To Find The Strength of Concrete Block Using Waste Material Project Report

TO FIND THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BLOCK USING WASTE MATERIALS
TO FIND THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BLOCK USING

WASTE MATERIALS
A PROJECT REPORT
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
INDERJIT SINGH 1610495
GURJIT SINGH 1610491
GURDEEP SINGH 1610490
NISHA DEVI 1610503
MANISHA KUMARI 1610499
SHIVAM PANDOH 1610508
AMIT SARROWA 1610483
ROHIT KUMAR 1610807
AMIT SINGH 1610484
1
DECLARATION OF THE CANDIDATE

I hereby certified that this , on “TO FIND THE STRENGTH OF MASONRY BLOCK USING
WASTE MATERIAL”, is presented in partial fulfillment for the award of degree B-Tech.(civil
engineering) at Rayat Bahra Institute Of Engineering And Nano Technology ,Hoshiarpur. This
report is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from 23-july-2019 to
15-november-2019 under the super vision of “Er.Ankur Lath”. The matter presented in this
report has not submitted by me in my other University/Institute for the award of B-Tech Degree.
Signature of the student
Sr.No. Name of Students Roll No. Signature

1 Inderjit singh 1610495
2 Amit singh 1610484
3 Gurdeep singh 1610490
4 Gurjit singh 1610491
5 Manisha 1610499
6 Nisha devi 1610503
7 Amit sarrowa 1610483
8 Shivam pandoh 1610508
9 Rohit kumar 1610507
Signature of Guide
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of great pleasure and privilege to me to express my heartfelt gratitude towards those
who have involved them and contributed towards my work. With an ineffable sense of profound
gratitude, we place on record my gratitude to my project work guide Er. Ankur Lath &
Er.Gurinder sidhu, civil engineering for this valuable guidance , keen interest, constructive
criticism and suggestions. I am indeed indebted to him for sparing his valuable time, pain talking
efforts, checking the manuscripts and profuse encouragement throughout the course of this work.
We are thankful to the other faculty members of Civil Engineering Department for their
cooperation and help provided to us during the course of my project work.
A special note of thanks for the unflinching support, tender love and care which our parents
bestowed upon us. We express thanks to all our classmates for their painstaking effort and
support in the preparation of this seminar work.
Last but not the least , I thank the almighty.
3
ABSTRACT
Bricks are a widely used construction and building material around the world Generally
conventional bricks are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing or from ordinary
Portland cement (OPC) concrete, and thus required huge energy and have large carbon footprint.
In many areas of the world, there is already a shortage of natural source material for production
of the conventional bricks. For environmental protection and sustainable development, extensive
research has been conducted on production of bricks from waste materials. This paper presents a
review of research on utilization of waste materials to produce bricks. A wide variety of waste
materials have been studied to produce bricks with different methods. The research can be
divided into three general categories based on the methods for producing bricks from waste
materials: firing and cementing. Although much research has been conducted, the commercial
production of bricks from waste materials is still very limited. The possible reasons are related to
the methods for producing bricks from waste materials, the potential contamination from the
waste materials used, absence of relevant standards, improper guidance, lack of awareness, and
the slow acceptance of waste materials-based bricks by industry and public. For wide production
and application of bricks from waste materials, further research and development is needed, not
only on the technical, economic and environmental aspects but also on standardization,
government policy and public education related to waste recycling and sustainable development.
Since the large demand has been placed on building material industry especially in the last
decade owing to the increasing population which causes a chronic shortage of building materials,
the civil engineers have been challenged to convert waste to useful building and construction
material. Recycling of such waste as raw material alternatives may contribute in the exhaustion
of the natural resources; the conservation of non renewable resources; improvement of the
population health and security preoccupation with environmental matters and reduction in waste
disposal costs. In the review of utilization of those waste, this paper reviewed recycling various
waste material in bricks production. The effects of those wastes on the bricks properties as
physical, mechanical properties will be reviewed and recommendations for future research as out
comings of this review will be given. This reviewed approach on bricks making from waste is
useful to provide potential and sustainable solution.
4
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR. CHAPTER/ TOPIC PAGE
NO. HEADING NO. NUMBER
1 0 ORGANISATION OF PROJECT
WORK 8
2 1 INTRODUCTION 09-16
3 1.1 General 10-11
4 1.2 Overview of masonry bricks using waste 11
material
5 1.3 Methods follow 12
6 1.4 Different types of waste material 13-16
7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 17-21
8 2.1 General 18
9 2.2 Literature survey 18-21
10 2.3 Literature summery 21
11 3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 22-35
12 3.1 Lab requirements 23-24
13 3.1.1 Sieves 23
14 3.1.2 Moulds 24
15 3.1.3 Measuring cylinders 24
16 3.2 INSTRUMENT USED 25-26
17 3.2.1 Compression testing machine 25-26
18 3.2.2 Weighing machine 26
19 3.3 GENERAL 27
20 3.4 MATERIAL USED 27-28
21 3.4.1 Cement 27
22 3.4.2 Fine aggregates 27-28
23 3.4.3 Water 28
24 3.5 EXPERIMENT PERFORMED 29-35
25 3.5.1 Test on cement 29-30
26 3.5.2 To determine specific gravity 31-32
27 3.5.3 Test on fine aggregate 33-36
28 3.5.4 Compressive strength of concrete cube 36
29 4 RESULTS 36-40
30 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 41-44
31 5.1 Conclusion 42-43
32 5.2 Future scope 43-44
33 6 REFERENCES 45-47
5
LIST OF FIGURES
SR. FIGURE DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE PAGE
NO. NUMBER
1 1.4.1 Manufacturing of expanded polystyrene 13
2 1.5 Comparison of tyre ash and cement chemical 16
properties
3 3.5.1 Reading of consistency test 30
4 3.5.3 Reading of specific gravity of fine aggregates 35
5 4.1 Results of compressive strength after 7 to 28 days 37
shown as bar chart
6 4.2 Results of compressive strength after 7 to 28 days 37
shown as line chart
7 4.3 Comparison of compressive strength of EPS block 38
6
and burned brick

8 4.4 Comparison of compressive strength of tyre ash and 39
burned brick
9 4.5 Compressive strength at different percentage of tyre 40
ash
10 4.6 Compressive strength at different percentage of 40
EPS
 ORGANISATION OF PROJECT REPORT
CHAPTER-1: (INTRODUCTION) In the introduction there is all the history of project and
about the project and in this there is detail about conventional bricks,which we want to replace
with our advance blocks .
CHAPTER-2: ( LITERATURE REVIEW) In the literature review there is information and case
Study of uses of our project in any place and their information that how much these blocks are
Stable and good or not for the construction works.
CHAPTER-3: (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY) In the experimental study ,we have studied all the
7
Properties of materials used in our project work.Those materials whose properties we can’t
Check experimentaly,we have studied about them from previous research papers.
The main concern of experimental study is to check the properties of material used in project.
CHAPTER-4: (RESULT) In this all the results and reading of the experiments are to noted.
All the graph of comparison of standard A –class brick with our EPS concrete blocks and
Tyre ash blocks is ploted in this chapter.
CHAPTER-5: (CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE) In this chapter we conclude our
Project that our EPS and tyre ash blocks are much better then standard A-class brick in every
prespective .In this chapter we also tells about the future scope of our project.
CHAPTER-6: (REFERENCE)
In the reference we write the name of professors form whome we refered our project.
CHAPTER 1
8
INTRODUCTION
9
1.1 GENERAL
Bricks have been a major construction and building material for a long time. The dried-clay
bricks were used for the first time in 8000 BC and the fired-clay bricks were used as early as
4500 BC. The worldwide annual production of bricks is currently about 1391 billion units and
the demand for bricks is expected to be continuously rising. Conventional bricks are produced
from clay with high temperature kiln firing or from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete.
Quarrying operations for obtaining the clay are energy intensive, adversely affect the landscape,
and generate high level of wastes. The high temperature kiln firing not only consumes significant
amount of energy, but releases large quantity of greenhouse gases. Clay bricks, on average, have
an embodied energy of approximately 2.0 kWh and release about 0.41 kg of carbon dioxide
(CO2) per brick. It is also noted that there is a shortage of clay in many parts of the world. To
protect the clay resource and the environment, some countries such as China have started to limit
the use of bricks made from clay. The OPC concrete bricks are produced from OPC and
aggregates. It is well known that the production of OPC is highly energy intensive and releases
significant amount of greenhouse gases. Production of 1 kg of OPC consumes approximately 1.5
kWh of energy and releases about 1 kg of CO2 to the atmosphere. Worldwide, production of
OPC is responsible for about 7% of all CO2 generated. So the production of OPC concrete bricks
also consumes large amount of energy and releases substantial quantity of CO2. In addition, the
aggregates are produced from quarrying and thus have the same problems as described above for
clay. For environmental protection and sustainable development, many researchers have studied
the utilization of waste materials to produce bricks . A wide variety of waste materials have been
studied, including fly ash, mine tailings, slags, construction and demolition waste, wood sawdust,
cotton waste, limestone powder, paper production residue, petroleum effluent treatment plant
sludge, Kraft pulp production residue, cigarette butts, waste tea, rice husk ash, crumb rubber, and
cement kiln dust. Different methods have been used to produce bricks from waste materials. This
paper presents a review of the research on utilization of different types of waste materials to
produce bricks. The increase in the popularity of using environmental friendly, low cost and
lightweight construction materials in building industry has brought about the need to investigate
how this can be achieved by benefiting the environment as well as maintaining the material
requirements affirmed in the standard. Recycling of waste generated from industrial and
agricultural activities as building materials appears to be viable solution not only to such
10
pollution problem but also to the problem of economic design of buildings .Brick belongs to the
wide family of construction materials since it is mainly used for the construction of outer and
inner walls in buildings. The brick industry is the most indicated technological activity sector to
absorb solid waste due to the large quantity of raw material used by the sector as well as by the
large volume of final products in construction .Various attempts were made to incorporate
various waste material in bricks production such as natural fibers, textile laundry wastewater
sludge, foundry sand, granite sawing waste, perlite, processed waste tea, sewage sludge,
structural glass waste, PC and TV waste, fly ash, sugar cane baggase ash, organic residue, steel
dust, bottom ash, rice husk ash, silica fume, marble and granite waste, municipal solid
incineration fly ash slag. This review highlights the effects of various waste material on the
bricks property like physical and mechanical properties as well as thermal insulation.
1.2 OVERVIEW OF MASONRY BLOCKS USING WASTE MATERIALS
Bricks are a widely used construction and building material around the world. Conventional
bricks are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing or from ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) concrete, and thus contain high embodied energy and have large carbon footprint.
In many areas of the world, there is already a shortage of natural source material for production
of the conventional bricks. For environmental protection and sustainable development, extensive
research has been conducted on production of bricks from waste materials. This paper presents a
state-of-the-art review of research on utilization of waste materials to produce bricks. A wide
variety of waste materials have been studied to produce bricks with different methods. The
research can be divided into three general categories based on the methods for producing bricks
from waste materials: firing, cementing and geopolymerization. Although much research has
been conducted, the commercial production of bricks from waste materials is still very limited.
The possible reasons are related to the methods for producing bricks from waste materials, the
potential contamination from the waste materials used, the absence of relevant standards, and the
slow acceptance of waste materials-based bricks by industry and public. For wide production and
application of bricks from waste materials, further research and development is needed, not only
on the technical, economic and environmental aspects but also on standardization, government
policy and public education related to waste recycling and sustainable development.
11
1.3 METHODS FOLLOW:
I. Literature
II. Material testing
III. Mix design
IV. Quantity estimation
V. Specimen casting
VI. Curing and testing
VII. Result analysis
VIII. Conclusion
A. Materials and mix proportions

The materials used in this study were ordinary Portland cement conforming to BS12:
1991, river sand with a fineness modulus of 2.85, crushed granite with a maximum size
of 10 mm, available spherical EPS beads. The M20 grade of concrete mix was used in
this study.
B. Mixing
Concrete was mixed in a planetary mixer. A technique similar to ‘sand-wrapping’ was
applied on the EPS beads. EPS beads were wetted initially with 30% of the mixing water
and then the remaining materials are added. Mixing was continued until a uniform and
flowing mixture was obtained. The fresh concrete was then poured into prepared molds
of required dimensions in layers and compacted by compacting rod.
C. Casting and Curing
A number of test specimens, having the dimensions of length304.8mm,breadth-
152.4mm,depth-203.2mm for compressive and tensile strengths tests, The specimens
were demoulded after 24 hrs and stored in water. The blocks were kept in water for 28
days.
12
1.4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MATERIALS
Different types of waste materials are available in daily life some of them are Plastic, Expanded
polystyrene ,Sawdust ,Tyre ash, Fly ash etc.
We use some of them are as
1.Expanded polystyrene
2.Tyre ash
1. EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a rigid cellular plastic, which is found in a multitude of shapes
and applications. It is used for fish boxes, packaging for electrical consumer goods and for
insulation panels for building. These are the most commonly known uses and we will mention
others in this document. XPS (extruded polystyrene) is also plastic foam based on polystyrene
that is formed by adding gas during extrusion not by expanding beads containing gas; which is
how EPS is formed. A well-known use of XPS is the vac-formed polystyrene trays used for
small portions of food that we see in the supermarket. The extruded polystyrene foam is a fine
laminate that is only 2-3 mm thick
13
Expanded polystyrene is made from expandable polystyrene, which is a rigid cellular plastic
containing an expansion agent. EPS is obtained from oil as can be seen from the diagram
Application as a construction material

EPS is used in many aspects of building work including large structures such as roads, bridges,
railway lines, public buildings or even small family residences. The characteristics of EPS make
it ideal for use as a lightweight filler, insulation, as an element for decorating or imaginative
touches, as a lightweight filling material in roads, to facilitate land drainage and so on. We could
visit any construction or building site and find products made from EPS carrying out diverse and
important functions.
The following properties are important for these applications.
 Low thermal conductivity:- Due to its closed air-filled cell structure that inhibits the
passage of heat or cold, a high capacity for thermal insulation is achieved.
 Low weight:- Densities of between 10 and 35kg/m2 allow light and safe construction
works.
14
 Mechanical Resistance:- EPS has excellent mechanical properties making it good choice
for load-bearing roof insulation, sub-pavement flooring, road-building, as loadbearing
insulation, and so on.
 Low water absorption:- EPS does not absorb moisture and its thermal and mechanical
properties are unaffected by damp, humidity or moisture.
 Ease of handling and installation:- The material can be handled in the usual way. You
are guaranteed a perfect finish. The low weight of EPS makes it easy to handle and to
transport to site.
 Chemical resistance:- EPS is completely compatible with other materials used in
construction including cements, plasters, salt, fresh water and so on.
 Versatility:- EPS can be cut into the shape or size required by the construction project.
 Ageing resistance:- All of the properties listed above are retained over the whole of the
material’s life and will last as long as the building itself. EPS is not altered by external
agents such as fungi or parasites as they find no nutritional value in the material.
2. TYRE ASH
The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental
problem. Recycling waste tires has been widely studied for the last 20 years in applications
such as asphalt pavement, waterproofing systems and membrane liners. The aim of this study is
15
to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing fly ash and rubber waste with Portland cement as a
composite material for masonry applications. Class C fly ash and waste automobile tires in
three different sizes were used with Portland cement. Compressive and flexural strength, dry
unit weight and water absorption tests were performed on the composite specimens containing
waste tire rubber. The compressive strength decreased by increasing the rubber content while
increased by increasing the fly ash content for all curing periods. This trend is slightly
influenced by particle size. For flexural strength, the specimens with waste tire rubber showed
higher values than the control mix probably due to the effect of rubber fibers. The dry unit
weight of all specimens decreased with increasing rubber content, which can be explained by
the low specific gravity of rubber particles. Water absorption decreased slightly with the
increase in rubber particles size. These composite materials containing 10% Portland cement,
70% and 60% fly ash and 20% and 30% tire rubber particles have sufficient strength for
masonry applications.
TABLE 1.5: COMPARISON OF TYRE ASH AND CEMENT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical Analyis(%) Cement Tyre Ash
CaO 62.58 2.24

SiO2 20.25 57.2
Fe2O3 4.04 7.1
Al2O3 5.31 24.4
MgO 2.82 2.4
SO2 2.73 0.29
K2O 0.92 3.17
Na2O 0.22 0.38
Loss of ignition 2.96 1.52
Specific Gravity 3.15 2.07
Note:- While making block using tyre ash ,we have to fill the proportion of Lime(CaO)
and the content of lime is added in some proportion to make its binding property.
16
17
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
18
2.1 GENERAL
The increase in the popularity of using environmental friendly, low cost and lightweight
construction materials in building industry has brought about the need to investigate how this can
be achieved by benefiting the environment as well as maintaining the material requirements
affirmed in the standard. Recycling of waste generated from industrial and agricultural activities
as building materials appears to be viable solution not only to such pollution problem but also to
the problem of economic design of buildings (Perez JA et al, 1996). Brick belongs to the wide
family of construction materials since it is mainly used for the construction of outer and inner
walls in buildings. The brick industry is the most indicated technological activity sector to absorb
solid waste due to the large quantity of raw material used by the sector as well as by the large
volume of final products in construction (Andreola et. al, 2005) Various attempts were made to
incorporate various waste material in bricks production such as natural fibers, textile laundry
wastewater sludge, foundry sand, granite sawing waste, perlite, processed waste tea, sewage
sludge, structural glass waste, PC and TV waste, fly ash, sugar cane baggase ash, organic
residue, steel dust, bottom ash, rice husk ash, silica fume, marble and granite waste, municipal
solid incineration fly ash slag (Chee-Ming, 2011- Raut et al, 2011). This review highlights the
effects of various waste material on the bricks property like physical and mechanical properties
as well as thermal insulation.
2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
 (Chee Ming, 2011) examined the mechanical properties of clay brick made by adding
two natural fibers like oil palm fruit (OF), and pineapple eaves (PF) to clay-water mixture
with baked and non baked conditions. Compressive strength, water absorption and
efflorescence were performed according to British standard BS3921:1985, and Malaysian
Standards MS 76:1972. Results indicated that the compressive strength of the bricks were
fulfilled the minimum requirement of BS3921:1985 for compressive strength which is 5.2
19
MPa for conventional bricks. Efflorescence was only feasible for baked samples as the
non baked ones formed severe deterioration while testing. The prevailing benefit of the
fiber inclusion was more benefit for baked specimen where the strength get surpassed
that of non baked added only specimen.
 (Paki et al. 2012) investigated the potential use of crumb rubber–concrete combination
for producing a low cost and lightweight composite brick with improved thermal
resistance. The obtained compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength,
freezing–thawing resistance, unit weight and water absorption values satisfy with the
relevant international standards. The experimental observations reveal that high level
replacement of crumb rubber with conventional sand aggregate does not exhibit a sudden
brittle fracture even beyond the failure loads, indicates high energy absorption capacity,
reduces the unit weight dramatically and introduces smoother surface compared to the
current concrete bricks in the market. Thermal insulation performance is improved by
introducing various amount of crumb rubber into the ordinary cementitious mixes.
 (Hanifi et al., 2005) presented an earthquake-resistant material with high compressive
strength. He elaborated the compressive strength of fiber reinforced mud bricks made out
of clay, cement, basaltic pumice, lime and gypsum using plastic fiber, straw, polystyrene
fabric as fibrous ingredients, each at a time. It was demonstrated that the fiber reinforced
mud brick fulfill the compressive strength requirement of Turkish codes, whereby
reducing the weight and material handling cost for housing. Furthermore, it can store
more elastic energy compare to the other type of mud brick which renders it more
resistance to earthquake.
 (lker et al., 2007) had investigated the production of high heat conductivity resistance
bricks from perlite and clay with some binding materials such as cement, gypsum, lime,
bitumen and clay were used for manufacturing perlite brick. Samples were dried in 200°C
and then fired at 950°C. It was demonstrated that the compressive strength of bricks was
decrease, shrinkage and heat conductivity resistance were increased with the increase of
perlite dose. It was proved that perlite brick is good insulator according to bricks
standards and the best mixture content was determined as containing 30% of perlite.
 (Kae Long, 2006) investigated the addition of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
slag (MSWI) on fired clay bricks, bricks were fired at 1000°C. Results for leachates test
20
met the current thresholds. Results for the mechanical properties met the Chinese
National Standard (CNS) for building requirements for second-class brick. It was shown
that the increasing of MSWI decreased the water absorption and increased the
compressive strength of the sintered bricks.
 (Chin et al., 1998) developed a technology for reusing the paper sludge and co-
generation ashes generated by the paper industry in producing bricks, bricks were fired at
1000°C. The constructional bricks made from co-generation ashes and other raw material
had a water absorption rate lower than 15 %, and compressive strength greater than 150
kg/cm2, conformed to the relevant specifications and the bricks can be used as non load
bearing spacing construction material.
 (Quintilio et al., 2011) produced an earthen brick from straw fibers and coarse sand by
manual compaction. Mechanical properties had been investigated by a combined
experimental and theoretical approach. Results were discordant because of the lack of
more statistically relevant data.
 (Chiang et al., 2000) produced novel light weight bricks by sintering mixes of dried
water treatment plant sludge and agricultural waste with rice husk ash. Bricks containing
40 % by weight rice husk sintered at 1100ºC produced low bulk density and relatively
high strength that were compliant with relevant Taiwan standards for use as lightweight
bricks in future green building. Results for toxic characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) concentration indicated that TCLP concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb in
the sintered products were lower than regulation thresholds.
 (Kidsarin et al., 2001) developed a new approach in making bricks from 100 % lingnite
fly ash. The fly ash bricks developed in this study showed superior mechanical strength
especially compressive strength compared with red-fired clay brick, facing bricks and
other types of fly ash bricks.
 (Badr et al., 2012) investigated the complete substitution of clay brick by sludge mixed
with rice husk ash (RHA) and silica fume (SF). Bricks were fired at 1000°C. Bricks
contained 25% SF and 50% sludge showed superior mechanical properties as compared
with conventional bricks and with those available in the Egyptian code.
 (Yin sung, 2003) produced bricks from reservoir harbor sediment mixed with fly ash.
The mixed materials were pressed by 15000psi.
21
 (Raut et al., 2011) did a review study in developing bricks from various industrial and
agricultural waste material like paper processed residues, cigarettes buts, fly ash- lime
gypsum, cotton waste, limestone powder waste, textile effluent treatment plant, Organic
residue, kraft pulp residue, petroleum effluent treatment plant sludge and recycled sludge
welding flux. Water absorption and compressive strength of bricks developed from those
waste were reviewed. It was concluded that the bricks developed from paper processing
residues and waste paper pulp showed the highest compressive strength greater than 12
times from the minimum recommended by Indian Standard IS1007:1992.
3.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY

The various wastes that are currently recycled in bricks manufacturing have been
reviewed. The effects of those wastes on the bricks properties are reviewed .Enhance
performance in terms of making more environmental and an economical brick neither
consumes energy resources nor emits pollutant gases gives an economical option to
design the green building. Certain bricks are produced without firing which is an
advantage over other manufacturing of bricks in term of low embodied energy material.
The study in turn is useful for various resource persons involved in using industrial or
agricultural waste material to develop sustainable construction material.
22
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
23
3.1 LAB REQUIREMENTS:
3.1.1 SIEVES
Figure 1 shows sieves, which helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and
fine aggregates. This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this we
use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass aggregates through them and
thus collect different sized particles left over different sieves.
There are three type of sieves used in this experimental study:
(a) 2.36mm sieve
(b) 1.18 mm sieve
(c) 4.75 mm sieve
Figure 1: Set of sieves
24
3.1.2 MOULDS
AIMIL Moulds as shown in Figure 2, are made of high quality metal, strong enough to resist
distortion & retain their shape and size even under rugged conditions. We offer moulds of
different sizes for cube, beam & cylindrical moulding required for compressive strength testing,
Figure 2: Moulds used for casting
3.1.3 MEASURING CYLINDER
A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory

equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each
marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured.
Figure 3:-Measuring cylinder
25
3.2 INSTRUMENT USED:
3.2.1 COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE:
AIMIL Series Compression Testing Machines are the finest of their types available. Their rugged
construction and extreme simplicity makes it possible for even non- technical personnel to
operate them with ease and complete dependability. In particular, the portable units, which are
small in dimensions, sturdy and light in weight, make quality control testing possible in areas
where commercial testing facilities are not available and where the transportation of larger and
much heavier machines would be difficult. AIMIL Compression Testing Machines conform to
IS:14858(2000) and calibrated with an accuracy of ± 1% as per the requirement of 1828(Class1).
It can also be supplied as per BS: 1881 and other associated International Standards. These
machines are available in 50kN, 100kN, 500kN, 1000kN, 2000kN, 3000kN & 5000kN
Capacities.
Figure 4: Compression testing machine
26
Salient Features of Compression Testing Machines as shown in Figure 4 are:
 High stability.
 Self-aligning platen assembly.
 Load Gauges are calibrated in kN against certified Proving Rings, traceable to NPL/
NCCBM.
 Suitable for testing cubes and cylinders of various sizes.
 Using special platens, bricks can also be tested.
 Logged data printing facility through a parallel port interface available in digital and
micro controller aced versions.
 Calibration process accredited by NABL (National Accreditation Board for
Laboratories).
 Machines with CE mark also available, on special request.
3.2.2 WEIGHING MACHINE:
Figure 5:-Weighing machine
27
3.3 GENERAL
The material used has to be check first so that its properties does not effect the strength of the
blocks.So, we have to check some properties of all the materials like, we are using mainly
cement and fine aggregates in our project. So, we have to check the specific gravity of both fine
aggregates and cement.
So ,There are some experiments which we have to perform to check the properties of our
materials.
3.4 MATERIAL USED
Following material were used in the manufacturing of concrete mix.
I. Cement
II. Aggregate
III. Water
IV. Expanded polystyrene
V. Tire ash
3.4.1 Cement: Selection of the type of cement will depend on the overall requirements for the
Masonry blocks, such as strength, durability etc., C3A content higher than 10% may cause
problems of poor workability retention.
The typical content of cement is 350-450 kg/m3 more than 500kg/m3 may only be suitable with
the inclusion of other fine filler, such as fly ash, pozzolona etc.
3.4.2 Aggregate: Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to
concrete reduce the shrinkage and effect economy. The major fact the concrete occupy 70-80%
28
off the volume of the concrete, their impact on various characteristics and properties of the
concrete is undoubtedly considerable.
Fine Aggregate: it is the aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS sieve and contains only so
much coarser as is permitted by specification. According to source fine aggregate may be
described as:
i. Natural Sand- it is the aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and
which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
ii. Crushed Stone Sand: it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
iii. Crushed Gravel Sand: it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.
According to size the fine aggregate may be described as coarse sand, medium sand and fine
sand. IS specifications classify the fine aggregates into four types according to its grading as fine
aggregate of grading Zone-1 to grading Zone-4.
3.4.3 Water:-
Water is an essential ingredient in making concrete. It has as much importance as cement and
aggregate does. But the water that has to be used for the purpose of making concrete must have
certain properties. Some of them are:
 Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean.

 It should be free from injurious amounts of Oils, Acids, Alkalis, Salts, Sugar.
 Mixing and curing with sea water shall not be permitted.
 Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete.
 It should be free from any kind of organic materials.
 The pH value shall not be less than 6.
 The water used for concrete mixing shall be at room temperature, not so hot or so cold.
The water to cement ratio, or w/c ratio, largely determines the strength and durability of the
concrete when it is cured properly.
29
3.5 EXPERIMENT PERFORMED
3.5.1 TEST ON CEMENT
AIM: Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste.
THEORY:The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit the vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould.
CODE USED : IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988
APPARATUS: Vicat Apparatus Conforming to IS: 5513-1976. Balance of capacity 1Kg and
sensitivity to 1gram. Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982.
PROCEDURE:
 Unless otherwise specified this test shall be conducted at a temperature 27 + 20C
and the relative humidity of laboratory should be 65 + 5%.
 Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (300gms) with weighed quantity of
potable or distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than
3minutes nor more than 5minutes and the gauging is completed before any sign of
setting occurs.
 The gauging is counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould.
 Fill the vicat mould with this paste resting upon a non-porous plate.
 Smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould.
 Slightly shake the mould to expel the air.
 In filling the mould operators hands and the blade of the gauging trowel shall
only be used.
 Immediately place the test block with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod
bearing the plunger. Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test
block and quickly release, allowing it sink into the paste.
 Record the depth of penetration.
30
 Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above
until the plunger is 5mm to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould
Figure 6:Vicat Apparatus
CALCULATIONS:
Wt. of tray = 435gm
Wt. of cylinder = 120gm
Wt. of cement taken = 400gm
OBSERVATION TABLE 3.5.1:
S.No Quantity of Quantity of %age of water Penitration

Cement water By cement
1 400 100 25% 13mm
2 400 108 27% 12mm
3 400 116 29% 10mm
4 400 124 31% 5mm
RESULT: The consistency of cement obtained is 31%.
31
PRECAUTIONS: Care shall be taken to maintain the specified temperature, humidity and the
time of mixing so as to avoid setting of cement paste.
3.5.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
AIM:
To determine specific gravity of cement value.
APPARATUS:
 Le Chaterliers flask.
 Weighing balance and kerosene (free from water).
 Le Chaterliers flask is made of thin glass having a bulb at the bottom. The capacity of the
bulb is nearly 250 ml. The bulb is 7.8 cm in mean diameter. The stem is graduated in
millimeters. The zero graduation is at a distance of 8.8 cm from the top of the bulb. At 2
cm from the zero, there is another bulb is of length 3.5 cm and capacity 17 ml. At 1 cm
from bulb, the stem is marked with 18 ml and is grated up to 24 ml. The portion above 24
ml mark is in the form of a funnel of diameter 5 cm.
Figure 7 :Specific gravity bottle
PROCEDURE:
32
The specific gravity test procedure contains only four steps. Followings are the four steps
to be followed to perform specific gravity test of cement:
1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the empty
flask. Which is W1.
2. Next, fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask around 50gm and weigh with its
stopper. And it is W2.
3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air bubbles in
it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene. And it is W3.
4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask for counting
W4.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
W1=33gm
W2=93gm
W3=107gm
W4=73gm
Formula used:
33
Sg = 3.17
34
3.5.3 TEST OF FINE AGGREGATES
AIM:
Determine the specific gravity of fine aggregates
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Soil Sample
 Weighing Balance
 Pyconometer With Stirrer
THEORY:
1. A balance of capacity not less than 3kg ,readable and accurate to 0.5 gm and of such a type as
to permit the weighing of the vessel containing the aggregate and water .
2. A well ventilated oven to maintain a temperature of 100oC to 110oC
itsApex. The screw top shall be watertight .
4. A means supplying a current warm air .
5. A tray of area not less than 32cm2.
6. An airtight container large enough to take the sample.
7. Filter papers and funnel.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take about 500g of sample and place it in the pycnometer.
2. Pour distilled water into it until it is full.
3. Eliminate the entrapped air by rotating the pycnometer on its side ,the hole in the apex of the
cone being covered with a finger.
35
4. Wipe out the outer surface of pycnometer and weigh it (W)
5. Transfer the contents of the pycnometer into a tray , care being taken to ensure that all the
aggregate is transferred .
6. Refill the pycnometer with distilled water to the same level .
7. Find out the weight (W1)
8. Drain water from the sample through a filter paper .
9. Place the sample in oven in a tray at a temperature of 100oC to 110o C for 24±0.5 hours
,during
which period ,it is stirred occasionally to facilitate drying .
10. Cool the sample and weigh it (W2)
Figure 8:Pycnometer jar
36
OBSERVATION TABLE 3.5.3:
S.No DETAILS READINGS

(gm)
1 Wt. of saturated and surface dry sample 980
2 Wt. of Pycnometer + Sample + water 1675
3 Wt. of pycnometer + Water 1445
4 Wt. of oven dried sample 610
Specific gravity = 2.64
Water absorption = 1.28%
3.5.4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON CONCRETE CUBES
Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Compression Testing Machine

 Concrete cubes specimens
37
CHAPTER-4
RESULTS
38
4.1 RESULT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 7,14,21 AND28 DAYS

12
10
Compressive strength
0
After 7-days After 14-days After 21-days After 28-days
Graph 1
4.2 RESULT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER 7,14,21AND 28 DAYS

12
10
8
Mortar block
6
EPS Concrete block
4 Tyre ash blocK
Time
Graph 2
39
4.3 COMPARISION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF EPS AND BURNED BRICK
12
10
Graph 3
THE UNITS OF COMPRSSIVE STRENGTH IS N/mm2
The compressive strength of our EPS concrete Block is 11.4 N/MM2 and by comparing it with a
general brick used in construction whose strength is 7 N/mm2.
40
4.4 COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BURNED BRICK

AND TYRE ASH BLOCK
12
10
8
Graph 4
THE UNITS OF COMPRSSIVE STRENGTH IS N/mm2.
The compressive strength of our Tyre ash concrete Block is 10.8 N/mm2 and by comparing it
with a general brick used in construction whose strength is 7 N/mm2.
41
4.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF TYRE

ASH
12
10
0
DAY 7 DAY 14 DAY 21 DAY 28
Graph 5
4.6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF EPS

12
10
0
DAY 7 DAY 14 DAY 21 DAY 28
Graph 6
42
CHAPTER-5
DISCUSSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE
5.1 CONCLUSION
43
1. Initial finding have shown that the lightweight concrete using EPS beads has a desirable
strength to be an alternative construction material for the construction of partition wall, foot path,
parapet wall, bed concrete.
2. The strength of light weight concrete using EPS beads are low for lower density mixture. This
resulted in increment of voids throughout the sample caused by the Air entraining admixture.
Thus the decrease in compressive strength of the concrete.
3. The increase in CSS and decrease in EPS beads causes increase in compressive strength and
density of concrete and wise versa.
4. The quantity of fly ash, cement and PCE is kept constant.
5. EPS bricks give good workability and could easily be compacted and finished.
6. The water absorption of EPS beads bricks are found to be less than fly ash brick, which is a
good sign, as bricks should posses less water absorption.
7. Initial finding have shown that the lightweight bricks using EPS beads has a desirable
strength to be an alternative construction material for the construction of wall.
8. The strength of light weight bricks using EPS beads are low for lower density mixture. This
resulted due to increase of beads throughout the sample caused by the Air entraining admixture.
G. Light weight bricks using EPS bead reduced the dead load of the building which gives better
stability in seismic situations. H. Also concluded that designed mix proportions are useful in
cladding panels and tilt up panels.
9. For EPS Conrete block
• As per previous analysis the compressive strength of A- class brick is 10.15 N/mm 2 , but by
using EPS concrete blocks the strength of our block is increases and it comes upto 11 N/mm2.
10.For Tyre ash block
44
• As per previous analysis the compressive strength of A- class brick is 10.15 N/mm 2 , but by
using Tyre ash blocks the strength of our block is increases and it comes upto 10.8 N/mm2.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE
A permanent shutter to hold the concrete in place, these expanded Polystyrene (EPS) blocks are
used widely in construction. They have no structural value, but is necessary for purchase and is
used as thermal insulation and a void filler when pouring concrete slabs. Light weight and easy
to install with great thermal properties these Decking Blocks are a necessity for the building
process. EPS blocks are a cost effective method of permanent shuttering and recyclable having
no negative impact on the environment. Below are seven more benefits of applying Polystyrene
(EPS) Decking Blocks.
 Better acoustic and thermal properties, thereby reducing energy consumption which in
turn saves money
 EPS is cost effective relative to concrete and cement blocks.
 Easier and quicker to handle and install requiring less propping. This also results in a
reduction of the amount of concrete used
 EPS blocks remain as permanent shuttering
 EPS is environmentally friendly and 100% recyclable. We also only use fire retardant
material that complies with building regulations.
 Due to the light weight structure of the EPS blocks, less concrete beams would be used as
would be the case in a normal insitu building.
 EPS blocks are resistant to vibration, aging and rot and are CFC and HCFC free. As such
there are no Ozone depleting elements in EPS.
Tyre ash block is better option which reduce the use of natural minerals in the manufacturing
45
Of the concrete block. These blocks can be used for non-load bearing walls in multistory
Buildings. For the construction of concrete blocks there is need of aggregates and other
Important minerals which are reducing day by day.
If we compare our blocks with the conventional burned bricks , then our block is much better as
Compare to conventional bricks .Our blocks is much lighter then the brick and can be used as
Earthquake resistant buildings .The compressive strength of our block is also better then
conventional bricks.
46
CHAPTER-6
REFERENCE
47
1) Frydenlund T. E , Aabøe R. Expanded Polystyrene The Light Solution. International

symposium on EPS construction method. Tokyo 1996.
2) Aabøe, R. Deform as jonsegenskaper og spennings for hold i fyllinger av EPS (Deformation

characteristics and stress conditions in fills of EPS) Internrapport 1645. Public Road adm. 1993.
3) Skuggedal H, Aabøe R. Temporary overpass bridge founded on expanded polystyrene.

Proceedings XECSMFE, Florence May 1991, Volume 2.
4) Magnan & Serratrice, Propriete mechanique du polystyrene expanse pour ses application en
remblais routier. Bulletin lCPC , France, 1989.
5) Tor Erik Frydenlund & Roald Aabøe, Long term performance and durability of EPS as a
lightweight filling material. SLC 2001.
6) Modern Plastics Encyclopedia Handbook (1994), McGraw-Hill, Inc., p 58.
7) Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Noor Amira Sarani, “An Overview of Wastes Recycling in Fired Clay
Bricks” International Journal of Integrated Engineering, Vol. 4 No. 2 (2012) p. 53-69
8) Amit Gawande, G. Zamare., V.C Renge., Saurabh Tayde, G. Bharsakale.. (2012) “An
overview on waste plastic utilization in asphalting of roads”, Journal of Engineering Research
And Studies (JERS), Vol.III, Issue II, pp 01-05
9) Ganesh Tapkire, Satish Parihar, Pramod Patil, Hemraj R Kumavat, “Recycled Plastic used in
Concrete Paver Block” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eissn:
2319-1163, Vol: 03 special issue: 09, NCETCE-2014.
10) P K Jain, Shanta Kumar & J B Sengupta, “Mitigation of rutting in bituminous roads by use
of waste polymeric packaging materials” Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences
Vol. 18, June 2011, pp. 233-238
11) V.Kasselouri-Rigopoulou, S. Gavela, S. Kolias“Use Of Polymeric Wastes in The Concrete

Production” Polymers in concrete: a vision for the 21st century, Cement & Concrete Composites
21: (1999) 449-452.
48
12)L.R Schroeder, “The Use of Recycled Materials in Highway construction”, Public Roads, Vol
58,Issue 2, 1994.
13)madan mohan reddy ,k,ajitha .B and bhavani.R(2012) “Melt- Densified Post-Consumer

Recycled Plastic Bags Used as Light Weight Aggregate in Concrete”, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 2, Issue, pp.1097-1101.
14)Dr.prahallada M.C and Dr.prakash K.B “strength and workability characteristics of waste
plastic fibre reinforced concrete produced from recycled aggregates”international journal of
engineering research and applications(IJERA) ISSN:2248-962
49

To Find The Strength of Concrete Block Using Waste Material Project Report

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TO FIND THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BLOCK USING WASTE MATERIALS

TO FIND THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BLOCK USING

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

GURJIT SINGH 1610491

GURDEEP SINGH 1610490

NISHA DEVI 1610503

MANISHA KUMARI 1610499

SHIVAM PANDOH 1610508

AMIT SARROWA 1610483

ROHIT KUMAR 1610807

AMIT SINGH 1610484

DECLARATION OF THE CANDIDATE

Signature of the student

Sr.No. Name of Students Roll No. Signature

Last but not the least , I thank the almighty.

and burned brick

 ORGANISATION OF PROJECT REPORT

with our advance blocks .

Stable and good or not for the construction works.

Tyre ash blocks is ploted in this chapter.

CHAPTER-5: (CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE) In this chapter we conclude our

1.2 OVERVIEW OF MASONRY BLOCKS USING WASTE MATERIALS

1.3 METHODS FOLLOW:

A. Materials and mix proportions

1.4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE MATERIALS

We use some of them are as

Application as a construction material

The following properties are important for these applications.

TABLE 1.5: COMPARISON OF TYRE ASH AND CEMENT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Chemical Analyis(%) Cement Tyre Ash

CaO 62.58 2.24

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY

3.1 LAB REQUIREMENTS:

thus collect different sized particles left over different sieves.

There are three type of sieves used in this experimental study:

(a) 2.36mm sieve

(b) 1.18 mm sieve

(c) 4.75 mm sieve

Figure 1: Set of sieves

Figure 2: Moulds used for casting

3.1.3 MEASURING CYLINDER

A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory

Figure 3:-Measuring cylinder

3.2 INSTRUMENT USED:

3.2.1 COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE:

IS:14858(2000) and calibrated with an accuracy of ± 1% as per the requirement of 1828(Class1).

Figure 4: Compression testing machine

Salient Features of Compression Testing Machines as shown in Figure 4 are:

3.2.2 WEIGHING MACHINE:

Figure 5:-Weighing machine

3.4 MATERIAL USED

Following material were used in the manufacturing of concrete mix.

 Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean.

3.5 EXPERIMENT PERFORMED

3.5.1 TEST ON CEMENT

AIM: Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste.

CODE USED : IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988

sensitivity to 1gram. Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982.

Figure 6:Vicat Apparatus

Wt. of tray = 435gm

Wt. of cylinder = 120gm