Introduction to Public Administration

Administration> latin word “ad and ministrare” means to serve

In English words is to manage and be responsible for the control of something.
>Centrally concerned with the organization of Government policies and programs as well as the behavior
of officials (Usually non elected) formally responsible for their conduct.
Diff. Between Private and Public Institution
Private Individuals Owned by an Individuals
Public Institution is govern by the government
> They are the same in the Government policies and sector because Private Institutions cannot run without
the permission from the government. They are both protected by the Government states.
Public Administration as Discipline> Trained as public servant and manner
Public Administration as Practice> Actual application of Public Administration we study Government trough
its administer or actual performance
2 Views in Administrative activity
Broad View> It covers all the function of the Government as fulfillment of public policy. It covers the 3
branches of the government.
Narrow View> Its only focused is the executive branch of the government in the implementation of the
laws, Act of the President.
Public Administration> means non political machinery of the government carrying on its work for the
welfare of the people. Largely focuses on producing public programs,Discipline, public
laws,implementation,actually administered.
Diff. Of PA
Traditional(Woodrow Wilson Who introduce Political Science/Father of Political Science)> Public
Administration as the implementation of government policies.
Comprehensive ( F.A Nigro and L.G Nigro)
1. It is cooperative effort in public setting
2. It covers all three branches of the government
3. It has important role in the formulation and implementation of public policy is thus part of political
process.
4. Different in significant ways with private administration.
5. Closely associated with numerous private groups and individuals in implementing policies and providing
services to the community.
Public Administration is focused in the organization/ organizational process.
Public Administered if focused in the public/people as client or subject.
Nature of PA;
An Art> Representation of Beauty/ human factor it depends on the person judgement in one thing
1. It is used to designate a process or an activity of administering governmental affairs.
2. It is used to designate an area of intellectual or academic inquiry, a discipline or a study
PA involves creativity,leadership, a good service of the intangibles in administration.
“Both Public and Private, is often consists of a series of acts or is concerned with the doing of deeds; thus it
is undoubtedly an art. In the art of administration”> Ordway Tead writes.
As Science> Body of knowledge /it explain the systematize, based in research,facts and theories
interdisciplinary approach that draws on knowledge sources across the social science.
Philosophers of Public Administration
Henry Fayol
Dwight Waldo
Theories and Characteristics of Public Administration
1. Classical Public Administration>
2. New Public Management
3. Post Modern Administration
Scope of Public Administration
Integral> integrate all matters of the organizations it deals with doing things.
Managerial> It focused on the relationship between the manager and who managed, It deals with getting
things done
1. Organization
2. Management Personnel
3. Method and procedure
4. Public Finance> Taxation
5. Administrative Accountability

Luther Gulick
Planning
Organizing
Staffing and Recruiting
Coordination
Reporting
Budgeting
Stages in the history of Public Administration
1. Politics Administration Dichotomy (1887 1926) Woodrow Wilson
2. Principles of Public Administration(Henry Fayol 1841 1925) (FW Taylor 1915 1956) They introduce
Scientific Management
3. Era of Challenge(1948 1947) When Dichotomy is questioned
4. Crises of Identity( 1948 1970) Building of POSCORB
5. Public Policy Perspective (1971on wards)

What is e-government
=use of information and communication Technological to improve the activities of Public Sector
Organisation.
New Public Management(Dwight Waldo)
Public act is an administrative science
Science- systematized body of knowledge based on facts...
Ninno group conference 1968
=Introduce the values of public administration and commitment of PA and scholar
Feature of Public Administration
1.Relevance-important of PA in solving problems, Relevant answerable to the problem
2. Values- One of the important part of the PA must possess
3.Equity- improve something you give
4.Change-adapting and flexibility
Diffirent of Public Administration of the Philosopher's;
1.Herbert Simon- Define as Activity of groups cooperating to accomplish a goal in "Decision Making"
2.Musher- an area of interest focuses on a separate sign/separation of Political sign to Public
Administration. Public Administration vs. Political Science
Luther Gulick-process primarily in executive branch
E-governance
An agenda in general public sector for betterment of advantage of the government (ICT)
Introduce by Cory Aquino in 1996 here in Phil. Constitution
But it is already proposed by Pres Clinton of United States in 1993
PURPOSE;
PROVISION;
1987= Constitution communication plays vital role in nation building.
1992-1998 =National Information Plan, registry of p4ofessional research and tele communication
1998-2001= e-commerce or e philippines. Strategy government information system plan(improvement of
quality living through ICT.
2001-2010= Philippines as information society, Phil strategic ICT road map
2010-2016= Adapting of e-government master plan
Herbert Simon 2 main part of decision process/making
1. Decision itself
2. Process of actions =actual doing on implementation
Decision Making= is a mathematical skills of study. List of rationality
Stages of DM
1. Problem recognition-health priorities
2.Search for information-source of the problem
3. Definitions of alternatives
4. Definitions of Action
Features of DM
1. a matter of compromise-depend on the situation
2. Must involved rationality
3. Never a product of a single man
4. Relate a number of issue= "WASBY-said issue"
4W1H
5. Irrationality and partiality is inivitable in DM process concerning a Democratic way
6. Conflict Arisse between rationality and reality- general welfare of the people

Decision Making by Robert Dahl

Process is a science it must be base upon facts, research, observation of proper findings of reasons
SNIPER compared his DM with David Istorya and Gabriel Almond
David Iston-general system theory
Gabriel Almon- structural of functional
DM of Theory(SNIPER)
1. Decision approach is dynamic
2.very crucial
2.1. Cannot be neglected
2.2. Comprehensive theory base on imperiarism and scientufic -veryfiable observation experiments
3. Carolus groups like political non government organizations play important roles in DMP
RICHARD SNIPER (DMP)
1.Plays important role in management process in the society
2. Plays an important role in analysis of policy making process
3. Comprehensive social management in DMP-Because the scope is wide it covers a lot of involved
activities
Factors Affecting Decision Making
1. Internal setting in the society
2. External set-up or setting -it is about the international relations
3. Decision making process passes through numbers of stages

Different of DMP
Richard Snider-Domestic and international Politics
Chester Bernardo and Herbert Simon- public administration
Model Approaches of DMP
1. Rational actor model-economic theory involving utilitarianism
2. Incremental Model- step by step decision making. Set to be continued and explanatory if is not very
rational
LINDBLO
Bureaucratic Organisation Model by Graham Allison
=our own assesment as a guide in our decision making
4 Beliefs system model-based on ideology. DMP toward policy making
1. Policy initiation
2. Formulation of decision makers
3. Implementation (Executive)
4. Evaluation (COA)

ETHICS

Ethics> Means the ideas of what is good and bad behaviour or character.
A branches of Philosophy of right and wrong
Ethics is a standard of action
Philosophy> study of everything. A process of knowing what we do not know.

Basis of what is right and wrong

1. Norm/way of life/values
2. Culture/tradition
3. Religion/Ideology (Atheist)/Beliefs “descriptive and prescriptive”
4. Laws

Relevant the “moral standard and moral dilemma”

Types of Ethics
1. Normative or Prescriptive> Seek to set the standards or norms that regulates rights and wrong or good
and bad conducts. Prescribing the rules and regulations or setting a standards.
2. Meta or Descriptive> Aims to understand the nature and dynamics of ethical principles and the way we
learn and acquire moral beliefs. The actions maybe right or wrong in accordance with the rules that we set.
3. Applied Ethics> It is the actual application of ethical or moral theories for the purpose of deciding which
ethical or moral actions are appropriate in an even situation. It gives us an idea on how we apply the
ethical norms and standards.

Culture and its role in moral behaviour(Filipino Culture 1. Do not think your own culture as Superior than
others culture and Interior)
What is the role of moral behavior in our culture? It may dictate a basis of what is good and bad what ever
is your culture it still give you a basis of what is good and bad.

Cultural Relativism
1. May seem to conform with experience
2. As a standard of valuation
3. Teaches to tolerance or respect to cultural difference

Criticism to cultural relativism

1. Is premise on the reality of difference(regional culture)
2. No position to render judgement on others culture( We must develop to respect and tolerate others
culture)
3. No position to judges own culture(accept your own culture of what you are)
4. Culture is mostly based on presumptions of culture( There is no differences of culture)
“We must develop the culture of humility’
Culture of ASIA>Preference of social harmony

Culture Humility
>respect to self/others, being humble
Strength and Weaknesses
Moral Agent
Virtue as a habit
(Plato and Aristotle)
What is good> as virtues, evil/bad,human person
Filipino Culture and Strength and Weaknesses
Strength
>Flexibility,adaptability,creativity(Adapting different circumstances, useness
Weakness
>Stream personal ism (makasarili)
>Family Centeredness (Close family ties)
>Lack of Discipline
>Lack of initiative(walang pakialam sa nangyayari sa kanyang paligid)
>Colonial Mentality
>Kanya kanya syndrome
>Lack of self analysis
Culture of Asia
>Preference of Social harmony
Moral Agency> According to the Philosophers It is the ability to make moral judgement based on what is
right and wrong. It is considered as moral agent
Types of Moral agency
1. Moral judgement: right and wrong
2. Action>external> it affects our action that entails omission(magdala ng lisensya pero hindi
nagdala,pagnanakaw/basic laws) or commission(bawal pumatay pero pumatay parin(hard
offenses/kasalanan sa mata ng Diyos at Tao)
3. Responsibility
Note: Kahit hindi mo naisip na gawan ng hindi maganda ang isang tao kung nagkulang ka naman sa iyong
trabaho covered parin ito ng moral agency.
The responsibility of becoming moral judgement covered unjustified civil law and crime.

Moral Agent> Individuals who has the ability to judge the right and wrong to do an acts base on your moral
judgement. It entails action
1. Moral Judgement
2. Action
3. Responsibility based on the:
1. Religion
2. Norms and Law
3. Culture
4. Beliefs
“What maybe lawful will not be moral and what maybe moral will not be lawful””We need to be lawful
more than moral”

Criminal Responsibility;
Heinous Offenses> Killing persons or individual
Responsibility to cause unjustified harm
“Revised Penal Code”
9& below y/o absolutely no criminal liability
Discernment> unaware actions of children. It is the ability of a person to understand its own act if it is
wrong or right.
Criminal Liability> Personal liability(Freedom of action)
Civil law> person to person can paid by anyone
10>15 y/o have criminal ability(Depends on the situation) criminal liability civil case
16>18 y/o Juvenile deliquesce
The determination of the case was delayed until they reach 18 y/o to open and judge the person who
committed crime that also depends on its performance inside the DSWD Department

Moral

Virtue of Ethics> philosophy of life and movement

Socrates> Teacher of Plato/who own the though of Philo
Plato> Who build “Academy”,student of Socrates
Aristotle> Who build “Lyceum”,dev. In Athens A student of Plato
Virtue as habit
Plato> Materialize the principle of life and movement. Principle Philosophy of life and movement. Virtue of
equated with your knowledge of what is goods.

3 Parts of soul;

1. Rational Setting your Virtue of wisdom reason Set the goal

own goals wisdom virtue

2. Spirited Movement, courage spirit Drives

emotion, of towards
courage action
3. Appetetive Desire of the temperance temperature appetite Bodily desire
body justice

Explain the Phaedrus> represent the functions of the soul and represent the souls about the chariot.
Chariot er set goals that control the two horse.
Virtues> synonymous with knowledge of knowing that you know nothing
Virtue> equated to knowledge of what is good
Rational Soul> Means being perfect and fly because we have the knowledge of good
Being not virtues/irrational state
>considered of being imperfect
>We have tendency to forget the knowledge of what is good because of our pride and selfishness
“We have to recollect to get back our virtue.”
As Socrates said: What is the essence of the ball pen? Its essence is its ballpoint.

Aristotle(NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS)
>Performance of function for the goodness of humanity.
>View about the principle of motion and what is good? What is Virtues
>Body and Soul are together and not separated
>The principle of motion and rest
3 types of Soul
1. Vegetative> Tendency or its ability is to absorb nutrients(Ex. Soul of Plants. Plants has vegetative type of
soul)
2. Sensitive > To absorb, to move “absorption and movement”( Ex. Soul of Animals because it has the
ability to move)
3. Rational> To absorb,to move and to think(Ex. human beings because it has the highest kind of living
soul)
2 kinds of END;
1. Instrumental End> means to perform others ends
2. Intrinsic End> a way or function to achieve ends for own sake
Virtue as a habit is develop by us in descicion making thus we must develop our virtue as a habit of right;
To live(irrational),to move(irrational),to think(rational)
Habit of right thinking
Habit of right choice
Habit of right behavior
“Non of the moral virtues arises in us by nature,for nothing that exists by nature can form a habit contrary
to its nature”
> We are born with moral virtues but that doesnt mean that we can live forever with moral virtues because
their will be a time that we do non moral virtues contrary to our nature brought about by our experiences
and people around us or society. So we must recollect to be virtues again.
Do you like to live with virtues?
Udiminia referee to Happiness is self sufficient and final it is attainal by people.

Virtue as a Golden mean

Deficiency Mean Excess
1. Cowardness courage rashness
2. Starvation temperance gluttony
3. Stinginess liberality prodigality
8 Cardinal Vitues
Plato;
1. Wisdom
2.Courage
3.Appetetive/Temperance
4. Justice
Aristotle;
5.Generosity
6.Good Temper
7. Friendship
8.Self respect

Virtue as Excellence
3 levels in 6 stages of Moral Development;
Level 1: pre-conventional- corresponce to have infants in young children think it is centered on
consequences of one action
Stage1: Reasoning; It is an action that it is good if it avoid punishment, if bad it leads toward
punishment(infants-early childhood)
Stage2: Reasoning; self interest that it is good when you has a reward and it is bad when you has pain or
punishment (ingant-young children)
Level 2: Conventional-All their children adolescence and young adults
Stage1; Expectation of the society-What is good is what the group approved, what is bad when the group
does not approved.
Stage2; To determinado good or bad is the society-lawful and dutiful/duty, unkawful againts your duty is
bad, and serious moral development is good. "The whole society is involved in our actions"
"This stages is the crucial development of a person itself.
3. Post-conventional- they are personal deciding using free will to act accordingly
Stage1; Moral Agent- individuals acting upon as a well through out moral agent. What is good is honor the
social contract and what is bad is diahonorinv fhe social contract
Stage2; choosing actions base on Universal Ethical principles this entablado the use of moral reasoning that
leads you right and wrong