Basic Geometry Terms

Perpendicular line segments- Two line segments which cross to form 90 degree angles.

Right angle- A 90 degree angle.

Equilateral triangle- A triangle with all sides equal and all angles equal.

Scalene triangle- A triangle having three unequal sides and angles.

Vertex- The intersection point of two sides of a plane figure.

Right triangle- A triangle with one internal angle equal to 90 degrees.

Pentagon- A polygon with 5 sides and 5 angles.

Square- A rectangle having all four sides of equal length.

Intersecting line segments- Line segments that cross each other.

Acute angle- An angle less than 90 degrees but greater than 0 degrees.

Chord- The line segment between two points on a given curve.

Radius- A straight line extending from the center of a circle or sphere to the circumference or surface.

Line segment- One part of a line.

Line- A continuous extent of length.

Point- A position in space.

Parallelogram- A quadrilateral having both pairs of opposite sides parallel to each other.(Note: squares
and rectangles are also quadrilaterals.)

Rectangle- A parallelogram having four right angles.(Note: a square is also a rectangle.)

Rhombus- An equilateral parallelogram having oblique angles.

Parallel line segments- Line segments that do not intersect.

Quadrilateral- A polygon with four sides.(Note: squares, rectangles and trapezoids are also
quadrilaterals.)

Octagon- A polygon having eight angles and eight sides.

Polygon- A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together. The sides do
not cross each other. Exactly two sides meet at every vertex.
Regular Polygon - all angles are equal and all sides are the same length. Regular polygons are both
equiangular and equilateral.

Equiangular Polygon - all angles are equal.

Equilateral Polygon - all sides are the same length.

Convex - a straight line drawn through a convex polygoncrosses at most two sides. Every interior angle is
less than 180°.

Concave - you can draw at least one straight line through a concave polygon that  crosses more than two
sides. At least one interior angle is more than 180°.

Circle- A closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from a point within it called the
center.

Trapezoid- A quadrilateral plane figure having two parallel and two nonparallel sides.

Ray- The part of a straight line considered as originating at a point on the line and as extending in one
direction from that point.

Closed curve- A curve that is continuous and has endpoints that meet at the same point.

Isosceles triangle- A triangle which has two sides equal.

Hexagon- A polygon having six sides and six angles.

Diameter- A straight line passing through the center of a circle or sphere and meeting the circumference
or surface at each end.

Obtuse angle- An angle greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.

List of Formulas
Circle = pi r 2 

Square = a2 

Ellipse = pi r1 r2 
Rectangle = ab 

Cube = 6 a2 
Parallelogram = bh 

Ellipsoid = (4/3) pi r1 r2 r3 
Trapezoid = h/2 (b1 + b2) 
Prism:
    (lateral area) = perimeter(b) L Area = (1 / 2)* a * b sin C . 
    (total area) = perimeter(b) L +
If all three sides are known, we may use Heron's
formula for the area. 
2b 
Area = sqrt [ s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) ] , where s = (a +
b + c)/2.
Sphere = 4   r2 

Volume and Surface Area of a Right Circular Triangle = (1/2) b h 

Cylinder
Equilateral triangle = (1/4) (3) a2

Triangle given SAS = (1/2) a b sin C

Triangle given a,b,c =  [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)] when s =

Volume = Pi * r 2 * h 
(a+b+c)/2 (Heron's formula)
Surface Area = 2 * Pi * r * h 
Regular polygon = (1/2) n sin(360°/n) S2
when n = # of sides and S = length from center
to a corner

Cube = a3 
Pythagora's theorem: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 

Perimeter = a + b + c  Rectangular prism = a b c 

There are several formulas for the area. 

Irregular prism = b h 
If the base b and the corresponding height h are
known, we use the formula 

Cylinder = b h =   r2 h 

Area = (1 / 2) * b * h. 

If two sides and the angle between them are

known, we use one of the formulas, depending Pyramid = (1/3) b h 
on which side and which angle are known 

Area = (1 / 2)* b * c sin A 

Cone = (1/3) b h = 1/3   r2 h 

Area = (1 / 2)* a * c sin B 

Sphere = (4/3)   r3 

A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by

a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two
fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same  unit of length. Each reference line is called
a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point where they meet is its  origin, usually at
ordered pair (0, 0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the  perpendicular
projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin.

One can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three- dimensional space by three
Cartesian coordinates, its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes (or, equivalently, by
its perpendicular projection onto three mutually perpendicular lines). In general,  n Cartesian
coordinates (an element of real n-space) specify the point in an n-dimensional Euclidean space for
any dimension n. These coordinates are equal, up to sign, to distances from the point to n mutually
perpendicular hyperplanes.

Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red. The equation
of a circle is(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 where a and b are the coordinates of the center  (a, b) and r is the
radius.

The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by  René

Descartes (Latinized name: Cartesius) revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link
between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes
(such as curves) can be described by Cartesian equations: algebraic equations involving the coordinates
of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of radius 2 in a plane may be described as the set
of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x2 + y2 = 4.
Cartesian coordinates are the foundation of  analytic geometry, and provide enlightening geometric
interpretations for many other branches of mathematics, such as  linear algebra, complex
analysis, differential geometry, multivariate calculus, group theory, and more. A familiar example is
the concept of the graph of a function. Cartesian coordinates are also essential tools for most applied
disciplines that deal with geometry, including astronomy, physics, engineering, and many more. They
are the most common coordinate system used in  computer graphics, computer-aided geometric
design, and other geometry-related data processing.

The adjective Cartesian refers to the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (who

used the name Cartesius in Latin).

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in writings by Descartes and independently by  Pierre de
Fermat, although Fermat also worked in three dimensions and did not publish the discovery. [1] Both
authors used a single axis in their treatments and have a variable length measured in reference to this
axis. The concept of using a pair of axes was introduced later, after Descartes'  La Géométrie was
translated into Latin in 1649 by Frans van Schooten and his students. These commentators introduced
several concepts while trying to clarify the ideas contained in Descartes' work. [2]

The development of the Cartesian coordinate system would play an intrinsic role in the development of
the calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.[3]

Nicole Oresme, a French cleric and friend of the Dauphin (later to become King Charles V) of the 14th
Century, used constructions similar to Cartesian coordinates well before the time of Descartes and
Fermat.

Many other coordinate systems have been developed since Descartes, such as the  polar
coordinates for the plane, and the spherical and cylindrical coordinates for three-dimensional space.

One dimension

Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a one-dimensional space—that is, for a straight line—
involves choosing a point O of the line (the origin), a unit of length, and an orientation for the line. An
orientation chooses which of the two half-lines determined by  O is the positive, and which is negative;
we then say that the line "is oriented" (or "points") from the negative half towards the positive half.
Then each point P of the line can be specified by its distance from  O, taken with a + or − sign depending
on which half-line containsP.

A line with a chosen Cartesian system is called a  number line. Every real number has a unique location
on the line. Conversely, every point on the line can be interpreted as a  number in an ordered continuum
such as the real numbers.
Two dimensions

The modern Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate
system) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both
axes, and an orientation for each axis. (Early systems allowed "oblique" axes, that is, axes that did not
meet at right angles.) The lines are commonly referred to as the  x- and y-axes where the x-axis is taken
to be horizontal and the y-axis is taken to be vertical. The point where the axes meet is taken as the
origin for both, thus turning each axis into a number line. For a given point  P, a line is drawn
through P perpendicular to the x-axis to meet it at X and second line is drawn through P perpendicular
to the y-axis to meet it at Y. The coordinates of P are then X and Y interpreted as numbers xand y on
the corresponding number lines. The coordinates are written as an ordered pair  (x, y).

The point where the axes meet is the common origin of the two number lines and is simply called
the origin. It is often labeled O and if so then the axes are called Ox and Oy. A plane with x- and y-axes
defined is often referred to as the Cartesian plane or  xy plane. The value of x is called the x-coordinate
or abscissa and the value of y is called the y-coordinate or ordinate.

The choices of letters come from the original convention, which is to use the latter part of the alphabet
to indicate unknown values. The first part of the alphabet was used to designate known values.

In the Cartesian plane, reference is sometimes made to a  unit circle or a unit hyperbola.

Three dimensions

A three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, with origin  O and axis lines X, Y and Z, oriented as
shown by the arrows. The tick marks on the axes are one length unit apart. The black dot shows the
point with coordinates x = 2, y = 3, andz = 4, or (2,3,4).

Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a three-dimensional space means choosing an ordered
triplet of lines (axes) that are pair-wise perpendicular, have a single unit of length for all three axes and
have an orientation for each axis. As in the two-dimensional case, each axis becomes a number line. The
coordinates of a point P are obtained by drawing a line through  P perpendicular to each coordinate axis,
and reading the points where these lines meet the axes as three numbers of these number lines.

Alternatively, the coordinates of a point  P can also be taken as the (signed) distances from  P to the
three planes defined by the three axes. If the axes are named  x, y, and z, then the x-coordinate is the
distance from the plane defined by the  y and z axes. The distance is to be taken with the + or − sign,
depending on which of the two half-spaces separated by that plane contains P. The y and z coordinates
can be obtained in the same way from the  x–z and x–y planes respectively.

The coordinate surfaces of the Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z). The z-axis is vertical and the x-axis is

highlighted in green. Thus, the red plane shows the points with  x = 1, the blue plane shows the points
with z = 1, and the yellow plane shows the points with  y = −1. The three surfaces intersect at the
point P (shown as a black sphere) with the Cartesian coordinates  (1, −1, 1).

Higher dimensions

A Euclidean plane with a chosen Cartesian system is called a  Cartesian plane. Since Cartesian
coordinates are unique and non-ambiguous, the points of a Cartesian plane can be identified with pairs
of real numbers; that is with the Cartesian product  , where   is the set of all reals. In
the same way, the points any Euclidean space of dimension n be identified with the tuples (lists)
of n real numbers, that is, with the Cartesian product   .