Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Species
Vitis vinifera : Cultivation grapes
Vitis labrusca : Fox grapes
V. rupestris : Sand grapes
V. aestivalis : Summer grapes
V. riparia : Forest grapes
V. berlendieri : Spanish grapes
V. monticola : Sweet mountain grapes
Beongs to family Vitaceae.
Genus vitis has 2 subgenera Muscadinia and Euvitis
Climate
Temperature is the major factor which influence composition and quality of grapes.
Do best under long, hot, dry and rainless summer with sufficient sunshine followed by
winter cold enough to produce dormancy in vines.
Specific heat units are required for ripening of particular variety. Early varieties needs
1600 heat units and late varieties needs 3500 heat units.
Dry weather is required at flowering, fruit development and ripening for quality grapes.
Low temp. during winter helps in leaf fall to enter in dormancy.
Late frost during spring cause damage to sprouting buds.
Heavy and early rains are not good for late ripening variety which cause cracking of
berries and spoilage of crop.
Moist weather favours fungal diseases.
Soil
Grapevine has strong root system. Therefore most of the soil types are ideal for its
cultivation.
Best soils for grapes are sandy loam, well drained and fairly fertile with good amount of
organic matter.
Avoid heavy clay, very shallow and poorly drained soils.
It tolerate to salinity and alkalinity better than other fruit crops.
Avoid soil having high salt concentration. Upper limit of salt tolerance is 0.3%.
Thompson Seedless is tolerant to salinity but Perlette is susceptible.
Recommended Varieties
Perlette
Evolved at University of California by Dr HP Olmo during 1936.
It is hybrid of Scolokertek Hiralynoje 26 x Sultanina Marble.
Released in Punjab during 1964.
Bunches are medium to large, conical, compact and attractive.
Berries are whitish green.
Ripens during 2nd and 3rd week of June.
TSS 16-18%, acidity 0-5-0.7% and Juice recovery is 70%.
Average yield is 35 tonnes/ha or 25 kg/vine.
Good table variety. Wine can be prepared.
Compactness and shot berries are the drawbacks.
Thompson Seedless
Bunches medium to large, long conical to cylindrical well filled to compact.
Berries yellowish green to golden yellow. Seedless variety.
Ripens during 2nd and 3rd week of June.
TSS 18-22%, acidity 0.5-0.6%, juice recovery in 70-75%.
Multipurpose variety being table, wine and raisin making variety.
Average yield is 25 kg/vine.
Flame Seedless
Introduced from California.
Bunches medium in size with small, bright red, crisp seedless berries.
Ripens during 3rd week of June.
Juice light yellow in colour.
TSS 18%, acidity 0.7%.
Excellent table variety.
Average yield is 27 kg/vine.
Beauty Seedless
Perform well under south-western districts of Punjab.
Bunch is medium and well filled.
Berry seedless, medium, bluish black.
TSS 16-18%, keeping quality poor.
Ripens in first week of June.
Average yield is 25 kg per vine.
Planting
Generally, grapevines are planted as per square system.
Vines are generally trained on head system, Y-trellis and wire trellis.
Head system 2x1.5 m = 3300 vines/ha
Kniffin system 3x3 m = 1100 vines/ha
Y-trellis 3x3 m = 1100 vines/ha
Bower system 3x3 m = 1100 vines/ha
Or 3x6 m = 550 vines/ha
Planting of vines under North Indian conditions is done from mid-January to mid
February when the vines are still dormant and before start sprouting.
Irrigation management
One irrigation : After pruning in the Ist fortnight of February.
One irrigation : Ist week of March.
At 10 days interval : After fruit set in April till Ist week of May
At 7 days interval : Rest of May
At 3-4 days interval : During June
Only irrigation is given : July to October
during dry spell.
One irrigation : November to January if soil is extremely dry.
Training of Vines
Methods of Support
Vines cannot be grown satisfactorily without some form of support to obtain a well
formed vine with a strong straight trunk quickly and economically.
i) Bower
Expensive system of support but suitable for all grape varieties.
Best suited in warmer climate where the vine grow vigorously.
Provides good protection against hot desiccating winds.
Bunches hang from the vines under the extensive vine spread and are saved from damage
by birds and sun scorch.
Capable of giving high yield.
Cost of establishment ranges between Rs. 1.5-2.0 lakh/ha.
Height of bower is kept 2.1-2.5 m above ground level.
It has criss cross network of wires i.e. 30-45 cm apart.
Structure of wire is supported by pillars of concrete or stone or iron.
For root, strong angle iron (6.4x6.4x0.64 cm section / or steel rope of 10 mm dia are used.
Wires for net should be of 8-10 gauge.
Each pillar is supported with a deadman fixed 100-150 cm deep in ground.
Peripheral poles are kept inclined at 75o angle.
End poles are stretched with ropes of 3 wires of 8 mm diameter.
ii) Trellis
Kniffin system
Two or three wires are stretched horizontally (Kinffin system) at the height of 1.2, 0.9 &
0.6 m supported by single iron pole at 5 m distance.
Erection cost is Rs. 60000-70000 per hac.
Telephone system
Three wires horizontal trellis or overhead trellis is known as Telephone system.
Poles are about 2 m high. All the wires run only in one direction.
Air circulation between rows is better.
Suitable for Perlette.
Y-Trellis
Y-shaped structure is build up by maintain 110o angle between the Y.
The horizontal wires are stretched maintaining a distance of 9”-1’.
This is an open canopy system allowing more sunlight and more aeration which leads to
less build up of humidity.
iii) Stakes
System is suitable for kitchen gardening.
Bomboo or wooden poles of about 2 m height are used.
Poles are treated against white ants.
Poles fixed at the time of planting the vines keeping 30 cm length in the ground.
Method of Training
i) Bower system
Two primary limbs (Cordon) are developed bidirectionally.
Secondary cardons are developed on the main arms.
Vine should cover overhead area of 9 Sqm at 3x3 m.
Short or long fruiting spurs are allowed to develop on the secondary cardons only.
In Perlette 100 fruiting spurs are retained.
Average yield of 40 kg/vines is obtained.
iv) Y-Trellis
Vines are trained to H system of training
Vines are headed back at the height of 5’ from the ground.
Two secondary arms are developed on which fruiting canes are maintained.
v) Head System
Vines are headed back at 1 m after one year.
4 or 5 bunches are arranged in the form of goblet are selected.
At the first pruning, laterals are pruned to spurs with 1-2 buds.
These spurs will produce a number of shoots to provide arms for the framework.
15-20 fruiting spurs of 3-4 buds and equal number of renewal of 1-2 buds are retained.
Pruning
Pruning comprises the removal of living canes, shoots, leaves and other vegetative parts
of the vines.
In nature grapevines shows acropetal growth and if left as such its branches continue to
elongate climbing with the help of tendrils.
Aim of pruning is to properly distribute the bearing wood over the vine and to regulate
the crop maintaining its vitality for consistent productivity.
Pruning Methods
(a) Spur Pruning
Retention of the basal buds after pruning as fruiting canes is called spur pruning.
Perlette variety is spur pruned.
Types of Pruning
1) Dormant Pruning
Pruning is done while the vine is dormant between leaf fall in autumn and the starting
of the buds in spring.
In north India, pruning is done from mid January to first week of February when the
vines are in dormant condition.
In tropical area, vine continues growth all the year round and does not undergo
dormancy. Pruning is, therefore, done twice a year, once in summer and again in winter.
Amount of pruning
Variety No. of canes to be left No. of buds to be left per
per vine cane
Perlette 60 - 80 4
Beauty Seedless 60 - 80 4
Thompson Seedless 40 - 50 8-10
Anab-e-Shahi 80 - 100 5-6
2. Summer pruning
It consists in removing buds, shoots or leaves while they are green.
It is done while the vine is growing or active.
Benefits of summer pruning are to correct the shape, to provide shading to the fruits and
opening the vine to light.
In Punjab, summer pruning is substituted by 3 summer pinchings one in May and two in
August-September to increase fruit yield and quality.
Thinning of Fruits
Removal of flower clusters before flowering or parts of such clusters after fruit set is
called thinning of fruits.
Thinning improve berry size and quality.
Fruits of thinned vines are less prone to day.
Methods of thinning
1) Flower cluster thinning
It is done between leafing out and blooming.
Followed in cultivars which tends to set straggly clusters.
Flowers after thinning develops more perfectly, fruit set will be more and there will be a
large percentage of normal berries e.g. cardinal.
Flower thinning
It is done with the use of mechanical means like plastic brushes or removal of laterals by
hand before the fruit set.
Practice followed in Perlette which tend to set heavily.
In Perlette, clusters become over compact and are susceptible to berry rot at the time of
ripening and also high percentage of berries remain under-sized.
GA 30 – 50 ppm, Sevin 1000-2000 ppm or ethephon 5-10 ppm and use of plastic brush at
the time of full bloom have found to be very effective in flower thinning.
Bud Differentiation
The differentiation that results in the formation of fruit buds begins in the end of April
under Punjab conditions in Perlette.
Differentiation of the buds starts in lower part of the shoot.
Girdling
It consists in removing a narrow ring of bark entirely around some members of the vine
like arm or cane.
Common width of ring should be 4-5 mm.
Girdling of the trunk affects the whole vine.
It is important that the ring be completely removed. Even if a small portion of the bark is
left, there will be no effect.
Immediate effect of a complete girdle is to interrupt the supply of CHO’s and harmones
so that their level increase in the parts above the girdle.
Width of the girdle should be such that the wound heal in a short time.
Objective of the girdling is to improve fruit set, to increase berry size and to advance
maturation.
Fruit set in Perlette can be improved by girdling the vines before blooming.
Barrenness
Barrenness is a common problem in north-west Indian plains.
Apparently healthy canes and arms when given cuts are observed to be dry or partially so.
Vines do not bear flower bunches and if few bunches found their size is small.
Excessive foliage create such ecological condition due to which some saprophytic fungi
turn parasitic leading to the death of tissues.
Excessive foliage is due to over fertilization especially with nitrogen.
Barrenness is common phenomenon in Anab-s-Shahi.
Loss of floral primodia was found to be factor contributing barrenness.
Loss of floral primodia occurred between February-March.
Packing
Mulberry or bomboo baskets should be used for packing when sent to nearby markets,
whereas for distant markets wooden boxes or CFB cartons of 2-4 Kg capacity should be
used.
Problems in Cultivation
Powdery mildew
Caused by Uncinula necator.
White powdery growth deposits on leaves, branches and berries. Affected shoots turn
black. Blossom fall and berries fall off.
For control, spray 0.25% Wetable Sulphur or Bayleton @ 200 g/500 litres of water or
Topas 200 ml/500 litres of water during mid March, last April & early May.
Water berry
It is characterized by drying of berries usually at the tip of the clusters.
Drying may also be scattered within cluster during May and June.
Berries look like small cellophane bags, half filled with sap and remain hanging from the
cluster.
Disorder is caused by over bearing, excessive application of nitrogenous fertilizers and
excessive irrigation or water stress.
Apply judicious irrigation and nitrogenous fertilizers to overcome this problem.
Jassid
Attack during rainy season on leaves.
Spray 1.5 kg Sevin in 500 l of water.
Perlette