(1) At location A on surface

KtA = 1-6
(2) At location B at end of keyway

For d > 6.5 in., it is suggested that the K&

values for rid = 0.0208 be used.

K
Kt tB

M M

Enlarged view
K
tA of fittet

Approximate average rid suggested

in USA Standard for d < 6.5 in. (see text)

O 0.01 0.02 0.03 . _ 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

rid
Chart 5.1 Stress concentration factors Kt for bending of a shaft of circular cross section with a
semicircular end keyseat (based on data of Fessler et al. 1969).
 (1) At location A on surface

(2) At location B in fillet

Enlarged
view of
fillet

A A J—•{

KtA

Approximate values at end of key with torque

transmitted by key of length = 2.5d
(Based on adjusted ratios of data of Okubo, et at. 1968)
Kt
or
Kts

Without key—
(Leven, 1949)
K(B* %tsB

Approximate average rid .suggested

in USA Standard for d < 6.5 in.
(see text)

KtsA

rid
Chart 5.2 Stress concentration factors Kt, Kts for a torsion shaft with a semicircular end key seat
(Leven 1949; Okubo et al. 1968).
 Torsion only

Kt or
K
ts
Bending only

M/T TIM
Chart 5.3 Stress concentration factors K1 and Kts for combined bending and torsion of a shaft with
a semicircular end keyseat. b/d = 1/4, t/d = 1/8, r/d = 1/48 = 0.0208 (approximate values
based on method of Fessler et al. 1969).
Kfs

rid
Chart 5.4 Stress concentration factors Kts for torsion of a splined shaft without mating member
(photoelastic tests of Yoshitake, et al. 1962). Number of teeth = 8.
 Tip
radius
of
generating
cutter For 14.5 0FuII depth
tooth system

Kt

PfI - Diametral
pitch

Minimum
radius
w = Load per unit thickness of tooth face

O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 e/t 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Chart 5.5 Stress concentration factors Kt for the tension side of a gear tooth fillet with 14.5° pressure angle (from photoelastic data of
Dolan and Broghamer 1942).
 Tip
radius
of
generating
w = Load per unit thickness of tooth face
cutter
tooth

Kt

20° Full depth system

Diametral Not standardized

pitch

20° Stub system

Minimum
radius

e/t
Chart 5.6 Stress concentration factors Kt for the tension side of a gear toothfillet,20° pressure angle (from photoelastic data of Dolan
and Broghamer 1942).
 Pd = D iametral pitch
Number of teeth
Pitch diameter

Minimum
radius rt
Pitch
(Not standarized)
diameter

20° Stub
Rack
Full depth

rp
fd Rack.
Full depth

Rack

Basic rack

Number of teeth

Chart 5.7 Minimum fillet radius rf of gear tooth generated by basic rack (formula of Candee 1941).
 wn - Normal load per unit thickness of tooth face

Pressure angle
14.5° i
^/T~
20°

Minimum
radius

Kt

O 0.1 rfjt 0.2 0.3

Chart 5.8 Stress concentration factors Kt for the tension Side of a gear tooth fillet (empirical
formula of Dolan and Broghamer 1942).
 (a) Tension side

Kt

Beam in pure bending Weibel(1934)

(Approximate results
fore/f = 00)
Riggs and Frocht (1938)

(b) Compression side

Kt

r/t
Chart 5.9 Stress concentration factors Kt for bending of a short beam with a shoulder fillet (pho-
toelastic tests of Dolan and Broghamer 1942). (a) Tension side; (b) compression side.
 For tension K(A For bending KtB

(a) rid = 0.05

KtA

Dashed line
KtA=KtB

H/d
Chart 5.1Oa Stress concentration factors for a T-Head (photoelastic tests of Hetenyi 1939b and
1943). (a) r/d = 0.05.
 (b) r/d = 0.075

KtA

Dashed line
KtA = KtB

HId
Chart 5.1Ob Stress concentration factors for a T-Head (photoelastic tests of Hetenyi 1939b and
1943). (b) r/d = 0.075.
 (c) r/c/ = 0.1

KtA

Dashed line
KtA=K(B

HId

(t/) rid = 0.2

KtA

Dashed line
'KtA=KtB

HIh
Chart 5.10c,d Stress concentration factors for a T-Head (photoelastic tests of Hetenyi 1939b and
1943). (c) r/d =0.1; (d) r/d = 0.2.
 (e) Variable location of concentrated reaction P/2

KtA

O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
x/(d-r)
Chart 5.1Oe Stress concentration factors for a T-Head (photoelastic tests of Hetenyi 1939b and 1943). (e) Variable location of concentrated
reaction P/2.
 (f) KfA and KtK versus IdIL2

Full lines
Kt(AorB)

Dashed lines
0.02 0.1 p 0.5 1 2
Id /L2
Chart 5.1Of Stress concentration factors for a T-Head (photoelastic tests of Hetenyi 1939b and
1943). (/) KtA and KtB versus Id/L2.
 Kto.2 = Stress concentration factor
when the clearance e = 0.2%
Ktetore< 0.1

Clevis

K
te

Maximum tensile stress in lug

around hole perimeters Clevis
Lug
ears

e = 4- (Percentage), the pin

to hole clearance
Approximate values for Kie for any e can be obtained by using

Kte = ^io.2 + f(Knvo~ KtQ.2)

where /T^ QO ^nd /"are taken from Chart 5.12

d/H
Chart 5.11 Stress concentration factors Kte for square-ended lugs, h/d < 0.5 (Whitehead et al. 1978; ESDU 1981).
 KtQ.2 = Stress concentration factor when
the clearance e = 0.2%
^100 = Stress concentration factor when
the load P is applied uniformly along the
thickness of a lug at the contact line between
between the lug hole and pin (point A)

HI2
radius

%te

(Percentage), the pin to hole clearance

d/H
Chart 5.12 Stress concentration factors Kte for round-ended lugs, h/d < 0.5 (Whitehead et al. 1978; ESDU 1981).
 £pln = Modulus of elasticity of pin
E = Modulus of elasticity of lug
K'te = Stress concentration factor for h/d > 0.5
Kte - Stress concentration factor for h Id < 0.5
taken from Chart 5.11 and 5.12

s_
^8

O 0.5 1.0 h 1.5 2.0 2.5

d~
Chart 5.13 Stress concentration factors K'te for thick lugs. Square or round ended lugs with h/d >
0.5 and 0.3 < d/H < 0.6 (Whitehead et al. 1978; ESDU 1981).
Kt
K1
independent
of ft

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 r/c 3.0 4.0 5.0

Chart 5.14 Stress concentration factors K1 for a curved bar in bending.

(^ w
or
Kts Cw Wahl correction factor

Kts Stress concentration factor

Round wire G6hner(1932)

Square wire

Spring index c = d/a

Chart 5.15 Stress factors Cw and Kts for helical compression or tension springs of round or square
wire (from mathamatical relations of Wahl 1963).
 /i/6 = 1 (square)

Kts

(See Fig. 5.14 for a)

2 3 4 5 6 7 d/b 8 9 10 11 12

Chart 5.16 Stress concentration factors Kts for a helical compression or tension spring of rectangular wire cross section (based on Liesecke
1933).
 For circular wire

Kt

For rectangular wire

Cross-section at P

Spring index c = d/a

Chart 5.17 Stress concentration factors Kt for a helical torsion spring (Wahl 1963).
 Fillet
detail

Kt

Kt values are averages of

pin and journal values

0.3 0.4 , 0.5 0.6

t/d7
Chart 5.18 Stress concentration factors Kt for a crankshaft in bending (from strain gage values of
Arai 1965).
 fe/d=1.33, f / d = 0.562, 6 = 0

Kt

Kt values are average

of pin and journal values

rid
Chart 5.19 Stress concentration factors Kt for a crankshaft in bending (strain gage values of Arai
1965). See figure of Chart 5.18 for notation.
 KtB for L = r

Kt
Note: Back depth d can vary
KtB for L = 3 r

d/r
Chart 5.20 Stress concentration factors Kt for a U-shaped member (based on photoelastic tests of
Mantle and Dolan 1948).
 For position A
v Grnax-P/hd
KtA=
SPe/hd*
For position B
v °max
KtB
~~ PL^TB
where IR/eg = section modulus at section in question (section BB')

Kt Constant

Constant Constant

O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 r/d 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Chart 5.21 Stress concentration factors Kt for a U-shaped member (based on photoelastic tests of Mantle and Dolan 1948).
 For angle section

For box section

Angle
section

tmax

Box
section
Kts

O 0.5 1.0 1.5

r/h
Chart 5.22 Stress concentration factors Kts for angle or box sections in torsion (mathematical
determination by Huth 1950).
 stress at center of disk without hole

Kt
tangential stress adjusted so that

tangential stress at R2

#1 /R2

Chart 5.23 Stress concentration factors K1 for a rotating disk with a central hole.
Kt

JR1 is the radius of the hole

where o - tangential stress in a solid disk at radius of point A

RQ/R2
Chart 5.24 Stress concentration factors K1 for a rotating disk with a noncentral hole (photoelastic
tests of Barnhart, Hale, and Meriam 1951).
Kt

R\IRi
Chart 5.25 Stress concentration factors Kt for a ring or hollow roller subjected to diametrically
opposite internal concentrated loads (Timoshenko 1922; Horger and Buckwalter 1940; Leven 1952).
Kt

Rt/RZ
Chart 5.26 Stress concentration factors K, for a ring or hollow roller compressed by diametrically
opposite external concentrated loads (Timoshenko 1922; Horger and Buckwalter 1940; Leven 1952).
Kt

R\IRz
Chart 5.27 Stress concentration factors K, for a cylinder subject to internal pressure (based on Lame solution, Pilkey 1994).
 Knuckle

pressure
Crown

3 recommended
for design
Kt
Knuckle
(RI ID > 1.0 Not recommended for design)

Crown
(R1 /D > 1.0
Not recommended for design)

Cylinder
(tangential)

Not recommended
for design)

n/d
Chart 5.28 Stress concentration factors Kt for a cylindrical pressure vessel with torispherical ends
(from data of Fessler and Stanley 1965).
 Section /-/

6
4-
3
2-
1.5

Kt

1 2 3 4 5 6 , 7 8 9 1 0 1 1
2Ri/r
Chart 5.29 Stress concentration factors Kt for a pressurized thick cylinder with a circular hole in the cylinder wall (Gerdeen 1972).