Topic 1 Questions:

1. What functions are carried out by unicellular organisms? Response, homeostasis, metabolism, growth
2. What is an example of the therapeutic use of stem cells?
3. What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
4. What substance is used for structure in plants?
5. An unknown cell observed using microscope. A cell wall, ribosome and DNA are identified what can be
concluded?
6. Red blood cell is 8 micrometers in diameter. If drawn 100times larger than actual size, what is the diameter?
7. What is proportional to cell’s surface area?
8. What are stem cells
9. What is the function of membrane proteins?
10. Where are proteins synthesised by free ribosomes used?
11. What describes nuclear division in stem cells?
12. What evidence falsifies Davson-Danielli model? (Membrane structure)
13. What makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic use?
14. What is the function of plant cell wall?
15. What features of a cell favour efficient removal of waste products? (SA:V)
16. What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
17. What happens to cell SA to V ration as cell grows?
18. What is an example of binary fission?
19. What are the 3 main functions of membrane proteins?
20. Which process is possible due to fluidity of cell membranes?
21. What is the role of these glycoproteins in animals?
22. How do prokaryotic cells divide
23. What is the approximate thickness of the plasma membrane of a cell?
24. What causes cell differentiation?
25. During what phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes duplicate?
26. What is the difference between a cell in G1 phase and a cell in G2 phase in cell cycle?
27. What actions occur during interphase?
28. During which stage does cell SA:V ratio decrease?
29. What 2 processes take place during interphase in animal cells?
30. How do cells in multicellular organisms differentiate?
31. What are the exceptions to cell theory?
32. Which features are present in prokaryotic cells? DNA, cell wall, Pili
33. Which feature are present in eukaryotic cells?
34. Which three functions are carried out by ALL unicellular organisms?
35. What structures are part of Escherichia coli cell?
36. What is evidence for endosymbiotic theory?
37. Which 2 processes take place during interphase and mitosis in animal cells?
38. What is the function of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane of this bacterium?
39. Identify stages of mitosis using diagrams
40. Identify each movement across a membrane (Identify membrane structures and their function)
41. Structure of a paramecium
42. Salt con. Inside paramecium is 1.8% compared to 0.2% outside. What will be the likely response?
43. What route is used to export proteins from the cell? rough end reticulum —> golgi apparatus —>plasma
membrane
44. What even occurs during both mitosis and meiosis?
45. What is the role of cholesterol in animals? = controls membrane fluidity
46. What events occur during the G1 phase and s phase? Cell grows, DNA, replicates
47. What organism has DNA located in 3 organelles? fern
48. Why do multicellular organisms have emergent properties? they show properties that can only result from
interaction of many cells
49. What is osmosis

1. Discuss possible exceptions to cell theory. 4 marks

2. Eukaryotic cells have intracellular and extracellular components. State the functions of one named
extracellular component. 4 marks
3. Explain how the surface are to volume ratio influences cell sizes. 3 marks
4. Outline differentiation of cells in a multicellular organism. 4 marks
5. Describe the importance of stem cells in differentiation. 3 marks
6. Draw a labelled diagram to show the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli. 6 marks
7. Draw a labelled diagram to show the organelles which are found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. 6 marks
8. State one function of each of the following organelles: lysosome, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic
reticulum, nucleus, mitochondrion. 5 marks
9. Draw a labelled diagram showing the ultra-structure of a liver cell. 4 marks
10. Distinguish between the structure of plant and animal cells. 6 marks
11. Using a table, compare the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5 marks
12. Describe the process of mitosis
13. Describe the process of meiosis
14. Outline cell theory
15. Describe the genetic code and its relationship to polypeptides and proteins
16. Outline the role of proteins in active and passive transport of molecule through membranes
17. Explain how ATP is generated in animals
18. Outline the endosymbiotic theory
19. Outline the various stages of the cell cycle (4)
20. Define transpiration and explain factors that can affect transpiration in plants (9)
21. Describe the characteristics of stem cells that make them potentially useful in medicine (5)
22. Outline a technique of gene transfer resulting in genetically modified organisms (5)
23. Explain the use of Karyotyping in human genetics (8)
24. Explain how minerals move into plants (8)
25. Outline the conditions needed for germination of a typical seed (3)
26. Following germination of seeds plants undergo a rapid increase in number of cells describe stages in the cell
cycle that results in this (7)
27. Draw and label diagram to show structure of plasma membrane (5)
28. The light dependent reactions in photosynthesis take place on the thylakoid membranes. Explain the light-
dependent reactions. (8)
29. Outline two factors that affect rate of photosynthesis (5)
30. Draw and label diagram of the ultrastructure of E-coli as an example of a prokaryote (4)
31. Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis in animals (6)
32. Explain process of aerobic cell respiration after glycolysis has occurred (8)
33. Draw and label diagram to show the molecular structure of a membrane (4)
34. Some proteins in membranes act as enzymes. Describe a model that accounts fo the ability of enzymes to
catalyse sections (6)
35. Membrane of pre-synaptic and post synaptic neurones play an important role in transmission of nerve
impulses. Explain the principles of synaptic transmission (8)
36. Draw a labelled diagram that shows the positions of proteins within the cell membrane (3)
37. Outline effects of putting plant tissue in a hypertonic solution (4)
38. Explain how structure of nephron and its associated blood vessel enable the kidney to carry out its function (8)
39. Explain how chemical energy for use n the cell is generated by electron transport and chemiosmosis (8)
40. Outline 4 different functions of membrane proteins (4)
41. Distinguish between anabolism, catabolism and metabolism (3)
42. Describe 4 different types of transport of substances across a membrane (4)
43. Hormone such as FSH and LH affect the development of certain cells by binding to receptors in the plasma
membrane. Outline the role of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle (6)
44. In the placenta, many substances are transported across membrane. Explain structure and role of the
placenta (8)
45. Draw a labelled diagram of the ultrastructure of a prokaryote (4)
46. Explain the process of DNA replication (6)
47. Outline how the structure of the ribosome is created to its function in translation (8)
48. Draw a labeled diagram to show structure of a sarcomere (5)
49. Explain how an impulse passes along the axon of a neurone (8)
50. Describe the process of endocytosis (5)
51. Outline transcription in prokaryotes (6)
52. Some prokaryotes cause infectious diseases in humans. Explain the principle of vaccination (8)
53. Outline, with an example, the process of exocytosis
54. Translation occurs in living organisms. Explain how translation is carried out (9)
55. Some prokaryotes cause infectious diseases which stimulate the body immune system. Outline the principles
that form the basis of immunity. (6)
56. Draw a labelled diagram showing the ultra-structure of a liver cell (4)
57. Distinguish between prokaryote sand eukaryotic cells (6)
58. Explain prokaryotic DNA replication (8)
59. Distinguish between active and passive movements of material across plasma membrane (4)
60. Explain how chemiosmosis assists in ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation
61. Explain the control of gene expression in eukaryotes
62. Define osmolarity