabric reinforced
polyester resin and bronze.
Piston

The main function of the piston is to separate the pressure zones inside the barrel.
The piston is machined with grooves to fit elastomeric or metal seals and bearing
elements. These seals can be single acting or double acting.
The difference in pressure between the two sides of the piston causes the cylinder
to extend and retract. The piston is attached with the piston rod by means of
threads, bolts, or nuts to transfer the linear motion.

Piston Rod
The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled steel which
attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-end head. In
double rod-end cylinders, the actuator has a rod extending from both sides of the
piston and out both ends of the barrel.
The piston rod connects the hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing
the work. This connection can be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting
attachment.
 conclusion
And
bibliography
- The idea of this project is taken from the application of hydraulic
fluid.

- The property of hydraulic fluid is taken into consideration from

the working of master cyclinders used in hydraulic brakes.

- Hydraulic crane, hydraulic jake, are the various application of

hydraulic fluids.

- The success of this project would give the the following benefits

1. Three times more power than ordinary cycle

2. Non- combusitible fluid is used
3. Effective for students,employees,workers.
4. Reliable .
5. Bicycle useful for long journey.

- This Bicycle would be an efficient and eco-friendly mode of

transportation. They need no fuel, emit no pollution, and are
reasonably fast.

References and bibliography :

- Theory and Applications of Fluid Mechanics

K Subramanya , - Tata- McGraw Hill Publishing Co, 1993, New
Delhi.
- Fluid Mechanics by Dr. D.S. Kumar

- Hydraulic Fluid mechanics & Fluid Machines

S.Ramamurthan

Sites viewed for this project :

- http://www.gridindia.net
- http://youtu.be/KMxA9FNI7qw .
- wikipidea