Chapter 19

Finite Element Analysis:

 FEA is a numerical approach to solve field problems: a field problem requires that we
determine the spatial distribution of one or more variables:
o Stress
o Strain
o Deformations
o Temperature
Field problems are described by a differential equation or an integral.

 Large number of programs available to perform FEA (do not need much knowledge)
o Best case: you get lucky (results are OK)
o Worst case: you are wrong and nobody catches it
o Most likely: you get caught (look foolish)

 FEA can be used for almost any geometry (provided we pick the right element)

 Elements are used to approximate our component geometry

o An element is a portion of our system
o Elements connect at nodes
o Assemblance of elements and nodes called the mesh
o Number of elements required for a "good" solution depends on part geometry and
element type

Element types:
1-D elements:
A: Constant cross-section
E: Modulus of elasticity (constant)
L: Length of element
G: Modulus of rigidity
J: Polar moment of inertia
I: Moment of inertia
 Bar element (axial loading)
u1 u2

F1 A, E, L F2
1 2

 Shaft element (torsional loading)

F1 F2
1 J, G, L
2 2
1

Page | 1
  Beam element (bending loading): same element (split for clarity)

1 I, E, L 2 M1 M2
1 2 1 2
V1 V2 F1 F2

 Frame element (axial, bending and torsion): Each node has 8 quantities associated with it.

2-D elements:
 Constant strain triangles

 Linear strain triangles

 Bilinear rectangle

 Quadratic rectangle

3-D elements:
 See references. Element choice can have a significant impact on your result.

Structure of an FEA problem: Modeling decision depends on:

 Element type
 Number of nodes and/or elements
 Applied loads
 Known values (boundary conditions)
Here we solve for unknown displacements and reactions.

Bar element (axial loading):

u1 u2

F1 F2
1 2

1 A A 2

 u 2  u1
  E ,    , rewriting as a system of equation
L L

AE
u 1  u 2   F1
L
AE
u 2  u 1   F2
L

Page | 2
 AE
Let, K  , putting the above equations in a matrix form,
L

 K  K  u1   F1 
 K K  u   F   K D  R
  2  2
Stiffness Matrix Displacement Re action
Vector Vector

When do we need multiple elements? We need each element that we are using to match the base
element:
 Loads must be at nodes.
 Parameters must match for the element
 Example: consider the complex bars below

Bar 1 Bar 2 Bar 3

3 4
1 2

Bar 1 Bar 2 Bar 3

2 3 4
1

We typically need multiple elements and need to combine elements into a set of equations.

[K] {D} = {R}

We need to develop the global stiffness matrix.

Page | 3
Approach 1: (Direct stiffness approach). A column of [K] is the vector of loads that must be
applied to an element at its nodes to maintain a deformation state in which the corresponding
nodal degree of freedom has a unit value, and all the other nodal degrees of freedom are set to
zero. For the following problem,
u1 u2

F1 F2
1 2

For equilibrium, F1 = – F2,

If u1 = 1 and u2 = 0 (figure below)

u1 = 1

F1
1 2

 K11 K12   u 1   F1  K K12  1  F1  K11  1  F1 K K

K         11        11
 21 K 22  u 2  F2  K 21 K 22  0 F2  K 21  1  F2  F1 K 21  K

Let, u2 = 1 and u1 = 0

 K K12  0  F1  K12  1  F1  F2 K  K K  K

 K K  1  F   K  1  F  12 K   
 22     2 22 2 K 22  K  K K 

A similar approach: u1 = 1 and u2 = 0,

1 Bar 1 2 K  
K –K  K  
+ve sign –ve sign 

u1 = 0 and u2 = 1,
1 Bar 1 2    K
–K K   K 
–ve sign +ve sign 

 K  K
Combine the two, K    
 K K 

Page | 4
Consider the structure below:

Bar 1
Bar 2

1 2 3

1. Identify the type of element (Bar)

2. Identify the number of elements (2) and number of nodes
3. Assemble global stiffness matrix
4. Apply known values and solve
1 2 3
Bar 1 Bar2
K1 K2

 K11 K12 K13   u 1   F1 

Stiffness matrix, K 21 K 22 K 23  u 2   F2 
K 31 K 32 K 33   u 3   F3 
A1E1 A E
K1  and K 2  2 2
L1 L2
Solve for first column, u1 = 1, u2 = 0 and u3 = 0
1 2 3
K1 K1
 K1    
 K    
 1
 0    
Solve for second column, u1 = 0, u2 = 1 and u3 = 0
u2 = 1
1 2 3
K1 K1 + K1 K2

   K1  
  K  K  
 1 2 
   K2  
Solve for second column, u1 = 0, u2 = 0 and u3 = 1
u3 = 1
1 2 3
K2 K2

Page | 5
   0 
    K 2 

   K 2 
 K1  K1 0 
Assembling all three, we get,  K1 K1  K 2  K 2  (Combination of two element matrix)
 0  K2 K 2 

Approach 2: Assemble element matrices,

Bar 1 Bar 2

1 2 3
Bar 1 interacts with nodes 1 and 2, Bar 1 cannot cause a load at node 3 directly, so
 K 1  K 1 0
 K 
 1 K 1 0
 0 0 0

Bar 2 interacts with nodes 2 and 3, Bar 2 cannot cause a load at node 1 directly, so
0 0 0 
0 K  K 2 
 2

0  K 2 K 2 
 K1  K1 0 

Adding these two matrices, we get,  K1 K1  K 2  K 2 
 0  K2 K 2 
Now, we have a global stiffness matrix, how can we solve the problem?
Bar 1 P
Bar 2

1 2 3

 K1  K1 0   0  R 1 
 K K  K  K  u    0 
 1 1 2 2  2   
 0  K2 K 2   u 3   P 
  
Now, solve for unknown displacement using known loads,
 K1  K1 0   0  R 1 
 K K  K  K  u    0   K 1  K 2  K 2  u 2    0 
 1    K K 2   u 3  P
1 2 2  2 

 0  K2 K 2   u 3   P   2

Find u2 and u3. Once all displacements are known, solve for R using whole set (Matrix).

Page | 6
Consider the following machine component:

Bar E Bar F
Bar A Bar B Bar C P Bar D
PP
P
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
1½" 1½" 2"
” 3" ” 3" 3"

Assume solid round steel bars. Determine the stress in our component.
1. This is statically indeterminate, which needs to account for deformation.
2. Choose bar element.
3. We have 7 nodes and 6 elements, which will give us 6 K values.
4. Size of global stiffness matrix. 77.

Assemble global stiffness matrix.

 KA  KA 0 0 0 0 0   u1   R 1 
 K
 A KA  KB  KB 0 0 0 0  u 2  R 2 
 0  KB KB  KC  KC 0 0 0  u 3  R 3 
    
 0 0  KC KC  KD  KD 0 0  u 4   R 4 
 0 0 0  KD KD  KE  KE 0  u 5  R 5 
    
 0 0 0 0  KE KE  KF  K F  u 6  R 6 
 0
 0 0 0 0  KF K F  u 7  R 7 

u3 u4

Bar C
3 4

 u 1  0   R1   ? 
u   ?  R  P 
 2    2  
 u 3  ?  R 3   0 
       
u 4   ?  and R 4    P 
u 5  ?  R 5   0 
       
u 6  ?  R 6   P 
 u  0  R   ? 
 7    7  

Page | 7
By taking the unknowns forces out,

 KA  KA 0 0 0 0 0   0   R1 
 K
 A KA  KB  KB 0 0 0 0  u 2   P 
 0  KB KB  KC  KC 0 0 0  u 3   0 
    
 0 0  KC KC  KD  KD 0 0  u 4    P 
 0 0 0  KD KD  KE  KE 0  u 5   0 
    
 0 0 0 0  KE KE  KF  K F  u 6   P 
 0
 0 0 0 0  KF K F   0  R 7 

Solve for unknown displacements,

K A  K B  KB 0 0 0  u 2  P 
 K KB  KC  KC 0 0  u   0 
 B  3   
 0  KC KC  KD  KD 0  u 4    P 
    
 0 0  KD KD  KE  K E  u 5   0 
 0 0 0 KE K E  K F  u 6   P 

Once displacements are known, solve for unknown reactions using the whole matrix. Once
displacements are known, we can find the stresses and strains as well.

uL uR

AEL, EEL
3 4
LEL

L EL u R  u L
and  EL  E EL EL  EL u R  u L 
E
 EL  
L EL L EL L EL

So, for this problem, for Bar A,  A  A u 2  u1 

E
LA

Bar B,  B  B u 3  u 2 
E
LB

How does the area affect the stress calculation? Area impacts K, which impacts on displacement.

Page | 8
Problem 1
For the compound bar shown in Figure, determine the reaction forces, calculate the stress in each
member, and determine the change in length for each bar using Direct Stiffness Method.

E1A1 30  10 6 psi  0.1in 2

Sol. k1    83,333 lb in ,
L1 36 in
E 2 A 2 30  10 6 psi  0.05 in 2
k2    62,500 lb in ,
L2 24 in
E 3 A 3 30  10 6 psi  0.03 in 2
k3    37,500 lb in
L3 24 in

Our overall stiffness matrix will be four by four, because we have four degrees of
freedom (four nodes, with one parameter required to define the nature of each node).

Page | 9
  k1  k1 0 0   u1   F1 
 k k1  k 2  k2 0  u 2  F2 
 1 
 0  k2 k 2  k3  k 3   u 3   F3 
    
 0 0  k3 k 3  u 4  F4 
 k1  k1 0 0   0   R1 
 k k1  k 2  k2 0  u 2   PA1 
 1 
 0  k2 k 2  k3  k 3   u 3  PA 2 
    
 0 0  k3 k 3   0   R1 

 k1  k1 0 0   0   R1 
 k k  k  k2 0  u 2   PA1  k1  k 2  k 2  u 2   PA1 
 1 1 2    
 0  k2 k2  k3  k 3   u 3  PA 2    k 2 k 2  k 3   u 3  PA 2 
    
 0 0  k3 k 3   0   R1 

 145,833 lb in  62,500 lb in  u 2  700 lb  u 2  0.0095 in 

       
 62,500 lb in 100,000 lb in   u 3  500 lb   u 3  0.0109 in 
 u1   0 
u  0.0095 in 
So,  2    
 u 3  0.0109 in 
   
u 4   0 

 83,333 lb in  83,333 lb in 0 0  0   R1 
 83,333 lb in  62,500 lb in     
 145,833 lb in 0  0.0095 in    PA1 
 0  62,500 lb in 100,000 lb in  37,500 lb in  0.0109 in  PA 2 
    
 0 0  37,500 lb in 37,500 lb in   0   R1 
 R 1   792 lb 
 P   700 lb 
  A1    
PA 2   500 lb 
   
 R 1   408 lb 

Page | 10
Bending of Beams: Here assumptions are:
(i) Linear elastic response
(ii) Homogeneous (constant E and )
(iii) Prismatic (constant A, I), rectangular cross-section
(iv) Neglect inertia (no dynamics)

q P

q dx
Force resultants, Shear force, Vx     xx dA
A

Bending moment, Mx      xx ydA

V + dV
A
Free body diagram of a differential element, M M + dM

Equilibrium: V
Force: dx

 0  V  V  dV   qdx  0 
dV
F y
dx
 q …..(i)
Moment:
 dx 
M  0   M  M  dM   V  dV dx  qdx    0
z
 2 
 dx  dM
 dM  Vdx  dVdx
  qdx 2   0  dx  V …..(ii)
 xx –
Negligible  
Negligible

d 2M
From equations (i) and (ii), we get,  q ……(iii)
dx 2

Again, Bending moment, xx +

h 2
bh 3
Mx     xx ydA    KEby 2dy  KE  KEI
A h 2
12
d2y
M  EI …….(iv)
dx 2

dM d  d 2 y  d3 y
Shear stress, V    EI   EI 3 ……(v)
dx dx  dx 2  dx

Page | 11
From equations (ii) and (v), we get,
d2  d2 y 
 EI   q ……(vi) [4th order linear ODE, non-homogeneous]
dx 2  dx 2 
d4y
For prismatic beams, EI  q ……(vii)
dx 4
d4y
For without distributed load, EI 4  0 ……(viii)
dx

which needs 4 boundary conditions for the following beam

E,I
M1 M2
L
V1 V2

1 2

y1 y2

d3y
Integrating equation (viii) once, we get,  C1 , using the boundary condition of at x = 0,
dx 3
d3y
shear force, V = V1. From equation (v), we get, V1  EI 3 ,
dx
3
d y V1
So,  ……(ix)
dx 3 EI
d 2 y V1
Integrating equation (ix) once, we get,  x  C 2 , using the boundary condition of at x =
dx 2 EI
d2y  M1
0, bending moment, M = –M1. From equation (iv), we get,  M1  EI 2   C2
dx EI
d 2 y V1 M
So, 2
 x  1 ……(x)
dx EI EI

Integrating equation (x) twice, we get,

dy V1 2 M1
  x  x  C 3 ……..(xi)
dx 2EI EI
V M
 y  1 x 3  1 x 2  C3 x  C 4 ………(xii)
6EI 2EI

At x = 0,  = 1, Putting this value in Eq. (xi), we get, C3 = 0.

At x = 0, y = y1, putting this value in Eq. (xii), we get, C4 = y1.

Page | 12
 V1 3 M1 2
Putting these values in equation (xii), we get, y  x  x  y1 ……..(xiii)
6EI 2EI
dy
Using other two boundary conditions, at x = L,  0 , y = 0 in equation (xiii),
dx
V M
We get, 0  1 L3  1 L2  y1
6EI 2EI
V M
And, 0  1 L2  1 L  y1
2EI EI
12EI 6EI
These two equations give, V1  3 y1 and M 2  2 y1 ,
L L
12EI 6EI
Similarly, V2   3 y1 and M 1  2 y1
L L
By using the superposition of all the parameters, we get,
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI
V1  3 y1  2 1  3 y 2  2  2 , M 1  2 y1  1  2 y 2  2
L L L L L L L L
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI
V2   3 y1  2 1  3 y 2  2  2 , M 2  2 y1  1  2 y 2  2
L L L L L L L L

 EI EI EI EI 
 12 L3 6  12 6
L2 L3 L2  y
 EI EI EI EI   1   V1 
 6 2 4 6 2 2    
So, in matrix,  L L L L   1    M 1 
 12 EI EI    
 6 2   y 2   V2 
EI EI
 6 2 12 3
L3 L L L 
EI   2   2 
 EI M
EI EI
 6 2 2 6 2 4 
 L L L L 

Now, the global matrix,

 EI EI EI EI 
 L12 3
6 2
 12 6 0 0
L1 L31 L21
 1

 6 EI 4
EI EI
6 2 2
EI
0 0   y1   V1 
 L1 2
L1 L1 L1 
    
EI EI EI EI EI EI EI EI   1   M 1 
 12 3  6 2 12 3  12 3 6 2 6 2  12 6 2 
 L1 L1 L1 L2 L1 L2 L32 L 2   y 2   V2 

 EI EI EI EI EI EI EI EI   2  M 2 
 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 2     
 L1 L1 L1 L2 L1 L2 L2 L 2   y 3   V3 
 0 EI    
 6 2    3   M 3 
EI EI EI
0  12 3 6 2 12 3
 L2 L2 L2 L2 
 EI EI EI EI 
 0 0 6 2 2 6 2 4
 L2 L2 L2 L 2 

Page | 13
Problem 2
For the compound beam shown in Figure, determine the reaction forces, calculate the stress in
each member, and determine the deformation in each beam using Direct Stiffness Methods

Sol. Our overall stiffness matrix will be eight by eight, because we have eight degrees of
freedom (four nodes, with two parameters required to define the nature of each node)
We will assemble it by combining the individual stiffness matrices of each beam
 E bar I bar E I E I E I 
 12 L3 6 bar2 bar  12 bar3 bar 6 bar2 bar 
L bar L bar L bar
 bar
 y   V 
E I
 6 bar bar E I E I E bar I bar 
left left
4 bar bar
6 2 bar bar
2   M 
 2
L bar L bar L bar L bar   left   left 
 
E bar I bar E bar I bar E bar I bar E bar I bar   y right   Vright 
 12 3 6 2 12 3  6 2 
 L bar L bar L bar L bar   right  M right 
   
 E bar I bar E bar I bar E bar I bar E bar I bar 
 6 2 2 6 2 4 
 L bar L bar L bar L bar 

Page | 14
 Combining the individual stiffness matrices, displacements and loads:
[K] for this problem is the matrix below, which is an assembly of the three beams.

 12EL3AIA 6 E A IA
L2A
 12EL3AIA 6 E A IA
L2A
0 0 0 0 
 6 E AAIA A

 L2A
4 E A IA
LA 6 E A IA
L2A
2 E A IA
LA 0 0 0 0 
 12E A IA  6 E A IA 12 E A I A
 12 E BI B
 6 E A IA
 6 E BI B
 12 E BI B 6 E BI B
0 0 
 L3A L2A L3A L3B L2A L2B L3B L2B 
 6 E A2 IA 2 E A IA
 6 E A IA
 6 E BI B 4 E A IA
 4 E BI B
 6 E BI B 2 E BI B
0 0 
 LA L2A L2B L2B

LA LA LB LB

 0 0 12 E BI B
L3B
 6 ELB2 IB 12 E BI B
L3B
 12 E C IC
L3C
6 E BI B
L2B
 6 ELC2 IC  12LE3CIC 6 E C IC
L2C 
 2 E C IC 
B C C

 0 0 6 E BI B
L2B
2 E BI B
LB
6 E BI B
L2B
 6 E C IC
L2C
4 E BI B
LB  4 ELBBIB  6 ELC2 IC LC 
C

 0 0 0 0  12 E C IC
 6 ELC2 IC 12 E C IC 6 E C IC 
 L2
 L3C C L3C C 

 0 0 0 0 6 E C IC 2 E C IC
 6 ELC2 IC 4 E C IC

 L2C LC C
LC 

In this case Beams B and C have the same properties:

 12301036psi0.984in
 7,314.8 lb in
6 4
12E A IA
L3A in 3
630106 psi0.984in4
6 E A IA
L2A
 36in 2
 131,667 lb
43010 psi0.984in
  3,160,000 in .lb
6 4
4 E A IA
LA 36 in
23010 psi0.984in
  1,580,000 in .lb
6 4
2 E A IA
LA 36 in

 12LE3CIC  12301024psi0.198in
 5,156.3 lb in
6 4
12E BI B
L3B C in 3
630106 psi0.198in4
6 E BI B
L2B
 6 E C IC
L2C
 24in 2
 61,875 lb
430106 psi0.198in4
4 E BI B
LB  4 E C IC
LC  24in  990,000 in .lb
230106 psi0.198in4
2 E BI B
LB  2 E C IC
LC  24in  495,000 in .lb

Page | 15
 So, (all values are multiplied by 1000)

 7.3148 131.7  7.3148 131.7 0 0 0 0 

 131.7 3,160  131.7 1580 0 0 0 0 
 
 7.3148  131.7 12.471  69.792  5.1563 61.875 0 0 
 
 131.7 1580  69.792 4,150  61.875 495 0 0 
 0 0  5.1563  61.875 10.3126 0  5.1563 61.875 
 
 0 0 61.875 495 0 1,980  61.875 495 
 0 0 0 0  5.1563  61.875 5.1563  61.875
 
 0 0 0 0 61.875 495  61.875 990 

 7.3148 131.7  7.3148 131.7 0 0 0 0   0   V1 

 131.7 3,160  131.7 1580 0 0 0 0    0 
  1   
 7.3148  131.7 12.471  69.792  5.1563 61.875 0 0  y2   0 
    
 131.7 1580  69.792 4,150  61.875 495 0 0   2    3600 
 0 0  5.1563  61.875 10.3126 0  5.1563 61.875   y 3   500
    
 0 0 61.875 495 0 1,980  61.875 495   3   0 
 0 0 0 0  5.1563  61.875 5.1563  61.875  0   V4 
    
 0 0 0 0 61.875 495  61.875 990   4   0 

 3,160  131.7 1580 0 0 0   1   0   1   0.01469

 131.7 12.471  69.792  5.156 61.875   
0 y2   0     y    0.4782 
  2  
 1580  69.792 4,150  61.875 495 0   2   3600   2   0.01046
       
 0  5.1563  61.875 10.3126 0 61.875  y 3   500  y 3    0.5077 
 0 61.875 495 0 1,980 495   3   0   3   0.01100 
        
 0 0 0 61.875 495 990   4   0   4   0.02623 

 y1   0   0   V1   V1  185.7 
    0.01469  0.01469  M   M   0 
 1      1  1  
 y 2    0.4782    0.4782   V2   V2   0 
           
  2   0.01046  0.01046 M 2  M 2   3600 
So,  and K    
 y 3    0.5077    0.5077   V3   V3   500
           
 3   0.01100   0.01100   M 3   M 3   0 
y   0   0   V   V  314.3
 4      4  4  
  4   0.02623   0.02623  M 4  M 4   0 

Page | 16
Combined axial and bending load: With the axial and bending load as shown below:

P P

x Ex
F

By Ey
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5
1 2 3 4 5
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

We know for axial loading, the system of equation for one element is,
 AE AE 
 L 
L   u1    F1 
 AE AE  u 2  F2 
 
 L L 

For bending load, the system of equation for one element is,
 EI EI EI EI 
 12 L3 6 2  12 3 6 2 
L L L
 EI EI EI EI   y1   V1 
 6 2 4 6 2 2    
 L L L L   1    M 1 
 12 EI  6 EI 12 EI  6 EI   y 2   V2 
 L3 L2 L3 L2   2  M 2 
 EI EI EI EI 
 6 2 2 6 2 4 
 L L L L 

So, the combined equation for one element is,

 AE
L 0 0  AE
L 0 0   u1   F1 
 0 6 EI  

12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
0  L3
12 EI
L2   1 
y   V1 
 0 6 EI 4 EI
0  6LEI2 2 EI 
 1   M1 
L2
    
L L
 AE
 L
AE
0 0 L 0 0  u 2   F2 
 0  12LEI  6LEI2 0 12 EI
 6LEI2   y 2   V2 
    
3
L3

 0
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L 0  6LEI2 L 
4 EI
   2  M 2 

Page | 17
Shaft Elements: Angle of twist due to torque, T is  = (Z).

Z
Torque (T)

Drawing the free body diagram with the distributed torque m(Z). Moment equilibrium along Z-
axis gives,
Z T

T L
dT
 m  0 ……..(i)
dZ
d
We know the toque is, T  GJ , where G = Shear Modulus and J = Polar moment of inertia.
dZ
So, equation (i) becomes,
d  d 
 GJ   m  0 ……..(ii) m(Z)
dZ  dZ  Z

For prismatic shaft,

G, J
d 2
GJ 2  m  0 ……..(ii)
dZ Torque (T)

GJ
For twisted shaft, the stiffness, K 
L
T1 Z T2
So, the local stiffness matrix becomes,
GJ  1  1 1
K 2
L  1 1 
    T 
Deformation vector, u   1  and reaction vector, R   1 
2  T2 
 
So, the system of the equation, Ku  R

Page | 18
To build the global stiffness matrix for the following shaft,

m(Z)
Z T

GA, JA GB, JB

T1 Z T2 T3

1 2 3
LA LB

 1  T 
     1
The deformation vector, u  2  and reaction vector, R  T2 
  T 
 3  3
 KA  KA 0 
The global stiffness matrix, K   K A K A  K B  K B 
 0  KB K B 
GAJA G J
Where, K A  and K B  B B
LA LB
So, the system of the equation becomes,
 KA  KA 0   1   T1   K A  KA 0   0  T1 
 K        
 A K A  K B  K B   2   T2    K A KA  KB  K B   2    T 
 0  KB K B   3  T3   0  KB K B   0  T3 

So, (KA + KB) 2 = T [Solve for 2]

GAJA G BJ B
And, T1    2 , T3   2
LA LB

Page | 19
Combined loading: Combination of axial, bending and torque can be superimposed on a beam.
The two ends of the beam will be assumed to have 6 degree of freedoms. For example, in the
coordinate system shown below, has the beam in x-direction. So, all the axial strains in that
direction will be treated as elongation or contraction (ux) and angular strains will be treated as
angle of twist (x). Any axial strains in y or z directions are beam deflections (uy and uz) and any
angular strains in those directions are angular deflections (y and z).

uy

y

x

ux

uz z

Super positioning all the stains in one element, we get,

 AE
L
0 0 0 0 0  AE
L
0 0 0 0 0   u x1   F1 
    

12 EI Z 6 EI Z 12 EI Z 6 EI Z
 0 L3
0 0 0 L2
0 L3
0 0 0 L2   u y1   Vy1 
 0 0
12 EI Y
0 
6 EI Y
0 0 0 
12 EI Y
0 
6 EI Y
0   u z1   Vz1 
 L3 L2 L3 L2

 0 0 0 GJ
L
0 0 0 0 0  GJ
L
0 0    x1   T1 
 0 0 
6 EI Y
0
4 EI Y
0 0 0
6 EI Y
0
2 EI Z
0    y1   M y1 
 L2 L L2 L
   
   z1   M z1 
6 EI Z 4 EI Z 6 EI Z 2 EI Z
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
L2 L2

L L
 AE 0 0 0 0 0 AE
0 0 0 0 0  u x 2   F2 
 L L     
 0    L2 Z  u y 2   Vy 2 
12 EI Z 6 EI Z 12 EI Z 6 EI
L3
0 0 0 L2
0 L3
0 0 0
 
 0   u z 2   Vz 2 
12 EI Y 6 EI Y 12 EI Y 6 EI Y
 0 0 L3
0 L2
0 0 0 L3
0 L2    
 0 0 0  GJ 0 0 0 0 0 GJ
0 0    x 2   T2 
   
L L

 0    y 2  M y 2 
6 EI Y 2 EI Z 6 EI Y 4 EI Y
 0 0 L2
0 L
0 0 0 L2
0 L
 0 
4 EI Z 
   
  z 2   M z 2 
6 EI Z 2 EI Z 6 EI Z
 L2
0 0 0 L
0 L2
0 0 0 L

Page | 20