Cjce-2018-0040 - Canada

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
In-plane free vibrations of transmission lines with multi-

spans
Journal: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
Manuscript ID cjce-2018-0040.R1
Manuscript Type: Article
Date Submitted by the

27-May-2018
Author:
Complete List of Authors: Qi, Liming; North China Institute of Science & Technology
Xu, Ameng; North China Institute of Science & Technology
Liu, Xiaohui; Chongqing Jiaotong University, Civil Engineering;
In-plane mode, natural frequency, multi-span transmission lines,

Keyword:
dynamic stiffness
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consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission)
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Page 1 of 24 Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
1 In-plane free vibrations of transmission lines with multi-spans

2 Qi Liming*，Xu Ameng**, Liu Xiaohui***
3 * School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science & Technology, Beijing, 101601, China.
4 ** School Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science & Technology, Beijing, 101601, China.
5 *** School of civil engineering, Chongqing jiaotong University, Chonqging, 400074, China.
6
7 Abstract: A theoretical method of in-plane mode and natural frequency of transmission lines with multi-spans is
8 presented. The main idea is to establish moment balance equations of each insulator string and in-plane vertical
9 motion equation of each span in multi-span section when the effect of conductor inertia component parallel to the
10 chord on the additional horizontal tension of conductor is considered. The validity of theoretical mode and natural
11 frequency is demonstrated by consistency with the numerical results of a typical five-span transmission line based
12 on ABAQUS. It is shown that the mode of the five-span with a larger elasto-geometrical parameter exhibits
13 asymmetrical shape differed from those of single-span conductor. Considering the complexity of the theoretical
14 expression, a simplified theoretical formulation of the modes and natural frequencies of multi-span is obtained.
15 Based on the curve of the frequency changing with the elasto-geometrical parameter, the various internal
16 resonance conditions are discussed.
17 Key words: In-plane mode; natural frequency; dynamic stiffness; multi-span transmission lines；
18
19 1. Introduction
An overhead transmission line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit
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20
21 electrical energy along large distances. In wintertime when the transmission line is covered by snow or ice (as
22 shown in Fig.1), the large-scale vertical vibrations induced by ice-shedding and galloping may lead to flashover,
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23 short circuiting, failure of conductors and hardware fittings, and even the collapse of towers, which usually give
24 rise to disruption of power supply.
25 It is known that obtaining modes and natural frequencies is a fundamental step in the study the dynamic motion
26 of transmission line (Irvine et al. 1974). For the study on the dynamic motion, the bending stiffness of
27 transmission line usually is neglected because of its large span size, small section radius, high flexibility. Irvine et
28 al. (1974) developed a linear theory for free vibrations of a uniform horizontal suspended cable for which the ratio
29 of sag to span is about 1:8, or less. The modes and natural frequencies of single span obtained by this cable theory
30 agree with the results of simple experiments. Moreover, Triantafyllou (1984) and Triantafyllou et al. (1986)
31 investigated the in-plane natural vibration properties of an inclined cable that differ from those of a horizontal
32 cable and pointed out that for the frequency curves of inclined cables as a function of λ2 the “cross-over” has been
33 replaced by an “avoided crossing” that is associated with a hybrid mode consisted of symmetric and
34 antisymmetric modal shapes when the frequencies of this two modes coincide. Considering the influence of
35 weight component parallel to the chord by using the approximate up to cubic order, Wu et al. (2005) presented a
36 modification expression of an in-plane natural frequency of an inclined cable by Irvine. Wang et al. (2009)
37 extended the solution of Irvine et al. (1974) and Wu to the general case of an inclined taut cable and obtained the
38 accurate formulae of the natural frequencies and the modal shapes by using the Bessel equation of zero order, in
39 which weight component parallel to the cable chord is considered by characteristic parameter ε.
40 Generally speaking, the great majority of research literature on non-linear vibrations of suspended cables deals
41 with single-span cable. Referring to obtaining these natural frequencies and modal shapes of single-span cable,
42 continuum equations describing non-linear vibrations of an elastic cable are reduced to one ordinary equations via
43 a Galerkin method. This method is widely used in theoretical investigation of non-linear vibration of single-span
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Page 2 of 24
44 cable. Yu et al. (1993) developed a three-degree-of-freedom model to comprehensively describe and predict
45 different galloping behavior of single-span as explicit periodic, quasiperiodic states and their stability conditions.
46 Rega et al. (2007) and Rega et al. (2008) and Rega (2012) aimed at experimental modeling and investigating the
47 linear free and nonlinear forced vibration of sagged inclined cables and discussed nonlinear forced oscillations of
48 sagged inclined cables at avoidance regions with modal functions. Nayfeh et al. (2002) and Wang et al. (2009)
49 studied the nonlinear responses and modal interactions of suspended cable. Chen et al. (2010) investigated the
50 bifurcations and chaotic dynamics of parametrically and externally excited suspended cables. In addition, some
51 scholars(Yu et al.1993;Warminski et al.2016; Macdonald et al.2016;) also investigated nonlinear responses of a
52 suspended cable by support motion and possible external loading with a modal function of single-span cable. The
53 above research is mainly about investigation of single-span cable. In numerous applications, however, this is not
54 the case as in overhead transmission lines.
55 A considerable number of publications has been concerned with transmission line galloping, most of which are
56 devoted to single-span cables (Zhang et al.2000; Liu et al. 2009; Luongo et al. 2011;Yan et al. 2016). In fact, the
57 single-span model to study galloping of a transmission line is inaccurate. Overhead transmission lines of several
58 kilometers between two anchoring towers and carried by several towers in a row is called a section as shown in
59 Fig.1. The part of a section that is suspended between two towers is called a span. The Fig.1 shows that the cable
60 is suspended from the towers by a freely swing isolator string. The swing of the isolator string leads to a change in
61 conductor tension, when the isolator string is displaced by a small angle. A change in horizontal tension of a
62 conductor span may affect the motion of adjacent spans (Rienstra 2005; Wu et al.2016). The movable of the
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63 suspension points longitudinally to the line is caused by variations in tension that can accompany galloping, and
64 they act to couple the galloping motions of adjacent spans. Currently, there are some simplified models of
65 single-span, in which adjacent span and insulator string in multi-span section are replaced by equivalent
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66 spring(Desai et al.1995; Liu et al.2009). In fact, the multi-span section as a whole transmission line has normal
67 modes, each of which involves the participation of every span in this section and displays a different combination
68 of relative amplitudes in the various spans (Mathur et al. 1987; Gani et al. 2010; Paulsen et al. 2010). Further
69 investigation on the mode and frequency of the multi-span transmission line with quad-bundle conductors is
70 important to deeply understand the galloping and other dynamic characteristics at different internal resonance
71 conditions.
72 In this paper, an improved linear theory about the free vibrations of a multi-span transmission line with single
73 conductor is presented, and the validity of the new method is confirmed by numerical results of typical
74 transmission line obtained via ABAQUS software. It appears that the in-plane modes are heavily dependent on the
75 elastic parameter, and this in-plane mode exhibit asymmetrical shapes when the elastic parameter is in a specific
76 region. Moreover, based on the frequency curve of multi-span, the internal resonance conditions of quad bundle
77 transmission line are discussed. Finally, the modal shapes and frequencies of single conductor are compared with
78 the results of quad-conductors via ABAQUS. The possibility of applying the new method to multi-span
79 transmission lines with quad-conductors is studied.
80 2. The in-plane free vibration of multi-span transmission lines with single conductor
81 2.1 A modal formulation
82 An overhead transmission line is usually made of the conductors, the insulator strings, the spacers, and the
83 suspension and strain towers. In overhead transmission lines, line ends are suspended at two strain towers, and
84 intermediate points are suspended at the bottom end of insulator strings while the other end of the string is secured
85 to the cross-arm of suspension tower. This suspension insulator string consists of some number of porcelain discs,
86 connected in series to form a string, and is free to swing in any direction. The suspension insulator string length is
87 a. Span length is the distance between two adjacent towers, and is denoted by li. For the low order modes of
88 transmission lines, the effect of tower motion becomes very small and can be neglected for simplicity(Mathur et
89 al.1987). Fig.2 shows a simplified N-span transmission line including N-1 suspension insulator strings suspended
90 from fixed pivots at their upper ends(O1, Oi,…). All suspension points of the conductors (A1, Ai…) are located at
91 the same level. A local coordinate system(x,y,z) is defined and attached to each span transmission line at its left
92 end. The xi-axis is taken along the i span conductor chord, and the yi-axis as the vertical direction. ui is the
93 longitudinal displacement in the xi direction, and vi is the transverse displacement in the yi direction. In Fig.2 a
94 dashed line denotes the static equilibrium configuration under the self-weight. If the sag of every span is small, the
95 static equilibrium configuration adopted by flexible conductor is accurately given by a parabola, as
ql2 xi xi
96 yi = i ( l ―( l )2) (1)
2H i i
97 where H is the horizontal component of i-th span static tension, and is constant everywhere since no longitudinal
98 loads are acting. The li is the i-th span length, the q is the conductor weight per unit length. For the i-th span
99 conductor, the varied dynamic configuration, which is denoted by a solid line in Fig.2, is attained through the
100 displacement field components ui and vi from the initial static equilibrium configuration. Neglecting the bending
101 stiffness of the flexible conductor, the following differential equations of motion of the i-th span conductor in the
102 local coordinate system (xi,yi) are obtained as
∂ ∂(yi + vi) ∂2vi
103 ∂s[(H + hi) ∂xi ] = m ∂t2
―mg (2a)
∂(x + u ) 2
∂ i i ∂ u i
[(H + hi) ∂xi ] = m 2 (2b)
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104
∂s ∂t
105 where hi is addition horizontal tension (induced by conductor motion), and is a function defined for the position xi
106 in i-th span conductor and t, the m is the conductor mass per unit length, g is the acceleration due to gravity, t is
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107 the time variable, s is the un-stretched Lagrangian coordinate measured from the left end up to a material point of
108 the i-th span conductor, furthermore, for the static parabola profile ds≈dx.
109 Substituting Eq.(1) into Eq.(2), and each of Eq.(2) are expanded, and terms of the second order are unimportant
110 and may be ignored. Consequently, the equations governing i-span conductor motion can be reduced to
∂2𝑣𝑖 𝑑2𝑦𝑖 ∂ℎ𝑖𝑑𝑦𝑖 ∂2𝑣𝑖
111 𝐻 ∂𝑥2 + ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝑥2 + ∂𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑥𝑖 = 𝑚 ∂𝑡2 (3a)
𝑖 𝑖
2 2
∂ℎ𝑖 ∂ 𝑢𝑖 ∂ 𝑢𝑖
112
∂𝑥𝑖
+𝐻 ∂𝑥2 = 𝑚 (3b)
𝑖 ∂𝑡2
113 For this Eq.(3b), the inertia force of transmission line to the chord have been duly taken into consideration.
114 When vertical free vibration of the multi-span conductors occurs, all suspension insulator strings may swing
115 around suspension points. For the i-th span conductors, the displacements of both ends are Δxi and Δxi+1
116 respectively, which are induced by suspension insulators strings swing. However, this horizontal displacement ui
117 includes two parts, first part uis is induced by vertical vibration of i-th span conductor, second part uir is induced
118 by horizontal displacements of both ends of the i-span conductor. By assuming that the displacements of both
119 ends are small, the uir is determined as follows
120 𝑢𝑖𝑟(𝑥,𝑡) = 𝑢𝑖(0,𝑡) + [𝑢𝑖(𝑙𝑖,𝑡) ― 𝑢𝑖(0,𝑡)](𝑥𝑖/𝑙𝑖) (4)
121 The geometric boundary conditions, which are imposed on the coordinate functions at both outer ends of
122 transmission lines, are obtained by
123 𝑢1(0,𝑡) = 0;𝑢𝑁(𝑙𝑁,𝑡) = 0 (5)
124 The displacement is continuous at lower ends Ai and Ai+1 of suspension insulator strings and is ensured
125 imposing the matching conditions
126 𝑢𝑖(0,𝑡) = 𝑢𝑖 ― 1(𝑙𝑖 ― 1,𝑡) = Δ𝑥𝑖;𝑢𝑖(𝑙𝑖,𝑡) = 𝑢𝑖 + 1(0,𝑡) = Δ𝑥𝑖 +1 (6)
127 In order to reduce the number of unknown quantities, substituting Eq.(6) into Eq.(4), the Eq.(4) can be reduced to
128 𝑢𝑖𝑟(𝑥,𝑡) = Δ𝑥𝑖 +[Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 ― Δ𝑥𝑖](𝑥𝑖/𝑙𝑖) (7)
129 were Δx1=Δxn+1=0. Because the transverse horizontal motion uis involves no additional conductor tension(Irvine et
130 al.1974), the additional conductor tension is composed of two parts by Eq.(3) as following
∂𝑢𝑖 𝑑 𝑦𝑖∂𝑣𝑖 ∂2𝑢𝑖𝑟
131 ℎ𝑖 = ℎ𝑖𝑐 + ℎ𝑖𝑡 = 𝐸𝐴(∂𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑥 ∂𝑥 ) + 𝑚∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑖 (8)
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 ∂𝑡2
132 where E is Young’s modulus of elasticity, A is the effective cross-sectional area of the conductor. The first part hic
133 of the additional horizontal tension is induced by vertical vibration of the i-th span conductor and is a function of
134 time alone(Irvine et al.1974). The second part hit of the additional horizontal tension is induced by displacements
135 of both ends (Ai, Ai+1) and is a function of time t and the position xi within the i-th span conductor. With the
136 boundary conditions, hic may be integrated to give
𝐸𝐴 𝑞𝑙𝑖 𝑙 𝑣𝑖(𝑥𝑖,𝑡)
137 ℎ𝑖𝑐 = 𝐿𝑖 ((Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 ― Δ𝑥𝑖) + 𝐻 ∫0𝑖 𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖) (9)
138 where Li ≈li(1+8(d/li)2) is the length of the i-th span conductor, d is a sag of the i-th span conductor. With the
139 boundary conditions and Eq.(7), h1t , hit and hNt are written respectively as
𝑑2(Δ𝑥1) 𝑥21 𝑑2(Δ𝑥𝑁) 𝑥2𝑁 𝑙𝑁
140 ℎ1𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 2 2𝑙1,ℎ𝑁𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 2 [𝑥𝑁 ― 2𝑙𝑁 ― 2 ] (10a)
𝑑2(Δ𝑥𝑖) 𝑑2(Δ𝑥𝑖) 𝑑2(Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝑥2𝑖 𝑑2(Δ𝑥𝑖)𝑙𝑖
141 ℎ𝑖𝑡 = 𝑚[ 𝑑𝑡2
𝑥𝑖 ―( 𝑑𝑡2
― 𝑑𝑡2
)2𝑙𝑖 ― 𝑑𝑡2 2
] (10b)
142 were the dot means ∂/𝑡. Additional horizontal tension of the i-th span conductor is induced by motion of the
143 conductor and swing of the suspension insulator strings, Substituting Eq.(1) into Eq.(3), the Eq.(3) governing the
144 every span conduction transversal motion becomes
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∂2𝑣𝑖 ∂2𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑦𝑖 ∂2𝑣𝑖 𝑞

145 𝐻 ∂𝑥2 +𝑚 =𝑚 + 𝐻(ℎ𝑖𝑐 + ℎ𝑖𝑡) (11)
𝑖 ∂𝑡 𝑑 𝑥𝑖
2
∂𝑡2
146 With Eq.(8), Eq.(9) and Eq.(10) the fundamental features of a linear theory of multi-span transmission lines free
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147 vibration may be explored. The Eq.(11) can be tackled with the separation-of-variables method. Defining ω the
148 natural circular frequency of free vibration of transmission line, the solution is assumed
149 𝑢𝑖𝑟 = 𝑢𝑖𝑟(𝑥)𝑒𝑖𝜔𝑡,𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖(𝑥)𝑒𝑖𝜔𝑡,ℎ𝑖 = ℎ𝑖(𝑥)𝑒𝑖𝜔𝑡 (12a)
150 Δ𝑥1 = Δ𝑥1𝑒𝑖𝜔𝑡, Δ𝑥𝑖 = Δ𝑥𝑖𝑒𝑖𝜔𝑡，Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 = Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1𝑒𝑖𝜔𝑡 (12b)
151 Substituting Eq.(12) into the Eq.(11) and eliminating the dependence on time, the ordinary differential equation
152 with the only spatial variable governing multi-span transmission lines is obtained
∂2𝑣1 𝑞 3𝑞 Δ𝑥1 1𝑞
153 𝐻 ∂𝑥2 +𝑚𝜔2𝑣1 = 𝐻ℎ1𝑐 + 2𝐻𝑚𝜔2 𝑙1 𝑥21 ― 2𝐻𝑚𝜔2Δ𝑥1𝑥1 (13a)
1
2
∂ 𝑣𝑖 𝑞 𝑞 5 1 3
154 𝐻 ∂𝑥2 +𝑚𝜔2𝑣𝑖 = 𝐻ℎ𝑖𝑐 + 𝐻𝑚𝜔2[ ― 𝑙𝑖Δ𝑥𝑖 +(2Δ𝑥𝑖 ― 2Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1)𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑙𝑖(Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 ― Δ𝑥𝑖)𝑥2𝑖 ] (13b)
𝑖
2
∂ 𝑣𝑁 𝑞 𝑞 5 3𝑥2𝑁
155 𝐻 ∂𝑥2 +𝑚𝜔2𝑣𝑁 = 𝐻ℎ𝑁𝑐 + 𝐻𝑚𝜔2Δ𝑥𝑁 + 1( ― 𝑙𝑁 + 2𝑥𝑁 ― 2 𝑙 ) (13c)
𝑁 𝑁
156 Defining𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑙𝑖 𝑚/𝐻 (1≤i≤N), the closed-form solution follows from the superposition of the homogeneous
157 and the particular solutions
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖
158 𝑣𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑖 𝑙 + 𝐵𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑖 𝑙 + 𝐶𝑖𝑥2𝑖 + 𝐷𝑖𝑥𝑖 + 𝐸𝑖 (14)
𝑖 𝑖
159 The homogeneous boundary conditions are imposed on the solution of Eq.(14) with Eq.(5) and (6), and the
160 unknown coefficients are determined. The Eq.(14) becomes
𝜔1 𝑥1 𝑥1 1 𝑥1 3 𝑥1 1 𝑥1
161 𝑣1 = 𝐴11(1 ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔1 𝑙 ) ― 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔1 𝑙 )) + 𝐴12(𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔1 𝑙 ) ― 2( 𝑙 )2 + 2( 𝑙 )) (15a)
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝜔𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 3 Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 𝑥𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑖𝑥𝑖/𝑙𝑖) (0.5Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 ― 2.5Δ𝑥𝑖)𝑥𝑖
162 𝑣𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖1[1 ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑖 𝑙 ) 𝑖
― 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑖 𝑙 )] 𝑖
+ 𝐴𝑖2[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑖) + 2(Δ𝑥𝑖 + Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1)( 𝑙𝑖 )2 + (Δ𝑥𝑖 + Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝑙𝑖 ] (15b)
𝜔𝑁 𝑥𝑁 𝑥𝑁 1 𝑥𝑁 3 𝑥𝑁 5 𝑥𝑁
163 𝑣𝑁 = 𝐴𝑁1(1 ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑁 𝑙 ) ―
𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑁 𝑙𝑁 )) + 𝐴𝑁2(𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑁)𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑁 𝑙𝑁 ) + 2( 𝑙𝑁 )2 ― 2( 𝑙𝑁 )) (15c)
164 were
𝑞 Δ𝑥2 𝑞
165 𝐴11 =
𝐻𝑚𝜔
(ℎ1𝑐 ―
2 𝑙1
𝐻)，𝐴12 = ― 𝐻Δ𝑥2𝑙1 (16a)
𝑞 Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 𝑞 ―(Δ𝑥𝑖 + Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1)𝑙𝑖𝑞
166 𝐴𝑖1 =
𝐻𝑚𝜔2
(ℎ𝑖𝑐 +3 𝑙𝑖
𝐻) ― 𝐻Δ𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑖, 𝐴𝑖2 = 𝐻
(16b)
𝑞 Δ𝑥𝑁 𝑞 𝑞
167 𝐴𝑁1 =
𝐻𝑚𝜔2
(ℎ𝑁𝑐 +3 𝑙𝑁 𝐻) ― 𝐻Δ𝑥𝑁𝑙𝑁, 𝐴𝑁2 = ― 𝐻
Δ𝑥𝑁𝑙𝑁 (16c)
168 were for n-span transmission line Eq.(16) includes 2n unknow quantities as Δxi,ℎ𝑖𝑐and ω. It is worth noting that
169 this Δxi,ℎ𝑖𝑐and ω are dependent. Substituting Eq.(15) into Eq.(9), hic are obtained as
𝐸𝐴
𝐻(Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝐻 ― 𝜆2𝑖 𝛽𝑖 + 3𝛼𝑖
170 ℎ𝑖𝑐 = 𝑙𝑖
(1≤i≤n) (17)
1―𝛼 𝑖
171 were Δ𝑥1 = Δ𝑥𝑛 +1 = 0. αi and βi are respectively

𝜆
172 𝛼𝑖 = (𝜔𝑖 )2(1 ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜔𝑖/2)/(𝜔𝑖/2)) (1≤i≤N) (18a)
𝑖
1 1
173 𝛽𝑖 = 2
(1 ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜔𝑖/2)/(𝜔𝑖/2)) ― 4
(1≤i≤N) (18b)
𝐸𝐴 𝑞𝑙𝑖 2
174 𝜆2𝑖 = ( )
𝐻 𝐻
(18c)
175 All parameters ℎ𝑖𝑐 are determined by Eq.(17), which included N independent equation. For every suspended
176 insulator string, the equation of the motion is obtained by theorem of the angular momentum about the suspended
177 point, as
𝐺𝑖 + 𝐺𝑖 + 1 𝐽
178 (ℎ𝑖(𝑙𝑖) ― ℎ𝑖 + 1(0))𝑎 = 2 Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 ― 𝑎Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1𝜔2 (1≤i≤N-1) (19)
179 where J is the moment of inertia of suspended insulator string about the rotation of the suspended point Oi. We
180 assume that the whole insulator strings rotate about the suspension point due to the lower end of insulator strings
181 is subjected to a larger load applied by transmission lines. ℎ𝑖(𝑙𝑖) can be obtained by Eq.(10) and Eq.(17) as
Dr
2𝐸𝐴
𝐻(Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝐻 ― 𝜆𝑖 𝛽𝑖 + 3𝛼𝑖 𝑙𝑖
182 ℎ𝑖(0) = 𝑙𝑖 1 ― 𝛼𝑖 ―𝑚𝜔2Δ𝑥𝑖2 (20a)
𝐸𝐴
𝐻(Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝐻 ― 𝜆2𝑖 𝛽𝑖 + 3𝛼𝑖 𝑙𝑖
ℎ𝑖(𝑙𝑖) = +𝑚𝜔2Δ𝑥𝑖 + 12 (20b)
aft
183 𝑙𝑖 1 ― 𝛼𝑖
184 Eq.(19) includes N-1 independent equations with unknown quantities Δxi and ω. One principal difficulty here is
185 that the equilibrium equations are transcendental equations, and these equations can be simplified for transmission
186 lines. The effect of the horizontal component of the dynamic displacement on the additional tension is
187 unimportant and may be neglected, which corresponds to the assumption that the displacements of the ends of
188 suspension insulator strings and the ratio of sag to span are small. The moment of inertial of suspension insulator
189 string is negligible as well, which corresponds to the fact that the mass of suspension insulator string is smaller
190 than a conductor. After introducing consistent simplifying assumptions, the complex additional tensions of
191 horizontal component are reduced to simplifying forms, the simplified additional tensions at both ends of every
192 span are given by
(Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝐸𝐴 (Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝐸𝐴
193 ℎ𝑖(0) ≈ 𝑙𝑖 1 ― 𝛼𝑖, ℎ𝑖(𝑙𝑖) ≈ 𝑙𝑖 1 ― 𝛼𝑖 (21)
194 Consequently, together with the boundary conditions at fixed ends and Eq.(21), Eq.(19) can be reduced to
―Δ𝑥2 (Δ𝑥2 ― Δ𝑥3) 𝐺1 + 𝐺2
195 𝑙1(1 ― 𝛼1) ― 𝑙2(1 ― 𝛼2) = 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 Δ𝑥2 (22a)
(Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) (Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 2) 𝐺𝑖 + 𝐺𝑖 + 1
196 𝑙𝑖(1 ― 𝛼𝑖) ― 𝑙𝑖 + 1(1 ― 𝛼𝑖 + 1) = 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1 (1<i<(N-1)) (22b)
Δ𝑥𝑁 ― 1 ― Δ𝑥𝑁 Δ𝑥𝑁 𝐺𝑁 ― 1 + 𝐺𝑁
197 𝑙𝑁 ― 1(1 ― 𝛼𝑁 ― 1) ― 𝑙𝑁(1 ― 𝛼𝑁) = 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 Δ𝑥𝑁 (22c)
198 Finally, eliminating the displacements of the lower ends of suspension insulator strings form Eq.22 lead to the
199 following equation in ω:
𝑙1(1 ― 𝛼1) 𝑙𝑁(1 ― 𝛼𝑛)
200 𝑃1 + 𝑙2(1 ― 𝛼2) + 𝑙𝑖(1 ― 𝛼𝑖)𝑃2 ⋅⋅⋅ 𝑃𝑖 ―1 + ⋅⋅⋅ + 𝑃𝑁 𝑃2 ⋅⋅⋅ 𝑃𝑁 ― 2 = 0 (N>3) (23)
201 were
𝐺2 + 𝐺3
𝐺1 + 𝐺2 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 𝐺2 + 𝐺3
202 𝑃1 = 𝑙1(1 ― 𝛼1) 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 +1; 𝑃2 = 𝐺1 + 𝐺1 1
+ 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 𝑙2(1 ― 𝛼2) + 1
2𝑎𝐸𝐴 +𝑙
1(1 ― 𝛼1)
𝐺𝑖 + 𝐺𝑖 +1 1 𝐺𝑖 + 𝐺𝑖 +1 𝐺𝑁 ― 1 + 𝐺𝑁
203 𝑃𝑖 = 𝐺𝑖 ― 1 + 𝐺𝑖(1 ― 𝑃𝑖 ― 1) + 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 𝑙𝑖(1 ― 𝛼𝑖) + 1 (2<i<n); 𝑃𝑁 = 𝑙𝑁(1 ― 𝛼𝑁) 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 +1
204 In addition, the frequencies of two-span transmission lines are given by following equation(N=2):
1 1 𝐺1 + 𝐺2
205 𝑙1(1 ― 𝛼1) + 𝑙2(1 ― 𝛼2) + 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 =0 (24)
206 The following equation from which the natural frequencies of three-span transmission lines may be found is
207 obtained(N=3):
𝑙1(1 ― 𝛼1) 𝑙3(1 ― 𝛼3)
208 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝑙2(1 ― 𝛼2) + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3 =0 (25)
2𝑎𝐸𝐴 𝑙1(1 ― 𝛼1) + 1 𝑙3(1 ― 𝛼3) 2𝑎𝐸𝐴 +1
209 The mode formula Eq.(15) is very complex, but it can be used to describe some modes in an extreme case, in
210 which horizontal tension of transmission line and length of insulator string are small. To verify the validity of the
211 presented theoretical mode in this paper, a finite element model is carried out to compute modes of five-span with
212 single conductor. In this finite element model, the five-span of transmission lines available have spans of
213 200,260,320,380 and 440m, the conductor is LGJ-400/50, mass per unit length is 1.511kg/m, Young’s modulus E
214 is 7.0×104MPa, and the dimension of the conductor is 27.63×10-3m. Each span conductor is simulated by 100
215 truss elements. Each suspension insulator consists of 4 ball-and-socket porcelain insulators of model XP-16 with
216 self-weight 6.0kg, the length of suspension insulator string is 1 m, and its Young’s modulus is set to 200GPa.
217 Each suspension insulator string is simulated by 4 truss elements. The suspension clamp is LX-4245, and its total
218 mass is 89kg. In order to illustrate the advantage of this Eq.(15), the value of following parameters is assumed.
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219 When Irvine parameter of 440m span is 9π, the horizontal tension of conductor of a span is 11.8kN and
220 corresponding conductor horizontal stress is 26.2MPa. It is noted that conductor horizontal stress of 26.2MPa and
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221 length of insulator string of 1m may occur in low-voltage transmission lines of a single conductor.
222 The in-plane mode shapes of single conductor are obtained by FEM as scatter plots in Fig.3. The in-plane
223 modes of five-span determined from theoretical formula Eq.(15) are insulated by the solid line in Fig.3. It is clear
224 from Fig.3 that the modes obtained by these two methods are generally in good agreement. It is observed that the
225 mode characteristic of every span in five-span differed from those of isolating horizontal cable by Irvine.
226 Asymmetric mode, also called hybrid mode, is an important modal shape of five-span. The hybrid mode results
227 from a mixture of symmetrical and antisymmetric modal shapes. In particular, the concepts of the hybrid mode are
228 discussed in the works of Triantafyllou (1984) and Triantafyllou et al.(1986) and Wu et al. (2005) and Rega et al.
229 (2007). These literatures indicated that weight component parallel to the chord has created the hybrid modes of
230 inclined cable. Similarly, the inertia force parallel to the chord has created the hybrid modes of five-span of
231 transmission lines. Although the theoretical mode shapes are not exactly the same as these obtained by finite
232 element method, this theoretical formula of mode can be used to interpret the phenomenon of the asymmetrical
233 modes coupling symmetrical and anti-symmetrical modes.
234 2.2 First simplified modal formula
235 For actual transmission line with larger horizontal tension, the inertia force parallel to the chord is small
236 compared to the additional cable tension caused by the vertical motion of single conductors and may be omitted.
237 Then, the complex hybrid mode formula is divided into two parts: symmetrical mode and anti-symmetrical mode.
238 Ignoring the terms induced by horizontal inertia force of every span conductor, the following expression of
239 symmetrical mode is obtained from Eq.(16) as
𝜔𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖
240 𝑣𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖[1 ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑖 𝑙 ) ― 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑖 𝑙 )] (1≤i≤n) (26)
𝑖 𝑖
241 were
𝐸𝐴Δ𝑥2 𝑞 𝐸𝐴Δ𝑥𝑁 𝑞
242 𝐴1 = ― 𝑙 (1 ― 𝛼 )
1 1 𝐻𝑚𝜔
2 ;𝐴𝑁 = 𝑙𝑁(1 ― 𝛼𝑁)𝐻𝑚𝜔2 (27a)
𝐸𝐴(Δ𝑥𝑖 ― Δ𝑥𝑖 + 1) 𝑞
243 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖(1 ― 𝛼𝑖) 𝐻𝑚𝜔2
(27b)
244 Were αi refer Eq.(18a).
245 To verify the validity of the presented simplified expression Eq.(26), a FEM model is carried out to determine
246 the mode shapes of five-span with small Irvine parameter λ. In this FEM model, geometrical and material
247 parameters of single conductor are same with those of a first example. The transmission lines have the spans of
248 200m,260m,320m,380m and 440m. Each suspension insulator consists of 28 ball-and-socket porcelain insulators
249 of model XP-16. The length of each insulator string in the transmission lines is 6.47m, and each insulator string is
250 simulated by 28 truss elements. The horizontal tension of every span is 17.5kN and corresponding Irvine
251 parameter of the fifth span is 5π. The scatter plots with circles obtained by the FEM describe the modal shapes of
252 five-span, and the solid lines obtained by simplified formula display the modal shapes of five-span as shown in
253 Fig.4. In Fig.4 the vibration shape of every span in arbitrary mode has very good symmetry and differs from
254 hybrid modes of five-span with larger Irvine parameter. It can be seen that these modes of five-span determined
255 by FEM and simplified formula are in good agreement. The analysis results have shown that the simplified
256 solution may be considered to be adequate in a specified range of Irvine parameters, a reasonable approximation
257 to the in-plane modes of five-span may be obtained from the simplified theoretical mode.
258 2.3 Second simplified modal formula

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259 The Eq.26 of the modes of multi-span are validated by numerical results of five-span with small Irvine
260 parameter determined by ABAQUS. However, in some cases, a formula that is simpler than the Eq.26 can be used
to depict mode shape. If the horizontal tension of conductor and length of insulator string are relatively large, the
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261
262 additional dynamic tensions between every two spans are close to each other. In this case, the additional dynamic
263 tensions are simplified with h1c=hic=hNc. The Eq.(26) can be further reduced and arbitrarily normalized to unity as
264 follows:
{
𝜔𝑖𝑛
1 𝑥1 𝜔𝑖𝑛
1 𝜔𝑖𝑛
1 𝑥1 𝜔𝑖𝑛
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝑙1 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ― 2𝑙1 )/𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) (0 < 𝑥1 < 𝑙1)
𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑘 𝑥𝑘 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑘 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑘 𝑥𝑘 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑘
―2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝑙𝑘 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ― 2𝑙𝑘 )/𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) (0 < 𝑥𝑘 < 𝑙𝑘)
265 𝜓𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑖𝑛 (i=odd) (28)
⋯
𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑁 𝑥𝑁 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑁 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑁 𝑥𝑁 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑁
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝑙𝑁 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ― 2𝑙𝑁 )/𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) (0 < 𝑥𝑁 < 𝑙𝑁)
266 The Eq.(28) is mode shape of N-spans of a transmission line, which in this case normalized with respect to a given
267 peak. For an isolator span, the odd-mode is a symmetrical mode, and the even mode is an anti-symmetrical mode.
268 Similarly, the vibration shape of an arbitrary span is symmetrical for the modes in Fig.4. Consequently, this
269 subscript i take odd. Were 1<k<N, 1≤n≤N, 𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 2 2
𝑘 = 𝑚(𝜔 ) 𝑙𝑘/𝐻, and Ain is a given peak defined by
270 𝐴𝑖𝑛 = Max(|1 ― 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝜔𝑖1𝑛/2)|,|1 ― 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝜔𝑖𝑘𝑛/2)|,⋯|1 ― 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝜔𝑖𝑁𝑛/2)|) (29)
271 Analogous to the anti-symmetrical mode of isolator span, the anti-symmetrical mode shape of multi-span is then
272 given by the expression
{
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝜋𝑥/𝑙1)𝛿𝑛1 (0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝜋𝑥/𝑙𝑘)𝛿𝑛𝑘 (0 < 𝑥𝑘 < 𝑙𝑘)
273 𝜓𝑖𝑛 = … (i=even) (30)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝜋𝑥/𝑙𝑁)𝛿𝑛𝑁 (0 < 𝑥𝑁 < 𝑙𝑁)
274 were δij is Kronecker delta function which is defined to be equal 1 if the two indices are the same and 0 otherwise.
275 To further clarify this expression of multi-span in-plane mode, a new FEM model of the single conductor of
276 five-span, in which span number, span length of every span, geometrical and material parameters are same with
277 those of the previous example, is established by ABAQUS. The length of each insulator sting is 6.47m. In order to
278 understand the Eq.(28), we will approach an actual engineering situation. In the technical code for designing
279 overhead transmission lines in China, the maximum horizontal tension of transmission line is
0.95𝑇𝑝
280 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑐
(31)
281 in which Tp is the load at conductor fracture, kc is minimal safety factor and usually is not less than 2.5, 0.95 is
282 strength reduction factor at conductor connection. Tmax is the design maximum tension in horizontal direction
283 under self weight. For LGJ-400/50 conductor the load at fracture is 112.3kN, and corresponding maximum
284 horizontal tension is 42.7kN when kc is 2.5. In this FEM model Irvine parameter of the fifth span is taken 2π,
285 corresponding conductor horizontal tension is 33.2kN, which is less than maximum horizontal tension 42.7kN.
286 In Fig.5 scatter plots are the symmetrical modes of single conductor with five-span by using ABAQUS
287 software, the solid lines are symmetrical modes by using Eq.(27). The comparison of typical one-loop mode
288 shapes of five-span with small Irvine parameter is shown that the modes obtained by two methods are in good
289 agreement. It can be seen from the five-span mode shapes that in Fig.5 each symmetrical five-span mode at a
290 different frequency displays a different combination of relative amplitudes in the various spans, the mode shape in
291 the arbitrary span is in one loop with generally similar shapes in each span. Increasing λ from the taut string value,
292 the symmetrical modal shape undergoes a related modification towards a hybrid shape with symmetrical and
293 anti-symmetrical shapes on one span of five-span as shown in Fig.3.
294 Figure.6 shows another type of five-span mode that has an even number of loops in one of five-span. These
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295 modes cause only slight variations in conductor tension, and thus produce little motion at the lower end of
296 insulator string. Thus, there is no significant coupling to adjacent spans, and this phenomenon is demonstrated that
aft
297 the mode displacement in other four spans of anti-symmetrical of five-span is close to zero if one span of
298 five-span has two-loops. It can be seen that the anti-symmetrical mode of five-span described by Eq.(30) agrees
299 with those in Fig.6.
300 2.4 Comparison of frequency obtained by two methods
301 The Eq.(23) is of fundamental importance in the theory of multi-span conductor vibrations. It is seen that λ, the
302 Irvine parameter involving geometry and elasticity of transmission line, governs the nature of roots of the
303 equation. The eigenvalue problem specified by frequency Eq.(23) is strongly nonlinear with respect to this Irvine
304 parameter. Such the frequency of multi-span can be obtained accurately only by the application of fairly complex
305 computer programs.
306 When the length of suspension insulator string is long enough, the horizontal addition tension between adjacent
307 spans may be assumed to be equal and Eq.(23) is reduced to
𝑁 𝜆𝑘
308 ∑𝑘 = 1𝑙𝑘(1 ― ( 𝑖𝑛)2𝛼𝑖𝑛
𝑘 ) = 0 (i=odd) (32)
𝜔 𝑘
𝐸𝐴 𝑞𝑙𝑘 2 𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑘
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
309 were 𝜆2𝑘 = ( ) ,𝛼𝑘
𝐻 𝐻
= (𝜔𝑖𝑛)2(1 ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜔𝑘 /2)/(𝜔𝑘 /2)).
𝑘
310 The natural frequency corresponding to the symmetrical mode of multi-span is easily obtained by Eq.(32). The
311 Eq.(30) show that for antisymmetric modes arbitrarily one span shape of five-span is independent of other spans.
312 The natural frequencies of antisymmetric modes are given by using boundary condition as
313 𝑖𝜋 = 𝜔𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑛 𝑚/𝐻 (i=even) (33)
314 To verify the validity of simplified frequency expression, a specific example is carried out to calculate the
315 frequency of single conductor of five-span. In this example length of every span, geometrical and material
316 parameters of a transmission line are same with the previous example. The value of parameter λ will change with
317 the horizontal static tension H, which is changed gradually in the following analysis. In order to illustrate the
318 following discussion, reference should be made to Fig.7 that are the frequency curves varied with Irvine
319 parameter. In Fig.7, scatter plots and solid lines are first ten modal frequencies of five-span obtained by the FEM,
320 Eq.(32) and Eq.(33), respectively. The dotted lines are modified frequency curves of first two modes obtained by
321 Eq.(23). The modes corresponding different frequencies are shown in Fig.(8) and Fig.(9). When λ5/π is larger than
322 4, the frequencies corresponding modes ψ15 and ψ14 obtained by the FEM are larger than those by Eq.(32), and
323 this Eq.(32) fails to predict the frequencies corresponding symmetrical modes ψ15 and ψ14 of five-span with small
324 horizontal tension. In other cases, the frequencies curves corresponding to different modes obtained by Eq.(31)
325 and Eq.(32) agree with those by the FEM. Furthermore, although it is difficult to solve this Eq.(23), the dotted
326 lines determined by Eq.(23) are closed to those by the FEM.
327 The Fig.7 shows dimensionless frequencies dependent of symmetrical modes and dimensionless frequencies
328 independent of anti-symmetrical modes on Irvine parameter. The natural frequency curves of in-plane symmetric
329 modes exhibit the frequency crossover behavior, which reflects the transition of someone symmetrical mode of
330 multi-spans with single conductor from that of a taut string to that of a relaxation transmission line. This result
331 confirms that the crossover of the natural frequency of the symmetric in-plane mode of five-span occurs toward
332 the natural frequency of the antisymmetric mode and is depicted in Fig.7 as the first three crossover points in the
333 case. The Fig.7 presents that symmetric mode ψ11 with antisymmetric ψ23 and ψ24 may give rise 1:1 internal
334 resonances at second and third crossover points, respectively. It is noted that the main difference with respect to
335 the internal resonance condition of five-span and single span consists in the position shift and number change of
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336 the crossover points. It is shown that the horizontal tensions may be determined to guarantee the existence of 1:1
337 internal resonance conditions between symmetric and antisymmetric in-plane modes at the three crossover points
338 by using Fig.7.
aft
339
340 3. Comparison of modes and frequency with the results of Quad-conductors

341 In order to extend the application scope of the theoretical modes presented in this paper, the mode and
342 frequency of single conductor are compared with the results of quad-conductors. A typical 500kV transmission
343 line section model, which is made up of five-span quad-conductors and fore insulator strings, has been
344 established. This five different level spans of 200,260,320,380 and 440m between dead-ends without elevation
345 differences at the suspension points are shown in Fig.8 by ABAQUS. The tension stress at its lowest point in the
346 sub-conductor under self-weight is 38.8Mpa. Each sub-conductor of quad bundle conductor is LGJ-400/50. Each
347 suspension insulator consists of 28 ball-and-socket porcelain insulators of model XP-16. The spacer is JZF-400,
348 and its mass is 7.5kg. Each span sub-conductor is simulated by 100 truss elements. The suspension insulator string
349 is simulated by 28 truss elements. In addition, the spacer, which is made of steel, is simulated by 3D beam
350 elements with Young’s modulus of 200GPa. The bending stiffness of the spacer is larger than that of conductors.
351 Considering the distance between adjacent sub-conductors of single-bundle conductors is 0.45m, this spacer is
352 square with side length of 0.45m.
353 When the elasto-geometric parameter λ/π of 440m span is 5, the horizontal tension at the lowest point in each
354 span is 17.5kN as horizontal tension stress is 38.8Mpa. To conveniently study complex modes of multi-span, the
355 modes of five-span quad-conductors obtained by ABAQUS divided into three categories, such as out-of-plane
356 modes, torsional modes, and in-plane modes are depicted in Fig.9. Because the additional tension of conductors is
357 dominated by in-plane vertical vibration of the transmission line, this paper mainly focuses on the in-plane mode.
358 For in-plane mode as shown in Fig.9(d), the largest displacement only generates in the fifth span, and the
359 displacement in other fore spans is very small in comparison to the displacement in the fifth span may be
360 neglected. The mode shape of the fifth span, which is close to the anti-symmetrical mode of single-span, can be
361 described well by a simple sine function, and corresponding frequency is easily determined by direct application
362 boundary condition to anti-symmetrical mode function. Therefore, in this paper the mode similar to that in
363 Fig.9(d) is called anti-symmetrical mode of five-span. For the in-plane mode presented in Fig.9(c), significant
364 displacement can be observed in every span. Hence, similar mode as shown in Fig.9(c) and corresponding
365 frequency are mainly research objectives in this paper. In this paper, the mode similar to that Fig.9(c) is called
366 symmetrical mode (Irvine parameter is small) or hybrid mode(Irvine parameter is larger) of five-span.
367 In order to extend the application scope of the theoretical modes presented in this paper, the difference between
368 the modes and corresponding frequencies of single conductor and quad-bundle conductors are studied in the
369 following example. In this case of a single conductor with five-span, geometrical and material parameters of a
370 single conductor are the same with those of a sub-conductor of the quad-bundle conductors. In the line section
371 with conductor horizontal tension of 17.5kN (Irvine parameter is 5π), the lengths of five-span are 200,260,320,380
372 and 440m, respectively. For five-span transmission line, first five symmetrical modes of single conductor and
373 quad-bundle conductor are plotted in Fig.10 by using FEM, respectively. It can be seen that the modes and
374 corresponding frequencies of single conductor and quad-bundle conductor are in good agreement, the effect of
375 spacers on the modes and corresponding frequencies can be neglected. The results confirm that the in-plane
376 modes and corresponding frequencies of the quad-bundle conductor compare very well with the results of the
377 single conductor, and the theoretical modes of single conductor presented in this paper can be used to describe the
378 in-plane modes of quad-bundle conductors.
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379 4. Conclusion
380 In this paper, an accurate theoretical method of multi-span free vibration with larger ratio of sag to span and
aft
381 corresponding simplified method of multi-span with a small ratio of sag to span are presented, and its validity is
382 verified by analysis results of typical transmission line obtained via ABAQUS software. Using the theoretical
383 method, the free vibration characteristics of multi-span quad bundle transmission lines are systematically studied.
384 According to the results, the following conclusions can be drawn:
385 1) In-plane modes and corresponding frequencies of multi-span quad bundle transmission lines are very close with
386 those of multi-span single conductor when all material and geometrical parameters of a quad-bundle and single
387 conductor are same.
388 2) The elasto-geometrical parameter has a significant effect on the in-plane mode shape, and when this parameter
389 is taken in some specified range the in-plane mode of a multi-span transmission line may exhibit asymmetrical
390 hybrid mode, which is a mixture of symmetrical and anti-symmetrical shapes. The reason for this phenomenon is
391 fact that the inertia component parallel to the chord has a great effect on the additional horizontal tension of
392 conductors.
393 3)For multi-span transmission line with the small ratio of sag to span the in-plane mode as single-span exhibit
394 good symmetry and anti-symmetry in arbitrary span, and the orthogonality of these modes is demonstrated in this
395 paper. The symmetrical in-plane normal modes involve the participation of every span in multi-span section and
396 display different combinations of relative amplitudes in the various spans, and the anti-symmetrical mode of
397 multi-span is consistent with single-span.
398 4) The frequency curve of a corresponding in-plane symmetrical mode of a multi-span transmission line as
399 functions of an elasto-geometrical parameter may have multiple “cross-over” points, which differ from one
400 “cross-over” point of single-span. This phenomenon marks that the frequency of symmetrical in-plane mode may
401 be equal to the frequencies of multiple anti-symmetrical modes, and this symmetrical in-plane mode may lead to
402 1:1 internal resonance with multiple anti-symmetrical modes.

403 The main contributions of the current paper include considering the relative motions between multiple spans of
404 transmission lines in a theoretical model. The analytical mode and corresponding natural frequency obtained from
405 this theoretical model can be used to study the dynamic response of overhead transmission lines. It can also
406 provide a reference for the design of overhead transmission lines systems.
407 Acknowledgments
408 This research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51204070, 51308570) and
409 Basics and Cutting Edge Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2017jcyjAX0246).
410 References
411 Chen, H.K., Zuo, D.H., and Zhang, Z.H. 2010. Bifurcations and chaotic dynamics in suspended cables under simultaneous
412 parametric and external excitations. Nonlinear Dyn, 62:623-646.
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457 Figure legends
458 Fig.1. Overhead transmission lines.
459 Fig.2. Difference configurations of a transmission line.
460 Fig.3. Comparison of typical mode shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 11.8kN by completed solution and FEM: (a)
Dr
461 f=0.167Hz；(b) f=0.188Hz；(c) f=0.218Hz；(d) f=0.266Hz; (e) f=0.315Hz.

462 Fig.4. Comparison of typical shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 17.5kN by approximate solution and FEM: (a) ψ15
463 (f=0.1381Hz); (b) ψ14 (f=0.1622Hz); (c) ψ13 (f=0.1972Hz); (d) ψ12 (f=0.2552Hz); (e) ψ11 (f=0.3581Hz).
aft
464 Fig.5. Comparison of typical one-loop mode shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 33.2kN by approximate solution and
465 FEM: (a) ψ15 (f=0.178Hz); (b) ψ14 (f=0.211Hz); (c) ψ13 (f=0.258Hz); (d) ψ12 (f=0.325Hz); (e) ψ11 (f=0.3581Hz).
466 Fig.6. Typical two-loop mode shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 33.2kN by FEM: (a) ψ25 (f=0.330Hz); (b) ψ24
467 (f=0.382Hz); (c) ψ23 (f=0.453Hz); (d) ψ22 (f=0.558Hz); (e) ψ21 (f=0.727Hz).
468 Fig.7. Comparison of frequencies obtained from FEM and two approximate theoretical solutions.
469 Fig.8. FEM model of quad bundle conductor with five level spans.
470 Fig.9. Four categories modes (Deformation scale factor is 160): (a) Out-of-plane mode ( f=0.115Hz); (b) Torsional mode
471 (f=0.155Hz); (c) In-plane symmetrical mode (f=0.197Hz); (d) In-plane anti-symmetrical mode(f=0.242Hz).
472 Fig.10. Plots of typical symmetrical mode shapes of five-span, arbitrarily normalized to unity: (a) First symmetrical mode; (b)
473 Second symmetrical mode; (c) Third symmetrical mode; (d) Fourth symmetrical mode; (e) Fifth symmetrical mode.
Fig.1. Overhead transmission lines.
Insulator string
Dr
aft
Fig.2. Difference configurations of a transmission line.
Oi Oi+1
a
H+hi-1 H+hi H+hi+1
Gi-1/2 H+hi
Gi+1/2
Gi/2 Gi / 2
Oi Oi+1
Ai Ai+1
Ai-1 AN
Δ xi li Δxi+1
Oi Oi+1
Oi-1 ON
A1 Ai-1 Ai xi/ui Ai+1 AN AN+1
l1 LN
li-1 li+1
yi/vi li
Dr
aft
Fig.3. Comparison of typical mode shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 11.8kN by completed solution and FEM: (a) f=0.167Hz；(b) f=0.188Hz；
(c) f=0.218Hz；(d) f=0.266Hz; (e) f=0.315Hz.
(a)
1.0 Formula14
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
440m
-1.0 200m 260m 320m 380m
1Span 2Span 3Span 4Span 5Span
(b)
1.0 Formula 14
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5

(c)
1.0 Formular 14
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
Dr
-1.0
(d)
1.0 Formula 14
aft
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
(e)
1.0 Formula 14
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0 200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

Fig.4. Comparison of typical shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 17.5kN by approximate solution and FEM: (a) ψ15 (f=0.1381Hz); (b) ψ14
(f=0.1622Hz); (c) ψ13 (f=0.1972Hz); (d) ψ12 (f=0.2552Hz); (e) ψ11 (f=0.3581Hz).
(a)
1.0 Formula(25)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
(b)
1.0 Formula(25)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m
(c)
1.0 Formula(25)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
Dr
-0.5
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m
aft
(d)
1.0 Formula(25)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

-0.5 3Span 4Span 5Span
1Span 2Span
(e)
1.0 Formula(25)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0 200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

Fig.5. Comparison of typical one-loop mode shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 33.2kN by approximate solution and FEM: (a) ψ15 (f=0.178Hz); (b)
ψ14 (f=0.211Hz); (c) ψ13 (f=0.258Hz); (d) ψ12 (f=0.325Hz); (e) ψ11 (f=0.3581Hz).
(a)
1.0 Formula(27)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
(b)
1.0 Formula(27)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0 200m 260m 320m 440m

(c)
1.0 Formula(27)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
Dr
0.0
-0.5
aft
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

-1.0 1Span 2Span 3Span 4Span 5Span
(d)
1.0 Formula(27)
FEM
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0 200m 320m 380m 440m

(e)
1.0 Formula(27)
FEM
Amplitude
0.5
0.0
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

Fig.6. Typical two-loop mode shapes of five-span with horizontal tension of 33.2kN by FEM: (a) ψ25 (f=0.330Hz); (b) ψ24 (f=0.382Hz); (c) ψ23 (f=0.453Hz); (d)
ψ22 (f=0.558Hz); (e) ψ21 (f=0.727Hz).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Dr
aft
Fig.7. Comparison of frequencies obtained from FEM and two approximate theoretical solutions.
ψ15
4 ψ14
ψ13
ψ12
3
3
ψ11
ψ25
ϖ /π
5
2
ψ24
1
2 ψ23
ψ22
ψ21
1
Eq.(23)
0 2 4 λ5/π 6 8 10
Dr
aft
Fig.8. FEM model of quad bundle conductor with five level spans.
Suspension insulator
Clamp Spacer
Dr
aft
Fig.9. Four categories modes (Deformation scale factor is 160): (a) Out-of-plane mode ( f=0.115Hz); (b) Torsional mode (f=0.155Hz); (c) In-plane symmetrical
mode (f=0.197Hz); (d) In-plane anti-symmetrical mode(f=0.242Hz).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Dr
aft
Fig.10. Plots of typical symmetrical mode shapes of five-span, arbitrarily normalized to unity: (a) First symmetrical mode; (b) Second symmetrical mode; (c)
Third symmetrical mode; (d) Fourth symmetrical mode; (e) Fifth symmetrical mode.
(a)
1.0 single(f=0.1382Hz)
four(f=0.1381Hz)
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
200m 260m 320m 440m

-1.0
1 Span 2 Span 3 Span 4 Span 5 Span
(b)
four(f=0.1622Hz)
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m
1 Span 2 Span 3 Span 4 Span 5 Span
(c)
1.0 single(f=0.1974)
four(f=0.1972)
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
Dr
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

(d)
aft
four(f=0.2552Hz)
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
200m 260m 320m 380m 440m
(e)
four(f=0.3581Hz)
0.5
Amplitude
0.0
-0.5
-1.0 200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

1 Appendix A
2 In Appendix A, an application to the determination of dynamic response of multi-spans transmission lines is
3 introduced. Simplified modal expressions Eq.(28) and Eq.(30) can be used to performing continuous versions of the
4 discrete orthogonality calculations. In order to justify this normalization procedure, we must first prove that the
5 natural modes in continuous systems are orthogonal to one another. According to orthogonality modal definition,
6 integrating along the initial configuration of N-spans, the following expression is obtained with Eq.(28):
∫𝜓 𝑖𝑛𝜓𝑗𝑘𝑑𝑥
𝑁
7
=
1
𝐴𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑗𝑘 ∑
𝑟 =1
( 𝜔𝑟
𝜔𝑖𝑛
2
2
𝑟 2
𝜔𝑟
𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑟
𝑙𝑟 1 ― 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) ― 𝑗𝑘𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑖𝑛
1
2 𝜔𝑟 + 𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑟
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝜔𝑖𝑛
2
𝑟
) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝜔𝑗𝑘
2
𝑟
)) +
𝜔𝑖𝑛
1
𝑗𝑘
𝑟 ― 𝜔𝑟
(
𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑟 𝑟
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ))
2 2 )
8 (34)
9 where i≠j ,n≠k, and ψin and ψjk denote two different in-plane symmetrical functions of N-spans corresponding to the
10 natural frequencies ωin and ωjk, respectively. The two different natural frequency as ωin and ωjk satisfy Eq.(32) so
11 that
𝑁 1 (𝜔𝑖𝑛
1)
2
𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑁
12 ∑𝑟 =1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑟 /2) = 2(1 ― 𝜆21
) 𝐻𝜔
∑𝑖 = 1𝑙𝑟 (35a)
𝑁 1 (𝜔𝑗𝑘
1)
2
𝑚 𝑗𝑘 𝑁
13 ∑𝑟 =1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑟 /2) = 2(1 ― ) 𝐻
𝜔 ∑𝑖 = 1𝑙𝑟 (35b)
𝜆21
Substituting the Eq.(35) in Eq.(34), we obtain

Dr
14
15 ∫𝜓𝑖𝑛𝜓𝑗𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 0 (ωin ≠ ωjk) (36)

16 The Eq.(36) indicates that the modal functions ψin and ψjk are orthogonal. In general, when ωin ≠ ωjk, the arbitrary
aft
17 modal function is orthogonal to all other remaining modal functions for some case of repeated eigenvalues.
18 Taking the derivative of ψin and ψjk with respect to x, integrating along the initial configuration of N-spans with
19 Eq.(28), we obtain
𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝑘
1 𝜔1 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑟 𝑥 𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑟 𝑥 𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑟 𝑥 𝜔𝑗𝑘 𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑟 𝑥
∑𝑁 𝑙 𝑟 𝑟
20 ∫𝜓′𝑖𝑛𝜓′𝑗𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 ∫ 𝑟(𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ))(𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ))𝑑𝑥
2
𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑗𝑘𝑙1 𝑟 =1 0 𝑙𝑟 𝑙𝑟 𝑙𝑟 𝑙𝑟 (37)
21
Eq.(37) can be reduced to
𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑗𝑘 𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑗𝑘 𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑗𝑘
1 𝜔1 𝑁 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝑟
) ― 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝑟
) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝑟
) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝑟
) 𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑟
) ― 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑟
∑ 𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
22 ∫𝜓′𝑖𝑛𝜓′𝑗𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑟
𝑙[
=1 𝑟
2 2
― 2 2
+2 2 2
] (38)
2𝐴𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑗𝑘𝑙1 𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝑘
(𝜔𝑖𝑛 2 𝑗𝑘 2
𝑟 ― 𝜔𝑟 𝑟 + 𝜔𝑟 𝑟 ) ― (𝜔𝑟 )
23 By substituting Eq.(35) in Eq.(38), Eq.(38) can be reduced to

(𝜔𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑗𝑘)2 𝑁
24 ∫𝜓′𝑖𝑛𝜓′𝑗𝑘𝑑𝑥 = ― 1 12 2∑𝑟 = 1𝑙𝑟 (39)
𝐴𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑗𝑘𝑙1𝜆1
25 This result will be used in the subsequent operation.

26 For the N-spans in-plane motion, the mode shapes are given by
27 𝜑𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝜓𝑖𝑛 (40)
28 where the mode shape is normalized so that ∫𝜑2𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑥 = 1. For the N-spans in-plane motion, the Bin corresponding
29 symmetric mode shape and antisymmetric mode shape are respectively as
𝑁 3 1 𝜔𝑖𝑛 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑛
30 𝐵2𝑖𝑛 = (𝐴𝑖𝑛)2/∑𝑘 𝑙[
=1 𝑘 2
+ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( ) ― 𝜔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
𝑘 𝑘
)] (n=odd) (41a)
2 𝑘 2
31 𝐵𝑖𝑛 = 2 (n=even) (41b)
32 To analyze the in-plane non-linear responses of N-span of the quad-bundle transmission line, we first obtain
33 orthogonal modal function using the linearized problem as Eq.(40). To this end, we express the in-plane
34 displacement v of N-span transmission line as
𝑁 ∞
35 𝑣 = ∑𝑛 ∑ 𝜑 (𝑥)𝜁𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
= 1 𝑖 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (42)
36 were ζin(t) is time-dependent generalized coordinates, also known as the principal coordinates or modal participation
37 coefficients. For arbitrary spans of N-spans excited by harmonic distributed vertical load, the equation governing
38 in-plane can be written as
∂2𝑣 𝐸𝐴 𝑑2 𝑦 ∂2𝑣 𝑁 𝑙 𝑑𝑦∂𝑣 1 ∂𝑣 ∂2𝑣 ∂𝑣
39 𝐻∂𝑥2 + ∑𝑁 ( + ∂𝑥2)(∑𝑖 = 1∫0𝑖(𝑑𝑥∂𝑥 + 2(∂𝑥)2)𝑑𝑥) = 𝑚 ∂𝑡2 +𝑐 ∂𝑡 +𝑔
𝑙 𝑑 𝑥2
(43)
𝑖=1 𝑖
40 were g(t) is harmonic distributed load, N is span number. Next, we substitute Eq.(42) into Eq.(43), multiply,
41 respectively, by mode shape functions ϕjk, integrate along initial configuration of N-spans，and obtain the following
42 system of non-linear ordinary differential equations with the ζjk(t) :
𝐸𝐴 𝑁 ∞ 𝑁 ∞
43 𝑚𝜁𝑗𝑘 + 𝜇𝑗𝑘𝜁𝑗𝑘 +𝐻(𝜔𝑗𝑘)2𝜁𝑗𝑘 = 2∑𝑁 𝑙
{∑ 𝑛 ∑ ∑ ∑
=1 𝑖 =1 𝑠 =1 𝑟 =1
[(2𝑃𝑗𝑘
𝑖𝑛𝑈𝑟𝑠 + 𝑈𝑗𝑘𝑃𝑟𝑠
𝑖𝑛 )𝜁𝑖𝑛𝜁𝑟𝑠] +
𝑖 =1 𝑖
𝑁 ∞ 𝑁 ∞ 𝑁 ∞
44 ∑𝑛 ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑠𝑃𝑘𝑗 𝜁 𝜁 𝜁
= 1 𝑖 = 1 𝑠 = 1 𝑟 = 1 𝑏 = 1 𝑎 = 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑏} + 𝑔𝑗𝑘(𝑡) (44)
45
46
where k=1,2,3, …, and

47 𝜇𝑗𝑘 = 𝑐∫𝜑2𝑗𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 (45)
{
𝑞𝑦 𝑁 2𝑙𝑖 𝜔𝑗𝑘
𝑖
𝐵𝑗𝑘 𝐻 ∑𝑖 = 1(𝑙𝑖 ― 𝜔𝑗𝑘𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )) 𝑗 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
48 𝑈𝑗𝑘 = ∫𝜑𝑗𝑘𝑦″𝑑𝑥 = ― ∫𝜑′𝑗𝑘𝑦′𝑑𝑥 = 𝑖 (46)
0 𝑗 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛
{
𝑁 (𝜔𝑖𝑛 2
𝑟 ) 1 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑟 1 𝜔𝑖𝑛
𝑟
𝐵2𝑖𝑛∑𝑟 = 1 𝑙𝑟
(2(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( 2 )) ― 𝜔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ))；𝑖 = 𝑘 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑;𝑛 = 𝑗
𝑟
（𝜔𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝑘 2
1 𝜔1 ） 𝑁
― 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑗𝑘 𝜆2𝑙2 ∑𝑟 = 1𝑙𝑟；𝑖 ≠ 𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ 𝑗,𝑘 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑,𝑖 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
1 1
49 𝑃𝑘𝑗 ″
𝑖𝑛 = ∫𝜑′𝑖𝑛𝜑′𝑘𝑗𝑑𝑥 = ― ∫𝜑𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑘𝑗𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔𝑖𝑛 (47)
Dr
𝑖
( 𝑙𝑖 )2𝑙𝑖； 𝑖 = 𝑘 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛;𝑛 = 𝑗
0 𝑖 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑,𝑘 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
0 𝑖 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛,𝑘 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
0 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛,𝑗 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
aft
{ ( 𝜔𝑗𝑘
50 𝑔𝑗𝑘(𝑡) =
𝑔(𝑡)∑𝑟
𝑁
=1
2𝑙𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑟 ― 𝜔𝑗𝑘𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ) 𝑗 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑟
) (48)
0 𝑗 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
51 The Eq.(44) constitute an set of non-linearly coupled ordinary-differential equations which describe the in-plane
52 dynamical motion of N-spans transmission line. It can be seen that the simplified modes obtained in this paper can
53 be applied to analyze nonlinear dynamical resonance of multi-span transmission line with larger initial horizontal
54 tension.

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Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering

In-plane free vibrations of transmission lines with multi-

Journal: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering

Manuscript Type: Article

Date Submitted by the

In-plane mode, natural frequency, multi-span transmission lines,

Is the invited manuscript for

1 In-plane free vibrations of transmission lines with multi-spans

∂2𝑣𝑖 ∂2𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑦𝑖 ∂2𝑣𝑖 𝑞

171 were Δ𝑥1 = Δ𝑥𝑛 +1 = 0. αi and βi are respectively

234 2.2 First simplified modal formula

258 2.3 Second simplified modal formula

300 2.4 Comparison of frequency obtained by two methods

340 3. Comparison of modes and frequency with the results of Quad-conductors

402 1:1 internal resonance with multiple anti-symmetrical modes.

420 Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,30(4):489-501.

422 Vibration, 330:3057-3069.

458 Fig.1. Overhead transmission lines.

459 Fig.2. Difference configurations of a transmission line.

461 f=0.167Hz；(b) f=0.188Hz；(c) f=0.218Hz；(d) f=0.266Hz; (e) f=0.315Hz.

Fig.1. Overhead transmission lines.

Fig.2. Difference configurations of a transmission line.

A1 Ai-1 Ai xi/ui Ai+1 AN AN+1

1Span 2Span 3Span 4Span 5Span

-1.0 200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

-1.0 200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

-1.0 200m 260m 320m 440m

200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

-1.0 200m 320m 380m 440m

200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

200m 260m 320m 440m

200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

-1.0 200m 260m 320m 380m 440m

Substituting the Eq.(35) in Eq.(34), we obtain

15 ∫𝜓𝑖𝑛𝜓𝑗𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 0 (ωin ≠ ωjk) (36)

23 By substituting Eq.(35) in Eq.(38), Eq.(38) can be reduced to

25 This result will be used in the subsequent operation.

where k=1,2,3, …, and

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