CABLING

T568A And T568B Wiring Standard Basis

STRAIGHT THROUGH

 Use to connect computers and other end-user devices 

 Has T568B on both ends

 primarily used for connecting unlike devices

Use straight through Ethernet cable for the following cabling:

 Switch to router

 Switch to PC or server

 Hub to PC or server
CROSS OVER

 It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type

 Has T568A and T568B on both ends

 used for connecting alike devices

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

 Switch to switch

 Switch to hub

 Hub to hub

 Router to router

 Router Ethernet port to PC NIC

 PC to PC
ADDRESSING
Network Address

 Facilitates identifying a network node/device and reaching a device over a network

 Used to identify, locate and address other computers on a network

 Typically, unique for each interface

 Example, a computer's Wi-Fi and local area network (LAN) card has separate network addresses.

A network address is also known as the numerical network part of an IP address. This is used to
distinguish a network that has its own hosts and addresses.

For example, in the IP address (192.168.1.0), the network address is (192.168.1).

Types of Address

1. Physical Address – (MAC Address)

2. Logical Address – (IP Address)

Physical Address (MAC Address)

 generated by the manufacturer of NIC (Network Interface Card)

 Media Access Control is six bytes (48 bits)

 burned into their product to uniquely identify them

EXAMPLE:

01:02:31:a2:b3:cf

Logical Address (IP Address)

 a 32-bit unique address

 Used by a computing device to identify itself and communicate with other devices

 uniquely identifies all computers on the public internet

 signifies the address of both the sender and receiver of packets on the network

EXAMPLE:

172.16.254.1 (IPv4) 32 bit

Types of IP Address

1. Static

2. Dynamic

Static

-Address that can be manually configured and it will never change

Advantages

 computers can host servers containing data that other computers access through the
internet.

 more stable for internet use since they never change

Disadvantage

 each address once assigned, is occupied by a single computer even when that
computer is not use.

Dynamic

-assigned by DHCP server which can change automatically any time

Advantages

 requires very less administration because all work is done by DHCP

 helps you to save your time as you need not to configure hundreds of computers
manually

Disadvantage

 not suited to web hosting

SUBNETTING
 process of dividing a large network into two or more smaller network

 Subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP Network

 helps in decreasing network congestion.

Subnet mask depends on the IP Class, a default subnet mask is intended for a specific IP class

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SUBNETTING

Advantages:

 Increases routing efficiency

 Enhances the security of the network

 Reduces the size of the broadcast domain

Disadvantages:

 Increases routing efficiency

 Enhances the security of the network

 Reduces the size of the broadcast domain

RULES IN SUBNETTING

 It will only result into 9 possible values for any octet in a subnet mask.
(0,128,192,224,240,248,252,254,255)

 You can only add or subtract bits from the mask in bit order. They must be added from LEFT TO
RIGHT.

Formula for finding the Subnet Prefix:

 1. Convert the subnet mask into binary.

2. Count the number of 1s.

Ex.

IP address: 70.191.63.0

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Formula for finding the Host Bits:

1. Convert the subnet mask into binary.

2. Count the number of 0s.

Ex.

IP address: 70.191.63.0

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Formula for finding the Available Hosts:

 1. Decide with the number of hosts.

2. Choose a subnet mask.

3. Convert it into binary.

4. Use the formula 2n - 2; where n is the number of zeros in the subnet mask.

Ex.

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

=28–2

= 256-2

= 254