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COLLEGE OF EDUCATION 1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
One of the most crucial and important decisions a person has to make is in
choosing the perfect career. This can be one of the measures whether an individual
will be successful in the future or not. The tentative steps during this stage include
self-realization, role try-outs, occupational explorations in school, and finding the first
job are. During this stage, teenagers need guidance in the proper selection of their
desired career. Educational privilege and other resources that society makes
available allow students to be efficient and effective, thereby letting them to make
right decisions considering their innate capacities (Pablo et al., 2011).
The teaching profession requires prolonged preparation for navigating future
students, because individuals who have undergone preparation to teach can grow in
various ways. Future teachers can be specialists in a particular field such as dean of
the students, guidance counselor, school psychologist, and curriculum specialist
(Linden, 1990).
The students must be ready to enter the professional world. Thus, they
should have career plans and strategies to meet the demands of the real corporate
world. Essentially, making such career plan would help them to be ready in this
reality either in teaching or in performing office works (Bautista, 2003).
Background of the Study
The College of Education (COEd) is the oldest college of the Polytechnic
University of the Philippines (PUP), a state university. COEd offers Bachelor’s
degrees in Secondary Education (BSE), elementary education (BEEd), Business
Teacher Education (BBTE), and post-baccalaureate in Teacher Education (PBTE).
BBTE is a four-year degree program which prepares students in two career
tracts: Business Technology and Livelihood Education (BTLE), and Information
Technology Education (ITE); both of which prepare students to teach specific
courses effectively across the learning areas in elementary, secondary, college, and
vocational-technical schools. This program is designed to equip students with office
skills, basic of personal finance, decision-making techniques needed to be wise
consumers, application of economic principles to an increasingly international
marketplace, and the skills in establishing a business. Students master the
applications of knowledge and acquire workplace skills particularly in the teaching of
technology and livelihood education, information technology, research and service.
Upon completion of the BBTE program, graduates may join the teaching
profession as teachers or as non-teaching office staff, either in private or

government entities. As a teacher, one needs to have the right attitude, the proper
disposition and teaching skills.
This study has been conducted to determine the career path of Bachelor in
Business Teacher Education students in teaching or non-teaching office work.
Participants BBTE students were asked to identify the factors or determinants for
them to know their preferred work or job after graduating from the programs. Further,
this study would aim to serve as guide in achieving the participants’ career choice as
educators or as office professionals.
Theoretical Framework
A theory is a well-founded statement or set of ideas that explains observed
facts or phenomena. Some theories helped the researchers in conducting this study
in a way that they explain essential ideas relating to the research. This study was
anchored on the concepts in career education, law of readiness, and Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs.
Based on the concepts in career education, the students should develop
understanding of their decision–making process and be equipped with strategies to
implement the decision relative to their personal and professional development.
Herr (1972) as cited by Magisos (1973) identified the variety of inputs to such
an approach as the following concepts: that choice occurs under conditions of
uncertainty or risk; that a choice between various possible courses of action can be
conceptualized as motivated by two interrelated set of factors – the individual’s
valuation of different alternatives, and his appraisal of his chances of being able to
realize each of the alternatives; that the process of making a decision between
uncertain outcomes requires reconciliation of several general factors; that the
decision-making includes identifying and defining one’s values; and what they are
and what they are not, where they appear and where they do not.
Thorndike’s laws of learning (1932) include: law of effect, law of exercise, and
law of readiness. Applied in choosing a career, the law of readiness states that
individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to
learn, and they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning.
Essentially, an individual seeks ways to fulfill his needs. Individual or human
motivation is guided by a hierarchy of or ladder of needs (Wayne, 2000). Maslow’s
theory of hierarchy of needs proposes that motivation is the result of a person’s
attempt at fulfilling five basic needs – physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-
actualization – which needs create internal pressures that can influence a person’s
behavior (Jamali, 2015).
Physiological needs are those needs required for human survival such as air,
food, water, shelter, clothing and sleep; safety needs include those needs that
provide a person with a sense of security and well-being. Social needs are important
to humans so that they do not feel alone, isolated and depressed; on the other hand,
esteem needs refer to the need for self-esteem and respect, with self-respect being
slightly more important than gaining respect and admiration from others. Self-
actualization needs describe a person’s need to reach his or her full potential.
Maslow believed that we naturally strive to climb this hierarchy (Jamali, 2015).
There is too much individual variation for the hierarchy of motives to apply to
everyone as the critics of Maslow’s theory argue (Rathus, 2012). However, each
person pictures the world in a very unique way. These perceptions make a person to
phenomenal field. Individuals react to the environment depending on how they
perceive it or how they perceive the world (Elliot et al., 2000).

Conceptual Framework
This framework shows the overall outline of the study. It can be expressed by
using the input-process-output framework (IPO).
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Student Profile
a. Section
b. Gender
c. BTE Specialization
2. Chosen Career
2.1 Teaching Profession

2.2 Office Profession
3. Determinant Factors • Descriptive

in Career Choice Between
Research • Career
Teaching or Office Works
in Terms of: • Survey Orientation
Questionnaire
3.1 Familial-related • Seminar
factors • Statistical
3.2 Individual-related Treatment • Job Fair
factors
3.3 Societal-related • Analysis of Data
factors
3.4 Psychosocial-
emotional factors
3.5 Competencies-
related factors
FEEDBACK
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
Input (I) comprises of the students’ profile such as section, gender, age, and
course specialization; the career the students wanted to pursue whether teaching or
office work; the determinant factors for choosing teaching career such as the type of
school they prefer to teach, place of work, licensure examination for teachers,
Master’s degree, plan opportunities abroad, level of education, and subject matter;
determinant factors for choosing office work such as the type of office environment
they prefer to work, place of work, plan opportunities abroad, and Master’s degree;
the determinant factors in career choice between teaching and office profession
including familial-related factors, individual-related factors, societal-related factors,
Psychosocial-emotional factors, and competencies-related factors.
Process (P) indicates the methodology used to meet the objectives of the
descriptive study through survey questionnaire, analysis of data, and statistical
treatment.
Output (O) pertains to factors that would help participants become successful
professionals including career orientation, seminar and job fair.
Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of career path
between teaching and office works of fourth year students of Bachelor in Business
Teacher Education at Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Section;
b. Gender;
c. BTE specialization?
2. What is the career the students would like to pursue in terms of:
2.1 Teaching Profession
2.1.1 Type of school they prefer to teach
2.1.2 Place of work
2.1.3 Licensure Examination for Teachers
2.1.4 Master’s degree
2.1.5 Plan Opportunities abroad
2.1.6 Level of education
2.1.7 Subject matter
2.2 Office Profession
2.2.1 Type of office environment they prefer to work
2.2.2 Place of work
2.2.3 Civil Service Examination
2.2.4 Master’s degree
2.2.5 Plan Opportunities abroad
3. What are the determinants of career path of BTE students in choosing a
career between teaching or office works in terms of;

3.1 Familial- related factors;
3.2 Individual-related factors;
3.3 Societal-related factors;
3.4 Psychosocial-emotional factors;
3.5 Competencies-related factors
4. Is there a significance relationship between factors;
4.1 Teaching
4.2 Office works
Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the determinants of teaching and
office work.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study was mainly focused on the determinants of the career path of all
graduating fourth year students of Bachelor in Business Teacher Education of the
College of Education of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Mabini
Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila, during the second semester of the S.Y 2016-2017.
Significance of the Study
The researchers would intend to provide useful insights regarding the factors
that influence the preference of BBTE fourth year students whether in teaching or in
office work.
The useful and relevant information acquired from the study would benefit the
following sectors:
Administrators. This could motivate and challenge school authorities to
device guidelines to aid students in identifying better career choices.
Parents. This study would inform parents concerning the career choices of
their college-students’ children.
Teachers. The findings of this study would brief teachers of the effective
strategies and pedagogies to mold their students into skilled and competent teaching
and non-teaching professionals.
Students. The results of this study would provide students with useful and
reflective insights on the different factors that could influence them in pursuing a
career path.
Researchers. This study would help future researchers consider tackling
other factors that might affect graduating students’ preferences for certain careers.
Definition of Terms
For better understanding and interpretation of this study, the following terms are
operationally defined.
Bachelor of Business Teacher Education (BBTE) pertains to a four-year
degree course offered by the Polytechnic University of the Philippines that focuses
on preparing and training students as skilled and competent teaching and non-
teaching office professionals.
Career refers to a swift course or a progress extending through the life or a
portion of it.
Career choice means the preferred type of occupation or profession by
college students according to familial-related, individual-related, societal-related,
psychosocial-emotional, and competencies-related factors.
Career path pertains to both teaching and office professions that a student
ought to pursue.
Competencies-related factors means skills acquired or mastered.
Determinants refer to the effects that change the individual student’s
choices.
Familial-related factors are direct bearing of parental role in education and
career aspirations.
Individual-related factors pertain to personalities of persons that make
impact on the career choices.
Office skills refer to the skills in accounting, computer software skills,
keyboarding, filing, business communications, and other clerical functions that a
non-teaching office personnel must possess.
Office work refers to the general clerical functions that a non-teaching
personnel performs in an office.
Psychosocial-emotional factors pertain to emotional, personal and social
barriers that prevent an individual from making adequate career choice.
Societal-related factors include values, attitudes, and practices of a society
that relate to appropriate career choice.
Teaching refers to the noble profession that facilitates learning and
knowledge processing of students in schools.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents and discusses foreign and local literature and studies
that are closely related to the present research. The information in this chapter was
sought to support this study and lead the researchers in determining the factors that
influence the pursuit of teaching or office work of fourth year Bachelor in Business
Teacher Education students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta.
Mesa, Manila.
Foreign Literature
Students are influenced by different academic portions of the class such as
the value of the content, the structure, and the workload. Students also looked upon
their interest, academic goals, and schedules. Students do not decide alone; and
students erratically ask for their family, friends, and or faculties’ advice. Not all
courses are as prominent as others, but it is important to know what students want
from their classes, and their expectations of themselves (Waugh, 2006).

Holland as cited by Zunker (1998) states that individuals are attracted to a
given career by their particular personalities and numerous variables that constitute
their backgrounds. First of all, career choice is an expression of, or an extension of
personality into the world of work followed by the subsequent identification with
specific occupational stereotypes. Accordingly, one chooses a career to satisfy
preferred modal personal orientation, which is a developmental process established
through heredity and the individual’s life history of reacting to environmental
demands. If the individual has developed a strong dominant orientation, satisfaction
is probable in a corresponding occupational environment; if the orientation is one of
indecision, however, the livelihood of satisfaction diminishes.
Career is viewed as a sequence of work history and reflects a chosen work-
related life theme. It demands individual choices in reference to a cognitive map,
about the dynamic interaction among work, self, family, and external social forces.
This is so even if the person decides to do nothing (Derr, 1982).
Education Life states that career planning is an ongoing career development
process through which learners attempt to understand their personal, family, school,
work, and community experiences and the importance they may have in making
career and lifestyle choices. Knowing the right path, making the wise decision and
having a good attitude to career planning are keys to success. The choice in their
career lies in the steps one takes; for this reason, planning ahead is important.
Keasley in the article A career planning course for parents reports that the
senior year is the time for organizing and conducting a job search or graduate school
search, when students are heavily involved in more advanced courses in their
majors and often have more responsible roles in campus and/or volunteer activities.
Balancing these important pursuits and setting priorities is a constant challenge for
seniors insofar as they are given chances to show what they learned from school by
performing in the job training. Such program prepares the students on for the real
job; the training and seminars give senior students clear views on setting their
priorities.
Tahan (2001) states that one of the biggest key benefits that senior students
can obtain from accounting is the experience one can gain from working in the
accounting field. This is an important experience that one can gain. It will not only
help in the field of accounting, but also help organizing and running a business.
Nead in the article A capstone seminar course for Community College pointed
out that seminars offer opportunities to help students develop skills and
understanding that will prepare them for successful careers. Moreover, not only
those paper qualifications such as degree are important in applying for a job. For
certain positions, either in teaching profession or in office and other fields, work
experience is essential to boost the applicant’s confidence and meet the prospective
employers’ expectations. For the teaching profession, practice teaching and related
seminars are important factors that employers look into.

Calhoun & Robinson (1995) in Encyclopedia of Education illumined that
business education is designed to provide general education and career technical
education needs, specifically specialized instruction to prepare students for careers
in business, fundamental instruction to help students to assume their economic roles
as consumers, workers and citizens, and background instruction to assist students in
preparing for professional careers requiring advanced study.
Great teachers make a difference. Chamberlain (2002) cites that teachers
have a passion that seeps through the skin - a love of learning – and that great
progress, she calls a revolution is made but a working hum and engagement is now
not enough; what are now needed are quality learning conversations between
teachers and learners, extending rather than supervising, linking to the child’s world,
creating lines of desires, not seeing the curriculum as straightjacket.
Anyone with an office job knows there are so much to deal with, some of
which can hinder a career, that making the wrong move or speech can lead him/her
to fall off the corporate ladder he/she had only just begun climbing (Singletary,
2014).
Choosing a job, which is in line with one’s interests, values, goals, and
abilities, helps to make work and life more satisfying, thus transform a job into a
career. It will help in meeting self-actualization needs - in becoming the best one can
become (Mc Ginley, 1980).

Venable (2011) as cited by Polestar Consulting (2016) underscores the
importance of understanding that career choice entails several influencing factors:
individual, cultural, social, environmental, and gender. The combination and
interaction of various influences on decision-making are unique to individuals and
the situation. There may be multiple options, several good-fits, instead of a single,
right choice, but as an individual changes, learns and experiences new things, and
as external factors change, such as the economy, he or she will continue to revise
and fine-tune his/her career choices.
Local Literature
The Bachelor in Business Teacher Education (BBTE) program envisions itself
as a high-quality curriculum that aims to produce secondary, vocational, and college
teachers in business and office technology that are capable of adopting to change,
staying focused and productive in an increasingly global and digital educational
workplace.
Most BBTE graduates who were supposed to join the teaching profession
eventually become employed as office workers. Although the field of office work is
allied to teaching as job target of the BBTE program, the career shift might blur the
career prospects of undergraduates.

Meily (2005) stresses the paradoxical point that parents, teachers, politicians,
and adults are teachers in the communities insofar as the youth observe, emulate,
and imitate the adults; hence, everyone is responsible for the kind of future the youth
shall have. Meily punctuates the role education plays in making life less difficult for
each other in the community and in creating a better future for those who will be left
behind.
Teaching is considered a complex and many-faceted task. To prepare for this
job, the teacher should go through a pre-service education. Knowledge of ethical
standards for teachers is likewise important for them to do a good job of teaching.
Relativo (2005) avers that teachers do not perform teaching only; they also
perform the roles of a community leader, confidante, friend, parent, counselor, and
obedient and respectable citizen of the Republic.
On the down side, the teaching is not financially rewarding profession. Given
the rising standards of living of the modern society, the average salary of a school
teacher would not suffice to provide for the comfort of a family. Thus, more and more
teachers have left teaching to find better opportunities in another job locally or
abroad even as domestic helpers.
Acero, Javier & Castro (2007) point out that the concept of teaching as an
ideal profession has remained strong through the years despite several constraints
and challenges such as raising salaries, enjoying health benefits, upgrading school
facilities, and meeting the demands of professional development. Notwithstanding

these challenges, teaching still offers the best personally rewarding opportunity of
affecting the lives of individuals and the society in general.
Raquedar (2003) underscores the importance given by employers for training
as integral part of an organization, which involves proper instruction for the jobs at
hand, development of good human relations, and enhancement of desirable
personality and character.
Similarly, Tabunan (2003) states the importance of on-the-job training (OJT)
in the students’ learning process and development. OJTs allow students to
experience the realities of business routines, thus prompting them to improve their
skills and other qualifications for better employability.
In choosing a career path, a student must have a clear set of goals. Having
goals in life serves as a guide to what one hopes to achieve. And whether one is a
student or an educator, a successful career requires putting one’s heart into
everything one aspires to be.
Most individuals tend to pursue careers where they can find real enjoyment,
job security, and professional growth.
Foreign Studies
Several studies have been conducted to investigate the possible factors that
influence a student’s pursuance of teaching or office work.

Fizer (2013) identifies factors that can influence a college student’s choice for
a career: (1) the quality of life that they ought to have when they become old; (2)
academic factors where the students choose their major based on their academic
performance; (3) personality where the students who believe in themselves have
more confidence and are more likely to go far; (4) parental and peer factors; and (5)
gender, insofar as men have a more liberal and progressive style of thinking and
women prefer hierarchical style of thinking.
McDaniels & Gysber (2002) expound that the family income, occupation of
the parents, wish and peers influences moderately affect the decision of the students
in choosing their career. Further, mass media such as newspapers, magazines,
television program, and social work literature also affect the students’ career
choices.
Career selection is one of many important choices students make in
determining future plans (Burnchett, 2002). Thompson (2005) affirms that the
employability of a person sometimes depends on the training and seminars which he
or she has attended; hence, employees should have sufficient education and
training to enable them to undertake the technical phases of the job and to possess
the required manual effectively. However, the needs of society changes due to the
growth of science and technology. Thus, the knowledge, skills, and trainings may not
meet the needs of the present society.

The article The learning infrastructure discusses the necessity to meet the
needs of the business industry as a must for all colleges, pointing out that the
trainings to be offered should be constant so as not to become obsolete due to
changing technologies. Moreover, pre-service trainings are necessary for a student’s
orientation on career and employment.
Thomas (2003) as cited by Buton (2010) reports that nearly all the problems
associated with job training are very simple to overcome, that most trainees usually
take pride in learning new skill, that new skills gained for mutual benefits are good
for the trainee to improve his future employment value, and that the supervisors are
frequently the only persons in the organization that teach the basic knowledge and
the many key skills that group needs to learn. Hence, on-the-job training should
never stop.
Chukwurah (2006) concludes that teacher education concerns the production
of teachers at all levels, and has been recognized as major concern for the nation
since no school, whatever level can be run without the teacher. Hence, teacher
education plays prominent roles in preparing students to become more responsible
citizens, capable of making economic decisions that would benefit their personal and
professional lives.
In this study, this may determine the interest of the students – whether they
are interested in teaching the next generations, more interested in doing office tasks,
or even more interested in doing other jobs beyond the promise of the course they
had taken.
Local Studies
Personal interest, abilities, skills, and value are the most influential factors in
choosing a career. Thus, students should be given all the chances to learn and
develop the skills and attitudes required for various occupations. Conversely, career
counselors could give more emphasis on this environmental factor during individual
and small group career counseling sessions (Pabiton, 2007).
The major influences on people’s career choices most often cited in the
literature are the interest, self-efficacy, expectations, and personality traits. Parents
also exert the strongest influence on adolescents’ aspiration followed by the teacher,
friends and relatives. It would be unreasonable to extend some of these influential
factors, not just adolescent aspirations but also in career decision making. Self-
efficacy and parental support predicted youth expectations to attend college.
Parental environments influence career decisions both directly and indirectly with its
relationship to outcome expectations. The people, places and things surrounding
students as they grow up do not affect their own outlook about careers (Mattison,
2002).
Kwak (n.d.) as cited by Caraede (n.d.) reveals that both father and mother’s
educational backgrounds greatly influence the decision-making of the child. In that
manner, the parents being good role models would be satisfactorily succeeded by
their children.
Students learn about the changing nature of the work place, the value of work
to the society, and the connection of work to the achievement of personal goals.
Learning Standards for Career Development and Occupational Studies at
Three Levels reports that students must possess certain traits for them to be
knowledgeable about the world of work, explore career options, and relate personal
skills, aptitudes, and abilities for future career decisions: (1) continue development of
a career plan that would assist in the transition from school to eventual entry into a
career option; (2) demonstrate an understanding of the relationship among personal
interest, skills and abilities, career research; (3) demonstrate an understanding of
the relationship between the changing future of work and educational requirements;
and (4) understand the relationship of personal choices to future career decisions.
Francisco (n.d.) emphasizes that a pre-service teacher is like a pencil who
from time to time should experience painful sharpening insofar as this painful
sharpening enables him or her to develop teaching competencies and character.
Bautista in her study The Employability of PUP Bachelor in Office
Administration Graduates: An Evaluation suggests that necessary steps should be
undertaken to arouse the interests of the students particularly in pursuing the type of
job that is in line with the course they have taken up.
Graduate education among educators becomes a necessity due to the
increasing competition in our society, as well as rapid educational changes and
technological advancement since there are more jobs that enter the country which
require skills that would not only be at par with the others but outdo them. A
graduating student should be fully aware that he must continually grow and learn,
advance his educational qualification, and be updated with the latest innovations
(Pegarido 1998).
Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
The related literature and studies discussed above prove helpful to the
researchers in determining and analyzing the career path of fourth year Bachelor in
Teacher Education students.
Waugh (2006), Holland (2006) and Derr (1982) agree that a career is
basically based on individual choices.
Keasly & Nead (n. d.) stress that since senior year is the time when students
start to organize and search for jobs and graduate from school, training and
seminars give clear views on setting priorities and opportunities to help students
develop skills and understanding that would prepare them for successful.
Mc Ginley (1980) and Venable (2011) agree that career choice is based on
many factors that may influence the success level in the job, the dominant factors
being that the choice must be parallel with the student’s interest, level of satisfaction,
learning, and experience.
Meily (2005) underscores the importance of responsibility for teachers insofar
as they impact on the society in general. Relativo (2005) puts premium on pre-
service education as a requisite for every budding teacher. Thompson (2005) agrees
but puts more value to sufficient education and training because employability
sometimes depends on it.
Fizer (2013) enumerates factors that play in making career choices such as
interest in field, and academic factors where the students choose their major based
on their academic performance. Basow (2012) reports that students’ career choices
are moderately affected by mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television
program, and social work literature but least affected by the university recruitment
program and college catalogue.
Burnchett (2002) and Thompson (2005) agree that employees should have
sufficient and constant education and training so as not to become obsolete due to
changing technology. Similarly, Buton (2010) and Chukwurah (2006) reach an
agreement that supervisors play prominent roles in preparing students to become
more responsible citizens, capable of making economic decisions that would benefit
their personal and professional lives.
Pabiton (n.d.) credits personal interest, abilities, skills, and value as big
factors that determine the career choice of students. Mattison (2002) adds that
major influential factors include self-efficacy, expectations, and family, teacher,
friends and relatives. Further, Kwak recognizes educational background of parents
as a factor that affects the career choice of children.
Indeed, these foreign and local literature and studies bolster the conduct of
the current study, as these provide the proper framework and concepts hereto.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methodology of the study. It covers the research
method and instrument used, research design, population and sampling,
respondents, data gathering procedures, and statistical treatment of data.
Method of Research
This study used the descriptive survey method to determine the factors that
influence the pursuance to teaching or office work of the graduating fourth year
students of Bachelor in Business Teacher Education at Polytechnic University of the
Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila.
Descriptive research obtains facts about existing conditions in a
phenomenon, and describes and interprets revealing conditions or relationships that
exist or do not exist, practices that prevail or do not, beliefs or points of view or
attitudes that are held or not, processing that are going on or otherwise effects that
are being felt, or trends that are developing (Calderon, 2012).

Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique
The respondents for this study composed of 182 graduating students of
Bachelor in Business Teacher Education (BBTE) of Polytechnic University of the
Philippines Mabini Campus, during the second semester of academic year 2016-
2017. Specifically, responses of respondents were taken within the period of
November 2016 to March 2017 using modified questionnaires as instruments in
gathering information about the factors that influence the respondents’ career
choices.
There were two categories of specialization of the respondents: (1) those
majoring in Business in Technology and Livelihood Education; and (2) those
majoring in Information Technology Education.
The researchers used the convenience sampling technique to generate 171
out of 182 students based on the availability of the respondents.
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Section and Specialization
Section and
Frequency Percentage (%)
Specialization
BBTE-TLE 4-1D 29 16.96
BBTE-TLE 4-2D 23 13.45
BBTE-TLE 4-3D 30 17.54
BBTE-TLE 4-4D 27 15.79
BBTE-ITE 4-1N 24 14.04
BBTE-ITE 4-2N 38 22.22
Total 171 100.00
Table 1 demonstrates the number of respondents per section. The
researchers covered all the sections of fourth year BBTE students. Most of the
respondents came from BBTE-ITE 4-2N with a total number of thirty-eight (38) at
22.22%, followed by BBTE-TLE 4-3D with the sum of thirty (30) at 17.54%, BBTE-
TLE 4-1D with a total number of twenty-nine (29) at 16.96%, BBTE-TLE 4-4D with
the sum of twenty-seven (27) at 15.79%, BBTE-ITE 4-1N with a total number of
twenty-four (24) at 14.04%, and BBTE-TLE 4-2D with twenty-three (23) at 13.45%,
all comprising 171 respondents (100%).
Description of Respondents
The respondents for the research were the graduating fourth year BBTE
students of S.Y. 2016-2017 of both majors, Information Technology Education (ITE)
and Business Technology and Livelihood (BTL) at the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila. They are both male and female.
Research Instrument
In order to obtain the desired data from the fourth year BBTE students, the
researchers of this study used survey questionnaires as the major instrument,
composed of three parts – profiles of the respondents, checklist, and a ranking scale
of the different factors that influence the pursuance of teaching and office works of
the students.
The first part of questionnaire was about the student’s profile (name, gender,
section and specialization). The second part of the questionnaire was a checklist
composed of seven items. Respondents were asked to answer each question by
checking the corresponding box in the columns.
The third part of the questionnaire was about the different factors that
influence the pursuance to teaching or office works composed of 25 items. The
rating scale or Likert four-point scale used in the questionnaire composed of 4 –
strongly agree; 3 – agree; 2 – disagree; 1 – strongly disagree).
Likert Scale
Degree of the Agreement of Respondents
Scale Range Verbal Interpretation
1 1.00-1.50 Strongly Disagree
2 1.51-2.50 Disagree
3 2.51-3.50 Agree
4 3.51-4.00 Strongly Agree
Data-Gathering Procedure
The researchers used the questionnaire for the gathering of the desired data.
The researchers asked the permission of the Dean, Dr. Junithesmer D.
Rosales of College of Education, to conduct the survey about the determinants of
career path of BBTE students. After the researchers obtained the approval of Dr.
Rosales, the researchers administered the survey to the fourth year BBTE students
during their vacant periods.
The questionnaires that had been validated by research experts and panelists
had been distributed to the respondents, who answered the respective questions
based on their knowledge, the researchers assuring the respondents that the data
gathered would be treated with utmost confidentiality.
The results were tallied and tabulated according to the frequency of the items
checked by the respondents. After the tabulation, results were interpreted using
various statistical tools.
Statistical Treatment of Data
For the purpose of analysis and interpretation, the data gathered were coded,
tallied and tabulated subjected to the following statistical treatment:
1. Frequency and Percentage
The frequency and distributions were used to categorize the respondents
according to their personal background variables such as sex, section and
specialization in the first part of the questionnaire. The researchers used the formula
below to determine the proportion of students who answered in certain way in the
second part of the questionnaire:
𝐅
𝐏= ×𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍
Where:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = No. of Respondents
2. Ranking
The researchers used the ranking technique in the study to compare the
importance of the items analyzed. Ranking as a descriptive measure ought to
describe numerical data in addition to percentage. This was used in the second part
of the questionnaire.
3. Weighted Mean
Another technique used by the researchers in the study was the weighted
mean. This was used in order to determine the average responses of the different
options in the third part of the questionnaire to analyze the data to the respondents’
degree of agreement.
Formula:
∑ 𝐟𝐱
𝐖𝐌 =
𝐧
Where:
WM = Weighted Mean
∑ fx = the sum of all products of f and x, f being
frequency of each weight and x as the weight of each
operation.
n = total number of respondents
4. Pearson r Correlation
Pearson r Correlation was used to determine the significant relationship
between the determinants of teaching and office works. Pearson r Correlation has
been widely used in statistics to measure the relationship between the linear related
variables. For the Pearson r correlation, both variables should be normally
distributed to the following formula variables are used to calculate the Pearson r
correlation.
∑ni=1(Xi − ̅
X)(Yi − ̅
Y)
r=
√∑ni=1(Xi − ̅
X)2 √∑ni=1(Yi − ̅
Y) 2
Where:
r = Pearson r correlation coefficient
n = number of value in each data
∑ xy = sum of the products of paired scores
∑ y = sum of y scores
∑ x 2 = sum of squared x scores
Interpretation for Pearson r
If the p-value is <0.05, reject hypothesis, otherwise accept the hypothesis,
there being no significant relationship.

Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the data gathered together with the statistical analysis and its
interpretation.
Table 2
Profile of Respondents in Terms of Sex.
Sex Frequency Percentage (%)

Female 103 60.23
Male 68 39.77
Total 171 100.00
Table 2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents
in terms of sex. Majority of the respondents were female with a frequency of one
hundred three (103) and percentage of 60.23%, while male respondents were sixty-
eight (68) or the percentage of 39.77%.
Table 3 below presents the type of school where the respondents prefer to
teach. Majority or one hundred thirteen (113) of the respondents (66.08%) prefer to
teach in public schools, forty-eight (48) with a percentage of 28.07% prefer either
public or private schools, and ten (10) or 5.85% prefer the private schools.
Table 3
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of School They Prefer to Teach
Prefer Frequency Percentage (%)

PUBLIC 113 66.08
PRIVATE 10 5.85
EITHER 48 28.07
Total 171 100.00
Table 4 below illustrates the place of work the respondents prefer. Majority of
the respondents with a total number of one hundred twenty-nine (129) having a
percentage of 75.44% prefer to teach in urban areas, while forty-two (42) or 24.56%
prefer the rural areas.
Table 4
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Place of Work
Place Frequency Percentage (%)

URBAN 129 75.44
RURAL 42 24.56
Total 171 100.00
Table 5
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Option to take LET
Like Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 160 93.57
No 7 4.09
Undecided 4 2.34
Total 171 100.00
Table 5 presents the decision of the respondents in taking licensure
examination for teachers. Majority with a total number of one hundred sixty (160) or
93.57% of the respondents opted to take the licensure examination, seven (7) or
4.09% opted not to, and four (4) or 2.34% were undecided whether to take the
licensure examination or not.
Table 6
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Pursuing Master’s Degree
Master’s degree Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 132 77.19
No 12 7.02
Undecided 27 15.79
Total 171 100.00
Table 6 presents the decision of the respondents in pursuing Master’s
degree. Majority of the respondents with the total of one hundred thirty-two (132) or
77.19% opted to pursue Master’s degree, twenty-seven (27) or 15.79% were
undecided whether to pursue Master’s degree or not, and twelve (12) or 7.02%
decided not to pursue Master’s degree.
Table 7
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Planning to Teach
Plan Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 64 37.43
No 77 45.03
Undecided 30 17.54
Total 171 100.00
Table 7 above presents the decision of the respondents in terms of planning
to teach abroad. Majority of the respondents answered no with a total number of

seventy-seven (77) or 45.03% do not opt to teach abroad, sixty-four (64) or 37.43%
would opt to teach abroad, and thirty (30) or 17.54% were undecided whether to
teach abroad or not.
Table 8 below reveals the level of education the respondents prefer to teach.
Majority of the respondents or ninety-seven (97) with a percentage of 56.73% prefer
high school, fifty-nine (59) or 34.50% prefer college, and fifteen (15) or 8.77% prefer
the elementary level.
Table 8
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Preferred Level Students to Teach
Level Frequency Percentage (%)

Elementary 15 8.77
High School 97 56.73
College 59 34.50
Total 171 100.00
Table 9
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Preferred Subject
Matter to Teach
Subject Matter Frequency Rank

Computer (ICT) 90 1
Marketing related 21 8
Management 26 5.5
T.L.E 84 2
Business Technology 37 3
Office Procedure 25 7
Stenography 27 4
Entrepreneurship 26 5.5
Table 9 above presents the list of subject matters the respondents prefer to
teach. Majority or ninety (90) of the respondents chose to teach computer (ICT),
eighty-four (84) preferred TLE, thirty-seven (37) preferred Business Technology,
twenty-seven (27) preferred stenography, twenty-six (26) preferred Management,
another twenty-six (26) Entrepreneurship, twenty-five preferred Office Procedure,
and twenty-one preferred Marketing.
Table 10
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms Preferred Office in which to Work
Nature of Office Frequency Percentage (%)

Public 80 46.78
Private 28 16.37
Either 63 36.84
Total 171 100.00
Table 10 shows the type of office in which the respondents preferred to work.
Majority or eighty (80) or 46.78% of the respondents preferred to work in public
schools, sixty-three (63) or 36.84% opted for either public or private schools, and
twenty-eight (28) or 16.37% opted to work in private schools.

Table 11
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Place of Work
Place Frequency Percentage (%)

Urban 148 86.55
Rural 23 13.45
Total 171 100.00
Table 11 presents the place of work the respondents preferred. Majority or
one hundred forty-eight (148) or 86.55% of the respondents preferred to work in
urban areas, and twenty-three (23) or 13.45% preferred the rural areas.
Table 12
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Taking CSC Examination
Like Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 153 89.47
No 11 6.43
Undecided 7 4.09
Total 171 100.00
Table 12 presents the decision of the respondents in taking the civil service
examination. Fifty-three (153) respondents or 89.47% answered yes, they would
take the civil service examination, eleven (11) or 6.43% said no, while seven (7) or
of 4.09% were undecided.

Table 13
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Pursuing Master’s Degree
Master’s degree Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 122 71.35
No 12 7.02
Undecided 37 21.64
Total 171 100.00
Table 13 presents the decision of the respondents in pursuing Master’s
degree. Majority of the respondents answered yes with the total of one hundred
twenty-two (122) having a percentage of 71.35%, meaning they want to pursue
Master’s degree, followed by undecided with a count of thirty-seven (37) having a
percentage of 21.64%, in which the respondents didn’t know whether to pursue
Master’s degree or not, and last, is no with the lowest total number of twelve (12)
having a percentage of 7.02%.
Table 14
Distribution of the Respondents in Terms of Planning to Work Abroad
Plan Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 81 47.37
No 58 33.92
Undecided 30 17.54
No Response 2 1.17
Total 171 100.00
Table 14 presents the decision of the respondents in working abroad. Majority
of the respondents answered yes with a total number of eighty-one (81) having a
percentage of 47.37%, meaning they want to work abroad, followed by no with a
count of fifty-eight (58) and a percentage of 33.92% in which they don’t want to work
abroad, next is undecided with a total number of thirty (30) having a percentage of
17.54%. and last is no response with the lowest total number of two (2) and a
percentage of 1.17%.
Table 15
Familial-Related Factors for Pursuing Teaching
SA A D SD Verbal
Weighte
Familial-Related Factors 4 3 2 1 Interpretatio
d Mean
Frequency n
Childhood experience - I
pretended to be a teacher 54 81 21 15 3.02 Agree
when I was a child.
Mother as a role model -
40 55 34 42 2.54 Agree
My mother is a teacher.
Father as a role model -
35 37 46 53 2.32 Disagree
My father is a teacher.
Parents/Guardians
decisions -My parents
42 58 42 29 2.66 Agree
wanted me to be a
teacher.
Parents educational
attainment -My parents
did not graduate from
80 60 14 17 3.19 Agree
college so they liked me
to finish my degree to be
a teacher.
Overall Weighted Mean 2.75 Agree
Table 15 describes the family-related factors for the respondents’ choice to
pursue teaching. These factors – Parents’ educational attainment (My parents did
not graduate to college so they like me to finished my degree to be a teacher),

Childhood experience (I pretend to be a teacher when I was a child),
Parents/Guardians decisions (My parents want me to be a teacher), and Mother as a
role model (My mother is a teacher) – generated Agree responses with weighted
means of (3.19), (3.02), (2.66), and (2.54), respectively. On the other hand, Father
as the role model (My father is a teacher) received Disagree responses at a
weighted mean of (2.32).
As a whole, familial-related factors generated an overall weighted mean of
(2.75). These results are comparable to the study of Peled (2004) which found
that fathers were less involved in parenting their adolescents than mothers did,
insofar as adolescents were more securely attached to their mothers than to their
fathers. In his previous study, the father had a low influence to their children’s
decisions.
Table 16
Individual-Related Factors in Pursuing Teaching
SA A D SD
Individual-related Weighted Verbal
4 3 2 1
Factors Mean Interpretation
Frequency
Abilities - I have the ability
to face crowd such as 68 95 5 3 3.33 Agree
students.
Interests - I am interested
65 92 12 2 3.29 Agree
in teaching.
Behavior/Personality - I
have the patience to teach 64 91 15 1 3.27 Agree
children.
Self-expectancy - I expect
myself to be a teacher in 65 86 18 2 3.25 Agree
the future.
Achievement needs - I
want to improve my career 82 74 10 5 3.36 Agree
development in teaching.
Under Table 16, the following factors generated Agree responses from
respondents at the weighted mean of (3.36), (3.33), (3.29), (3.27), and (3.25),
respectively: Achievement needs (I want to improve my career development in
teaching), Abilities (I have the ability to face crowd such as students), Interests (I am
interested in teaching), Behavior/Personality (I have the patience to teach children)
and Self-expectancy (I expect myself to be a teacher in the future).
As a whole, individual-related factors in choosing a career generated an
overall weighted mean of (3.30).

Table 17
Societal-Related Factors in Pursuing Teaching Career
SA A D SD
Weighted Verbal
Societal- related Factors 4 3 2 1
Mean Interpretation
Frequency
Educational experiences -
Due to my experiences I 62 101 8 0 3.32 Agree
learned to love teaching.
Peer Influences – People
around me want to be
42 90 35 4 2.99 Agree
teachers and already are
teachers.
Mass media - The
teaching profession is in
51 96 17 7 3.12 Agree
demand work according
to media.
Profession reputation -
Being a teacher is a 91 75 4 1 3.50 Agree
respectable profession.
Figure model - I am
inspired by my teacher to 67 90 13 1 3.30 Agree
be a teacher.
Table 17 shows the following societal-related factors generating Agree
responses with weighted mean of (3.50), (3.32), (3.30), (3.12), and (2.99),
respectively: Profession reputation (Being a teacher is a respectable profession),
educational experiences (Due to my experiences I learned to love teaching), model
figure (I am inspired by my teacher to be a teacher), mass media (The teaching
profession are in demand work according to media) and peer influences (People
around me wants to be a teacher and already a teacher).

As a whole, societal-related factors in choosing a career generated an overall
weighted mean of (3.25).
Relativo (2005) earlier pointed out that a school teacher is not just a teacher
but also a community leader, a confidante, a friend, a parent, a counselor, and a
very respectable citizen. Waugh (2006) states that students do not decide alone but
ask their family, friends, or relatives for advice.
Table 18
Psychosocial-emotional Factors in Teaching
SA A D SD
Psychosocial- emotional Weighted Verbal
4 3 2 1
Frequency
Decision-making - I think
critically before I decide 67 92 11 1 3.32 Agree
whether I’ll be a teacher.
Willingness to learn - To
adapt changing skills and 84 76 11 0 3.43 Agree
techniques in teaching.
Confidence level - I am
confident that I will be a 57 95 19 0 3.22 Agree
good teacher.
Own happiness –
72 78 19 2 3.29 Agree
Teaching is my passion.
Presence of assertiveness
- I give my statement 55 102 11 3 3.22 Agree
confidently on teaching.
Table 18 illustrates that following psychological-emotional factors generated
Agree responses from the respondents with weighted mean of (3.43), (3.32), (3.29),
(3.22), and (3.22), respectively: Willingness to learn (To adapt changing skills and
techniques in teaching), own happiness (Teaching is my passion), decision-making
(I think critically before I decide whether I’ll be a teacher), confidence level (I am
confident that I will be a good teacher), and presence of assertiveness (I give my
statement confidently on teaching).
As a whole, psychosocial-emotional-related factors in choosing a career
generated an overall weighted mean of (3.29).
Fizer (2013) stated that personality plays a role in choosing a career where
the students who believe in themselves have more confidence and are more likely to
go for what they want instead of settling for something that is comfortable.
Table 19
Competencies-related Factors in Pursuing Teaching
SA A D SD
Competencies- related Weighted Verbal
4 3 2 1
Frequency
Stenography skills - I
could leach stenography 40 98 29 3 3.03 Agree
subjects.
Keyboarding skills - I
could teach keyboarding 85 76 9 1 3.43 Agree
subjects.
Bookkeeping skills - I
could teach accounting 48 81 36 6 3.00 Agree
subjects.
Clerical skills (e.g. sorting
tiles) I could teach 74 82 14 1 3.34 Agree
business subject.
Communication skills - I
could communicate to 70 90 10 1 3.34 Agree
students effectively.
Computer literacy - I
could teach computer 85 81 5 0 3.47 Agree
subjects.
Writing skills - I could
express my thoughts
67 92 10 2 3.31 Agree
through writing that I can
share to my students.
Table 19 shows that the factors on computer literacy (I could teach computer
subjects), keyboarding skills (I could teach keyboarding subjects), communication
skills (I could communicate to students effectively), clerical skills (I could teach
business subject), writing skills (I could express my thoughts through writing that I
can share to my students), stenography skills - I could leach stenography subjects),
and bookkeeping skills (I could teach accounting subjects) generated Agree

responses from respondents with weighted means of (3.47), (3.43), (3.34), (3.34),
(3.31), (3.03), and (3.00), respectively.
As a whole, competencies-related factors in choosing a career generated an
overall weighted mean of (3.27).
Pabiton (2007) noted that the students must be given all the chances to learn
and develop the skills and attitudes required for various occupations insofar as the
necessity to meet the needs of the business industry is a must for all colleges and
that the trainings should be constant and in sync with the latest technology.
Table 20
Familial-related Factors in Office Work
SA A D SD
Weighted Verbal
Familial- related Factors 4 3 2 1
Mean Interpretation
Frequency
Childhood experience - I
pretend to be an office
41 91 23 16 2.92 Agree
worker when I was a
child.
Mother as a role model -
My mother is an office 41 51 46 33 2.58 Agree
worker.
Father as a role model -
My father is an office 31 61 44 35 2.51 Agree
worker.
Parents/Guardians
decisions -My parents
42 78 29 22 2.82 Agree
want me to be an office
worker.
Parents educational
attainment -My parents
did not graduate to
73 70 17 11 3.20 Agree
college so they like me to
finished my degree to be
an office worker.
Table 20 reveals the following familial-related factors in pursuing office work
generated Agree responses from respondents with weighted mean of (3.20), (2.92),
(2.82), (2.58), and (2.51), respectively: parent’s educational attainment (My parents
did not graduate to college so they like me to finished my degree to be an office
worker), childhood experience (I pretended as an office worker when I was a child),
parent’s/guardian’s decisions (My parents want me to be an office worker), mother

as a role model (My mother is an office worker), and father as a role model (My
father is an office worker).
As a whole, familial-related factors in pursuing office work generated Agree
responses with an overall weighted mean of (2.81).
Table 21
Individual-related Factors in Pursuing Office Work
SA A D SD
Individual-related Weighted Verbal
4 3 2 1
Frequency
Abilities - I can work
independently as an office 76 87 7 1 3.39 Agree
professional.
Interests - I am interested
74 86 11 0 3.37 Agree
in office works.
Behavior/Personality - I
am impatience so I prefer 51 87 27 6 3.07 Agree
office works.
Self-expectancy - I expect
myself to be an office 67 89 15 0 3.30 Agree
professional in the future.
Achievement needs - I
want to improve my
83 81 5 2 3.43 Agree
career development in
office works.
Table 21 reveals that individual-related factors in pursuing office work
generated Agree responses from respondents, with weighted mean of (3.43), (3.39),
(3.37), (3.30), and (3.07), respectively: achievement needs (I want to improve my
career development in office works), abilities (I can work independently as an office
professional), interests (I am interested in office works), self-expectancy (I expect

myself to be an office professional in the future), and behavior/personality (I am
impatience so I prefer office works).
As a whole individual-related factors in pursuing office work generated Agree
responses from respondents with overall weighted mean of (3.31).
Raquedar (2003) reported that most of the companies and offices considered
training as an integral part of an organization, insofar as training involves job
instruction regarding the particular work, human relation, personality development
and psycho-emotional stability. Zunker (1998) states that individuals are attracted to
a given career by their particular personalities and numerous variables that
constitute their backgrounds.

Table 22
Societal-related Factors in Office Work
SA A D SD Weigh Verbal
Societal- related Factors 4 3 2 1 ted Interpreta
Frequency Mean tion
Educational experiences -
Due to my experiences I
52 105 12 2 3.21 Agree
learned to love office
works.
Peer Influences - People
around me want to works in
46 89 31 4 3.04 Agree
the office and already an
office worker.
Mass media - The office
works are in demand work 43 99 21 8 3.04 Agree
according to media.
Profession reputation -
office professional is a 72 90 6 3 3.35 Agree
respectable profession.
Figure model - Someone I
idolized is an office 55 98 16 2 3.20 Agree
professional.
Table 22 reveals that the following societal-related factors in pursuing office
work generated Agree responses from respondents with weighted means of (3.35),
(3.21), (3.20), (3.04), and (3.04), respectively: profession reputation (Office
professional is a respectable profession), educational experiences (Due to my
experiences I learned to love office work), model figure (Someone I idolized is an
office professional), mass media (The office works are in demand work according to
media), and peer influences (People around me want to works in the office and
already an office worker.

Generally, societal-related factors in pursuing office work generated Agree
responses from respondents with overall weighted mean of (3.17).
McDaniels & Gysber (2002) expounded that students are moderately affected
by mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television program, and social
work literature.
Table 23
Psychosocial-emotional Factors in Office Work
SA A D SD
Psychosocial- emotional Weighted Verbal
4 3 2 1
Frequency
Decision-making - I think
critically before I decide
64 93 12 2 3.28 Agree
whether I’ll be an office
professional.
Willingness to learn - To
adapt changing skills and 76 80 14 1 3.35 Agree
techniques in office works.
Confidence level - I am
confident that I will be a 58 94 14 5 3.20 Agree
good office professional.
Own happiness - Office
59 87 22 3 3.18 Agree
work is my passion.
Presence of assertiveness
- I give my statement 59 94 13 5 3.21 Agree
confidently on office works.
Table 23 reveals that the following psychosocial-related factors in pursuing
office work generated Agree responses from responses with weighted mean of
(3.35), (3.28), (3.21), (3.20), and (3.18), respectively: willingness to learn (To adapt
changing skills and techniques in office works), decision-making (I think critically
before I decide whether I’ll be an office professional), presence of assertiveness (I

give my statement confidently on office works), confidence level (I am confident that
I will be a good office professional), and own happiness (Office work is my passion).
Generally, these psychosocial-emotional factors generated Agree responses
with an overall weighted mean of (3.24).
Mc Ginley (1980) stated that students choose careers that are in line with
their interests, values, goals, and abilities.
Table 24
Competencies-related Factors in Pursuing Office Work
SA A D SD
Competencies- related Weighted Verbal
4 3 2 1
Frequency
Stenography skills - I
could be efficient in jotting
43 100 25 3 3.07 Agree
down notes as an office
professional.
Keyboarding skills - I have
a fast typing skills as an 76 84 10 0 3.39 Agree
office professional.
Bookkeeping skills - I
could do basic accounting 46 89 33 3 3.04 Agree
works as an office worker.
Clerical skills (e.g. sorting
tiles) - I could be a 75 83 12 1 3.36 Agree
productive office worker.
Communication skills - I
have good oral skills as an 66 91 12 2 3.29 Agree
office professional.
Computer literacy - I could
be efficient in computer 80 87 3 1 3.44 Agree
works as an office worker
Writing skills – As an
office worker I could write 70 87 9 5 3.30 Agree
business memo/letters.
Table 24 reveals that the following competency-related factors in pursuing
office work generated Agree responses with weighted mean of (3.44), (3.39), (3.36),
(3.30), (3.29), (3.07), and (3.04), respectively: computer literacy (I could be efficient
in computer work as an office worker), keyboarding skills (I have a fast typing skills
as an office professional), clerical skills (I could be a productive office worker),
writing skills (As an office worker I could write business memo/letters),
communication skills (I have good oral skills as an office professional), stenography
skills (I could be efficient in jotting down notes as an office professional), and
bookkeeping skills (I could do basic accounting works as an office worker).
Generally, these competency-related factors generated Agree responses with
an overall weighted mean of (3.27).

Table 25
Correlation between Office Works and Teaching According to
Familial-related Factors
Familial Factors (Teaching)

Office Works Pearson p-
Decision Remarks
Coefficient value
Familial- related Reject
0.676 0.000 Significant
Factors Ho
Individual-related Accept Not
0.093 0.228
Factors Ho Significant
Societal- related Reject
Factors Ho
Psychosocial- Accept Not
-0.017 0.827
emotional Factors Ho Significant
Competencies- related Reject
Factors Ho
NOTE: if p-value is less than the level of significance which is 0.05 reject the null hypothesis
otherwise accepts. Pearson coefficient values: ±0.76 - ±0.99 Very Strong; ±0.51 - ±0.75 Strong; ±0.26
- ±0.50 Moderate; ±0.11 - ±0.25 Weak; ±0.01 - ±0.10 Very Weak
Table 25 which displays the relationship between office work and teaching
according to familial-related factors by using Pearson r correlation shows that the
familial-related, societal-related, and competencies-related factors got p-value of
(0.001) and (0.045) which is less than the level of significance (0.05). Therefore, the
null hypothesis is rejected. This means that the relationship between familial-related
factors of the office work and teaching is strong with Pearson coefficient value of
(0.676).
Mattison (2002) stated that the major influences on people’s career choices
are interest, self-efficacy, expectations, and personality traits. Parents also exert the
strongest influence on adolescent aspiration, followed by the teacher, friends and
relatives.
Table 26
Correlation between Office Work and Teaching based on
Individual-related Factors
Individual Factors (Teaching)

Decision Remarks
Coefficient value
Familial- related
0.178 0.020 Reject Ho Significant
Factors
Individual-related
Factors
Societal- related
Factors
Psychosocial-
emotional Factors
Competencies- related
Factors
through individual-related factors using Pearson r correlation shows that familial-
related, individual-related, societal-related, psychosocial-emotional and
competencies-related factors got p-values of (0.020) and (0.001) which is less than
the level of significance (0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This
means that individual-related factors of the office work relates strongly with teaching
with a Pearson coefficient value of (0.552).

Table 27
Correlation between Office Works and Teaching based on
Societal-related Factors
Societal Factors (Teaching)

Decision Remarks
Coefficient value
Familial- related
Factors
Individual-related
Factors
Societal- related
Factors
Psychosocial-
emotional Factors
Factors
Table 27 which displays the relationship between the office work and teaching
based on societal-related factors using Pearson r correlation shows that familial-
related, individual-related, societal-related, psychosocial-emotional and
competencies-related factors got a p-value of (0.001) which is less than the level of
significance (0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that
individual-related factors of the office work relates strongly with teaching with a
Pearson coefficient value of (0.615).

Table 28
Correlation between Office Works and Teaching based on
Psychosocial-emotional Factors
Psychosocial - Emotional Factors (Teaching)

Decision Remarks
Coefficient value
Familial- related Accept
0.068 0.380 Not Significant
Factors Ho
Individual-related Reject
Factors Ho
Societal- related Reject
Factors Ho
Psychosocial- Reject
emotional Factors Ho
Competencies- related Reject
Factors Ho
based on psychosocial-emotional factors using Pearson r correlation shows that
individual-related, societal-related, psychosocial-emotional and competencies-
related factors got a p-value of (0.000) which is less than the level of significance
(0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This means that psychosocial-
emotional factors of the office work and teaching are strongly related with a Pearson
coefficient value of (0.621).

Table 29
Correlation between Office Works and Teaching through
Competencies-related Factors
Competencies Factors (Teaching)

Decision Remarks
Coefficient value
Familial- related
Factors
Individual-related
Factors
Societal- related
Factors
Psychosocial-
emotional Factors
Factors
based on competencies-related factors using Pearson r correlation shows that
familial-related, individual-related, societal-related, psycho-social-emotional-related
and competencies-related factors got a p-value of (0.005) which is less than the
level of significance (0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This means
that competencies-related factors of office work and teaching are very strongly
related with Pearson coefficient value of (0.867).
These results are related to the study of Pegarido (1988) which stated that a
graduating student should be fully aware that he must continuously grow and learn,
advance his educational qualification, and be updated with the latest innovations. It
emphasized that, to become fully effective, students should pursue another course,
take Masters and Doctorate degrees.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the study.
Summary
The main purpose of this study was to identify the determinant factors of
career path between teaching and office work among fourth year Bachelor in
Business Teacher Education students of the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila.
The researchers hypothesized that there is no significant relationship
between the determinants of teaching and office work using descriptive survey
method to determine the factors that influence the pursuance to teaching or office
work of the graduating fourth year BBTE students. The major instrument used in this
study was survey questionnaire in which frequencies and percentage, ranking,
weighted mean and Pearson r correlation were determined using statistical
treatment.
Findings
Based on the results gathered, the following findings are hereby presented:
1. Majority of the respondents are females with a frequency of one hundred
three (103) and percentage of 60.23%. On the other hand, males comprised
of sixty-eight (68) respondents with a percentage of 39.77%.
2. In teaching profession in terms of type of school, 113 or 66.08% of the
respondents preferred to teach in public schools, while ten (10) or 5.85%
preferred the privates schools. The preferred place of teaching was the urban
areas among 129 or 75.44% of the respondents, while 42 or 24.56%
preferred the rural areas. The respondents would opt take the Licensure
Examination for Teachers (LET) with a frequency of 160 or 93.57% while 4
respondents with a percentage of 2.34% were undecided whether to take the
exam or not. In terms of pursuing Master’s Degree, majority or 132 (77.19%)
of the respondents answered yes, while 12 or 7.02% of the respondents
answered no. In terms of teaching abroad, seventy-seven (77) or 45.03% of
respondents answered no, while 30 or 17.54% were undecided whether to
teach abroad or not. As to the level of education, 97 or 56,73% of the
respondents preferred to teach high school students, 15 or 8.77% preferred
the elementary school students. As regard list of subjects, ninety (90) at rank
1 preferred to teach ICT, while twenty-one (21) at rank 8 preferred to teach
Marketing-related subjects.
In office profession in terms of type of office they preferred to work, public or
government office work generated the highest response with 80 or 46.78%,
while private companies received the lowest with 28 or 16.37%. One-hundred
forty-eight (148) or 86.55% of the respondents preferred to work in urban
areas, while 23 or 13.45% preferred the rural areas. In terms of taking up the
civil service examination, 153 or 89.47% of the respondents answered yes,
while seven (7) or 4.09% were undecided. As regard pursuing master’s
degree, 122 or 71.35% answered yes, while 12 or 7.02% answered no. As to
working abroad, majority or 81 (47.37%) answered positively, 30 (17.54%)
were undecided, and two (2) or 1.17% gave no response.
3. As regard familial-related factors in pursuing teaching, parent’s educational
attainment (My parents did not graduate to college so they like me to finished
my degree to be a teacher) garnered the highest weighted mean of 3.19 with
a verbal interpretation of Agree, while the father as the role model (My father
is a teacher) had the lowest weighted mean of 2.32 with a verbal
interpretation of Disagree. As regard individual-related factors, achievement
needs (I want to improve my career development in teaching) were agreed to
by respondents with the highest weighted mean of 3.36, while self-
expectancy (I expect myself to be a teacher in the future) was agreed to the
least with weighted mean of 3.25. In the aspect of societal-related factors,
profession reputation (Being a teacher is a respectable profession) was
agreed to by respondents with the highest weighted mean of 3.50, while peer
influences (People around me wants to be a teacher and already a teacher)
was agreed to the least with weighted mean of 2.99. On the part of
psychosocial-emotional factors, respondents agreed to willingness to learn
(To adapt changing skills and techniques in teaching) with the highest
weighted mean of 3.43, as well as to presence of assertiveness (I give my
statement confidently on teaching) with weighted mean of 3.22. In the aspect
of competencies-related factors, respondents agreed with highest weighted
mean of 3.47 to computer literacy (I could teach computer subjects) as well
as to bookkeeping skills (I could teach accounting subjects) with the least
weighted mean of 3.00.
In terms of familial-related factors relating to office work, the respondents
agreed with the weighted mean of 3.20 to parent’s educational attainment (My
parents did not graduate from college so they like me to finished my degree to
be an office worker), as well as to father as a role model (My father is an
office worker) with the lowest weighted mean of 2.51. As to individual-related
factors, the respondents agreed to achievement needs (I want to improve my
career development in office work) with the highest weighted mean of 3.43,
as well as to behavior/personality (I am impatient so I prefer office work) with
the lowest weighted mean of 3.07. On the part of societal-related factors,
respondents agreed to profession reputation (Office professional is a
respectable profession) with the highest weighted mean of 3.35 as well as to
peer influences (People around me want to works in the office and already an
office worker) with the least weighted average mean of 3.04. On the aspect
of psychosocial-emotional factors, the respondents agreed to willingness to
learn (To adapt changing skills and techniques in office works) with highest
weighted mean of 3.35, as well as to own happiness (Office work is my
passion) with the least weighted mean of 3.18. In the aspect of competencies-
related factors, respondents agreed to computer literacy (I could be efficient
in computer works as an office worker) with the highest weighted mean of
3.44, as well as to bookkeeping skills (I could do basic accounting work as an
office worker) with the lowest weighted mean of 3.04.
4. The relationship between office work and teaching according to familial-
related factors has been found to be strong with a Pearson coefficient value
of (0.676). On the other hand, the relationship between office work and
teaching according to individual-related factors has been found to be strong
with a Pearson coefficient value of (0.552). The relationships are both strong
between the office work and the teaching according to societal-related factors
has been found to be strong with a Pearson coefficient value of (0.615), as
well as the relationship between the office work and the teaching through
psychosocial-emotional factors with a Pearson coefficient value of (0.621).
Lastly, the relationship between the office work and the teaching according to
competencies-related factors has been found to be very strong with a
Pearson Coefficient value of (0.867).

Conclusions
Based on the foregoing findings, the researcher drawn the following
conclusions:
1. Most of the respondents were female, because teaching courses are mostly
taken by female than male.
2. In teaching profession, the respondents preferred to teach in public schools
than in private schools located in urban areas than in rural areas; majority of
the respondents opted to take LET while the least were undecided. Moreover,
majority of the respondents would pursue Master’s degrees while the least
answered no. In addition, most of the respondents had no plan to teach
abroad while the least were still undecided; majority of them liked to teach in
high school while the least preferred the elementary school. Most of the
respondents preferred to teach ICT, while the least preferred Marketing-
related subjects.
In office profession, majority preferred to work in a public or government
offices than in private offices located in urban than in rural areas. Most of the
respondents also opted to take the civil service examination and majority
would pursue a Master’s degree. Additionally, most of the respondents
considered working abroad.
3. Among the factors affecting the choices for teaching and office work, parents’
educational attainment, achievement needs, professional reputation,

willingness to learn, and computer literacy were the highest determinants
identified by the respondents. On the other hand, the factors father as the role
model, self-expectancy and behavior/personality, peer influences, presence
of assertiveness and personal happiness, and bookkeeping skills were the
least determinants in choosing a career path for the respondents.
4. There is a significant relationship between the factors of teaching and office
work.
Recommendations
Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the researchers would
recommend the following:
1. Conduct studies covering other year levels of BBTE and other Education
students of PUP or other universities and to enhance the questionnaire that
would consider other probable factors.
2. The College of Education in collaboration with professors and staff should
encourage the students to optimize career development in rural areas or in
private institutions after graduating. With the help of the professors or
advisers of each class, they should persuade their students to take a LET or
civil service examination for better professional qualifications. Furthermore,
they should motivate their students to pursue post-graduate and graduate
degrees.
3. Parents should encourage, guide, motivate and inspire their children in
carefully choosing their career and profession.
4. The College of Education should constantly conduct comprehensive career
development seminars and trainings to properly prepare and equip the
students toward a carefully-chosen career and profession.

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COLLEGE OF EDUCATION 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

right decisions considering their innate capacities (Pablo et al., 2011).

The teaching profession requires prolonged preparation for navigating future

the students, guidance counselor, school psychologist, and curriculum specialist

reality either in teaching or in performing office works (Bautista, 2003).

Background of the Study

The College of Education (COEd) is the oldest college of the Polytechnic

University of the Philippines (PUP), a state university. COEd offers Bachelor’s

degrees in Secondary Education (BSE), elementary education (BEEd), Business

Teacher Education (BBTE), and post-baccalaureate in Teacher Education (PBTE).

BBTE is a four-year degree program which prepares students in two career

tracts: Business Technology and Livelihood Education (BTLE), and Information

Technology Education (ITE); both of which prepare students to teach specific

vocational-technical schools. This program is designed to equip students with office

skills, basic of personal finance, decision-making techniques needed to be wise

consumers, application of economic principles to an increasingly international

marketplace, and the skills in establishing a business. Students master the

applications of knowledge and acquire workplace skills particularly in the teaching of

technology and livelihood education, information technology, research and service.

profession as teachers or as non-teaching office staff, either in private or

disposition and teaching skills.

Business Teacher Education students in teaching or non-teaching office work.

educators or as office professionals.

A theory is a well-founded statement or set of ideas that explains observed

anchored on the concepts in career education, law of readiness, and Maslow’s

Based on the concepts in career education, the students should develop

understanding of their decision–making process and be equipped with strategies to

implement the decision relative to their personal and professional development.

an approach as the following concepts: that choice occurs under conditions of

conceptualized as motivated by two interrelated set of factors – the individual’s

uncertain outcomes requires reconciliation of several general factors; that the

Essentially, an individual seeks ways to fulfill his needs. Individual or human

motivation is guided by a hierarchy of or ladder of needs (Wayne, 2000). Maslow’s

theory of hierarchy of needs proposes that motivation is the result of a person’s

behavior (Jamali, 2015).

phenomenal field. Individuals react to the environment depending on how they

perceive it or how they perceive the world (Elliot et al., 2000).

using the input-process-output framework (IPO).

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

2.1 Teaching Profession

3. Determinant Factors • Descriptive

including familial-related factors, individual-related factors, societal-related factors,

Psychosocial-emotional factors, and competencies-related factors.

descriptive study through survey questionnaire, analysis of data, and statistical

professionals including career orientation, seminar and job fair.

Statement of the Problem

Teacher Education at Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

2.1 Teaching Profession

2.1.1 Type of school they prefer to teach

2.1.2 Place of work

2.1.3 Licensure Examination for Teachers

2.1.4 Master’s degree

2.1.5 Plan Opportunities abroad

2.1.6 Level of education

2.1.7 Subject matter

2.2 Office Profession

2.2.1 Type of office environment they prefer to work

2.2.2 Place of work

2.2.3 Civil Service Examination

2.2.4 Master’s degree