Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Objective
Process of whiskey maturation & Current Efforts to
improve
Comparison Goals
Modeling nonlinear Diffusion
Cylindrical Coordinates
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Methodologies and Computational Results
Finite Difference
Finite Volume
Function Space
Final Comparison and Conclusion
Maturation of Whiskey
Driven by two processes
Diffusion of Oak barrel goodness
Short time scales
Chemical reaction
Long time scales
Current Efforts
Diffusion
Wooden inserts , tastes more processed and is lacking
Chemical Reactions
Pressure vessels / burners to shift % yields and reaction rates
Much better and they’re improving on this front
Comparison Goal
General Comparisons
Accuracy
Stability
Computational Efficiency
Cylindrical Coordinates
Easier & exact solution are readily available
Cylindrical Coordinates
Differential Operator Adjustments
U 1 U U
Gradient U , ,
r r z
Laplacian 1 rU 1 2U 2U
U 2
r r r r 2
2
z
Initial and Boundary Conditions
First Comparisons
Boundary Conditions
Chosen to ensure an equilibrium
U (t ,1, , z ) cos sin z
2
U (t , r , , 1) cos r
Initial Condition
U (0, r , , z) 0
Finite Difference Approach
General PDE U 1 U 2U 1 2U 2U
2 2 2
t r r r r 2
z
U 2U U in1 2U in U in1
2 U U (t )
n 1 n
t x x 2
2
U
V t
dV K U dV
V
K U dV K U dS
V S
U K 6
We obtain the final form
U dSi
t V i 1 Si
Finite Volume Approximations
n 1 K
Difference in time U U t
n
Net Flux
V
U U in1 U in
Differences on the boundaries
r r
Calculation of Fluxes SZ U j 1 2U j U i 1
Net Axial
Net Azimuthal
Sr
r
U j 1 2U j U i 1
Sr (r dr / 2)(U i 1 U i ) (r dr / 2)(U i U i 1 )
Net Radial
Cell Volume & Surface Integrals
V rout rin2 z r zr
1 2
Volume
2
Axial Surface SZ
2
1 2
rout rin2 r r
Azimuthal Surfaces S r z
Items of Note
Method is fully conservative
Only approximations lie in the derivative at the cell
surfaces
When proper substitutions of the volume / surfaces is
performed, it’s almost identical to finite difference
What benefits are there?
We’re still approximating derivatives
Leads to order of accuracies
Computations is about the same
Results
Same scenario as finite difference
Stability –
Required dt = 0.0001
1/6th the dt
There may have been corner issues
Wall Clock 359 Seconds
10 times as long
Even if the dt was matched, this method would still be
slower
For now
Function Space Methods
Rely on Eigen function products
Coefficients are solved via inner products
Integrals are approximated by function evaluations at
collocation points
Our Problem - Diffusion Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates
Choice of Eigenfunctions
Radial - Bessel functions of the first kind
Azimuthal – Trigonometric
Axial – Trigonometric
Temporal - Exponential
Exact Solution
Fundamental Technique
Principle of Superposition
Handle a separate problem for each boundary and
initial state for a steady state solution and transient
U (t , r, ,1) ftop (r, ) U (t ,1, , z) f Lat ( , z)
2 R(r ) R(r )
Provides r2
r
( m) r 2
l 2
R(r ) 0
r 2
r
l 0 m0 n 0 2
Blmn e lmnt cos mz J l m 2 r Cos l
l 0 m 0 n 0 2
l = is an integer greater than or equal to 0.
kl ,n , is the nth root of the Bessel function of the first kind
of order L
m is an integer greater than or equal to 0.
Finally lmn kl ,n m
2
Constants
The constants are solved via
1
1 0 0
2
U (0,
1
r , , z ) cos
2
mz
l
J m 2
r sin l rdrd dz
Almn
1 2 1
cos 2
1 0 0 2 l mz
2
J m 2
r
sin 2
l rdrd dz
1
1 0 0
2
U
1
(0, r , , z ) cos
2
mz
J l m 2
r cos l rdrd dz
Blmn
1 2 1
cos 2
1 0 0 2 l mz J
2
m 2
r cos 2
l rdrd dz
Collocation Points
Azimuthal Fourier j 2 / N
Evenly distributed
Axial fourier 2 j 1
Chebyshev nodal locations
x j cos
2Nz
Radial – Bessel
Roots of m’th order Bessel function
Best used in tabular form to save on computations
Collocation Methods
Numerous Integration techniques
Quadrature at collocation points for A and B
Standard – Gaussian Quadrature
Radial and Axial Weights
Polynomial Approximations
Azimuthal Weights
Trigonometric Approximation
We’ll use nodal locations, i,j,k, to calculate weights
2
f (r , , z )rdrd dz wijk f (ri , j , zk )
1 1
1 0 0
i 1 j 1 k 1
Separation of Variables
Through some integration and appropriate initial
conditions we can state
1
1 Z 0 ( z ) cos mz dz
2
0
2
0 ( )sin l d R ( r ) J
0
1
0 l
m 2 r rdr
Almn 1
0
J l2 m2 r rdr
1
1 Z 0 ( z ) cos mz dz
2
2
0
0 ( ) cos l d R ( r ) J
1
0 0 l
m 2 r rdr
Blmn 1
0
J l2 m2 r rdr
1 1 ... 1 1 c1 11
x
1 x2 ... xN 1 xN c2 21
...
N 2
... ... ...
... ... ... 1 1
n
x1 x2N 2 ... xNN 12 xNN 2 cN 1 ( N 1) 1
x1N 1 x2N 1 ... xNN 11 xNN 1 cN N 1
Weight Calculation (Azimuthal)
Trigonometric Gaussian Quadrature
Maximal Trigonometric Degree of Exactness
New Quadrature Methodologies
“Trigonometric Orthogonal Systems and Quadrature
Formulae with Maximal Trigonometric Degree of Exactness”
Gradimir V. Milovanovic
1
2 m n
1
m m
1 x
1
dr
1
0
J n (r )dr J * N
0
m 0 m !( m n 1) 2
m 0 m !( m n 1) 2m n 1
J 0 ( x1 ) J 0 ( x2 ) ... J 0 ( xN 1 ) J 0 ( xN ) w1 J1*
J (x )
1 1 J1 ( x2 ) ... J1 ( xN 1 ) J1 ( xN ) w2 J 2*
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
J N 1 ( x1 ) J N 1 ( x2 ) ... J N 1 ( xN 1 ) J N 1 ( xN ) wN 1 J N* 1
J N ( x1 ) J N ( x2 ) ... J N ( xN 1 ) J N ( xN ) wN J N*
Conclusion
Function Space methods
Very time consuming apriori
Didn’t get to finish
Expectation of fast convergence
Approximation lies only with initial / boundary
conditions
Exact solution for all time after (for the given approx)