Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
iii
Frame the Problem 39
Select a Performance Measure 42
Check the Assumptions 45
Get the Data 45
Create the Workspace 45
Download the Data 49
Take a Quick Look at the Data Structure 50
Create a Test Set 54
Discover and Visualize the Data to Gain Insights 58
Visualizing Geographical Data 59
Looking for Correlations 62
Experimenting with Attribute Combinations 65
Prepare the Data for Machine Learning Algorithms 66
Data Cleaning 67
Handling Text and Categorical Attributes 69
Custom Transformers 71
Feature Scaling 72
Transformation Pipelines 73
Select and Train a Model 75
Training and Evaluating on the Training Set 75
Better Evaluation Using Cross-Validation 76
Fine-Tune Your Model 79
Grid Search 79
Randomized Search 81
Ensemble Methods 82
Analyze the Best Models and Their Errors 82
Evaluate Your System on the Test Set 83
Launch, Monitor, and Maintain Your System 84
Try It Out! 85
Exercises 85
3. Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
MNIST 87
Training a Binary Classifier 90
Performance Measures 90
Measuring Accuracy Using Cross-Validation 91
Confusion Matrix 92
Precision and Recall 94
Precision/Recall Tradeoff 95
The ROC Curve 99
Multiclass Classification 102
Error Analysis 104
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Multilabel Classification 108
Multioutput Classification 109
Exercises 110
Table of Contents | v
Exercises 175
vi | Table of Contents
Randomized PCA 227
Incremental PCA 227
Kernel PCA 228
Selecting a Kernel and Tuning Hyperparameters 229
LLE 232
Other Dimensionality Reduction Techniques 234
Exercises 235
Table of Contents | ix
Memory Requirements 441
Pooling Layer 442
TensorFlow Implementation 444
CNN Architectures 446
LeNet-5 449
AlexNet 450
GoogLeNet 452
VGGNet 456
ResNet 457
Xception 459
SENet 461
Implementing a ResNet-34 CNN Using Keras 464
Using Pretrained Models From Keras 465
Pretrained Models for Transfer Learning 467
Classification and Localization 469
Object Detection 471
Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) 473
You Only Look Once (YOLO) 475
Semantic Segmentation 478
Exercises 482
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