Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B898 − 19
Reactive and Refractory Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee B10.01 on Titanium.
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Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as B898 – 11 (2016). International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
DOI: 10.1520/B0898-19. www.asme.org.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
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Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
the ASTM website. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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4. Ordering Information
the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed in the
4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include applicable cladding metal specification: B265, B393, B551/
the following information: B551M, or B708.
4.1.1 Quantity. 6.3 Base Metal—The base metal shall be steel or any other
4.1.2 Product dimensions, including thickness of both clad- product conforming to specifications for metal plate. The base
ding metal and base metal. It should state whether each metal shall conform to the requirements as to chemical
thickness value is minimum or nominal. If not stated, thickness composition prescribed in the base metal specification.
values shall be nominal.
4.1.3 Cladding metal type and specification (the cladding 7. Mechanical Properties
metal specification) (see Section 6). 7.1 The base metal shall conform to the mechanical prop-
4.1.4 Base metal type and specification (the base metal erty requirements prescribed in the base metal specification.
specification) (see Section 6). 7.2 The mechanical properties of the cladding metal may
4.1.5 Flatness requirements (see 10.3). not conform necessarily to the mechanical property require-
4.1.6 Ultrasonic inspection level (see Section 11). ments prescribed in the cladding metal specification unless
4.1.7 Heat treatment requirements, if any. otherwise agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
4.1.8 Restrictions limiting or disallowing welding, or weld 7.3 Mechanical testing of the base metal, in accordance with
repair, or both, if any (see Section 12). the base metal specification, may be performed prior to the
4.1.9 Any additional codes and standards specified by the cladding operation if the cladding operation does not affect the
purchaser or manufacturer. applicable mechanical properties of the base metal.
4.1.10 Supplementary Requirements, if any. 7.4 Unless simulated post cladding heat treatments are
4.1.11 Additional requirements, if any. specified by the purchaser, Supplementary Requirement S5, the
mechanical test specimens shall be representative of the
5. Materials and Manufacture material in the heat treatment condition of product being
5.1 Process: shipped from the clad manufacturer.
5.1.1 The base metal shall be manufactured in accordance 7.5 Tensile Strength Requirements—The tensile properties
with all applicable requirements of the base metal specification shall be determined by a tension test on the base metal only in
(see 4.1.4). accordance with the testing requirements of the base metal
5.1.2 The cladding metal shall be manufactured in accor- specification. When tension test specimen are taken from the
dance with all applicable requirements of the cladding metal clad plate, the cladding shall be removed before tension tests
specification (see 4.1.3). are made.
5.1.3 The cladding metal shall be bonded to the base metal 7.6 Bond Shear Strength Testing:
by any cladding operation that will produce a clad product 7.6.1 A bond shear strength test shall be performed on each
which will conform to the requirements of this specification. clad plate. The minimum permissible shear strength shall be
Cladding methods may be, but are not limited to, explosion 20 000 psi (137.9 MPa).
bonding, roll bonding, and weld overlay. 7.6.2 The specimen shall be taken from an end of the plate.
5.1.4 The cladding metal may be fabricated from multiple When the clad plate is produced by explosion cladding, the
sheets or plates by edge butt welding prior to the cladding specimen shall be from a location which is typical of the
operation. maximum distance from the initiation point. The specimen
5.1.5 The cladding thickness may consist of multiple layers shall be prepared and tested in the manner of Fig. 1.
of the cladding metal. 7.6.3 Retesting shall be permitted only when the test speci-
men or test method is defective. When retesting is performed,
5.2 Heat Treatment—Unless otherwise specified or agreed
two test specimens shall be obtained from a location adjacent
between the purchaser and the manufacturer, all heat treat-
to the original specimen. The shear strength values of both
ments shall be performed as needed in the cladding operation
must exceed the minimum specified value. Only one set of
to assure the following:
retests is allowed.
5.2.1 The cladding metal conforms to the applicable re- 7.6.4 The results of all tests and all retests shall be included
quirements of the cladding metal specification, in the Material Test Report, paragraph 16.1.2.
5.2.2 The base metal conforms to the applicable require-
ments of the base metal specification, and 8. Chemical Analysis
5.2.3 The clad bond exhibits optimum resistance to dis- 8.1 When the cladding operation does not affect the chemi-
bonding during common fabrication processes. cal composition of the cladding or base metal, or both, the
Metric Equivalents
in. mm in. mm
0.005 0.127 1 25.4
0.125 3.18 21⁄2 64.5
3⁄ 4 19.1 3 76.2
FIG. 1 Test Specimen and Method of Making Shear Test of Clad Plate
chemical analysis, in accordance with cladding, or base metal TABLE 1 Cladding Metal Thickness Tolerance
specifications, or both, may be performed prior to the cladding When Cladding Metal Thickness is Specified
Minimum Nominal
operation. Otherwise, chemical analysis of the applicable
Specified Thickness # 0.150 in. > 0.150 in. < 0.188 in. $ 0.188 in.
component or components shall be performed after the clad- Undergage Tolerance 0 0 0.030 in. 0.060 in.
ding operation in accordance with the cladding metal or base Overgage Tolerance 100 % of 50 % of 100 % of 50 % of
metal specifications, or both. min min nominal nominal
8.2 When chemical analysis of the finished product is TABLE 1M Cladding Metal Thickness Tolerance
When Cladding Metal Thickness is Specified
invoked, Supplementary Requirement S4, the frequency of Minimum Nominal
testing, specimen location, and testing methods shall be agreed Specified Thickness # 3.8 mm > 3.8 mm < 4.8 mm $ 4.8 mm
upon between manufacturer and purchaser. Undergage Tolerance 0 0 0.75 mm 1.5 mm
Overgage Tolerance 100 % of 50 % of 100 % of 50 % of
specified specified specified specified
9. Location and Number of Tests and Retests minimum minimum nominal nominal
9.1 Tension, Bend, and Impact Tests (When Required)—The
specimen orientation, location with respect to thickness, and
number of tests and retests shall be in accordance with the TABLE 2 Base Metal Thickness Tolerance
requirements of the base metal specification. The test specimen When Base Metal Thickness is Specified
location within the plate shall be at the manufacturer’s option. Minimum Nominal
Specified Thickness < 1.0 in. $ 1.0 in. < 1.0 in. $ 1.0 in.
10. Dimensions and Flatness, Permissible Variations Undergage Tolerance 0 0 0.01 in. 0.01 in.
Overgage Tolerance 0.21 in. 0.26 in. 0.20 in. over 0.25 in. over
10.1 Thickness: over min over min nominal nominal
10.1.1 Cladding metal thickness tolerances shall be in TABLE 2M Base Metal Thickness Tolerance
accordance with Table 1. When Base Metal Thickness is Specified
10.1.2 Base metal thickness tolerances shall be in accor- Minimum Nominal
Specified Thickness < 25.4 mm $ 25.4 mm < 25.4 mm $ 25.4 mm
dance with Table 2. Undergage Tolerance 0 0 0.25 mm 0.25 mm
10.1.3 When the purchaser specifies flatness in accordance Overgage Tolerance 5.3 over 6.6 over 5.1 over 6.4 over
with 10.3.1.3 or 10.3.1.4, overgage tolerances in excess of specified specified specified specified
minimum minimum nominal nominal
those specified herein may be specified by the manufacturer.
10.1.4 When agreed upon by the producer and the
purchaser, overgage tolerances different from those specified
herein shall apply. 10.2.1 Clad plates shall be supplied with edges cut to the
10.1.5 When an interlayer metal is included in the product dimensions specified by the purchaser. Cutting may be per-
and when its thickness exceeds 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) nominal, formed by thermal or mechanical means or any other method,
its composition and nominal thickness shall be reported. which does not deleteriously affect the product quality. Clad
10.2 Length and Width or Diameter Tolerances: plates shall conform to the length and width or diameter
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the applicable inspection/s. 12. Welding
11.1.4 Scanning: 12.1 Any welding, which is part of the delivered product,
11.1.4.1 Scanning shall be performed from the cladding shall be performed with welders or welding operators that are
metal surface unless mutually agreed by the manufacturer and qualified in accordance with ASME Section IX and a welding
the purchaser. procedure specification (WPS) that is in accordance with
11.1.4.2 The scanning speed shall not exceed 6 in. ⁄sec ASME Section IX.
(150 mm ⁄sec). 12.2 All welds in the delivered product shall conform to any
11.1.4.3 An area of known sound bond shall be used as a applicable requirements of the base and cladding metal speci-
standard for adjusting equipment. The instrument shall be fications and any additional requirements specified in the
adjusted to produce a first reflection from the opposite side of purchase order.
the sound area of the plate of 75 6 5 % of full scale. This
12.3 Weld Rework: Unless otherwise specified, rework of
setting shall be maintained during evaluation of the plate.
defects in the cladding and/or base metal may be performed by
11.1.4.4 When a 100 % scan is required, the full surface of welding, provided the following requirements are met:
the clad plate shall be scanned and adjacent scans shall overlap 12.3.1 Approval is received from the purchaser in advance
by at least 0.16 in. (4 mm). of proceeding with rework. When specified in the contract, the
11.1.5 Recordable Indications: welding procedure specification (WPS) shall be subject to
11.1.5.1 All indications which cause 100 % loss of back approval by the purchaser prior to rework welding.
reflection accompanied by a reflection from the clad interface 12.3.2 The defective area is removed and the area prepared
shall be recordable. for rework is examined by a magnetic particle method or a
11.1.5.2 All recordable indications shall be evaluated by the liquid penetrant method to ensure all defective area has been
following technique: Move the transducer away from the removed. Method of examination and acceptance standard
center of the discontinuity until the height of the back reflection shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and the
and discontinuity indications are equal. Mark the plate at a manufacturer.
point equivalent to the center of the transducer. Repeat the 12.3.3 Welds to the cladding metal shall be deposited in a
operation to establish the boundary. Smaller search units may suitable manner so as to leave the surface condition similar in
be used for evaluating and pinpointing indications. corrosion resistance to the adjacent cladding.
11.1.5.3 With some clad metal combinations, repetitions of 12.3.4 The reworked area shall be inspected in accordance
the interface signal of sound material may be located in the with the penetrant inspection requirements of 11.2 and the
same screen location as the backwall signal, making it difficult applicable ultrasonic inspection requirements of 11.1.
to determine the existence of complete loss of the backwall 12.3.5 The location and extent of the weld rework together
signal. When such conditions arise the manufacturer must with the examination results are transmitted as a part of the
advise the purchaser and the validation of bond integrity shall certification.
be established by mutual agreement. 12.4 References to ASME Design Code shall be replaced
11.2 Three Ultrasonic Inspection Quality Levels are appli- with comparable requirements of other national or international
cable. If the ultrasonic inspection class is not specified, Class B standards when agreed upon by the purchaser and the manu-
shall apply. facturer (4.1.9).
11.2.1 Class A—Scanning shall be performed over 100 % of
13. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
the clad surface. Any single indication exceeding 1 in. (25 mm)
in its longest dimension shall be cause for rejection. The 13.1 The product surfaces shall be free of excess imperfec-
minimum sound bond area shall be 99 %. tions and extraneous materials as determined by visual exami-
11.2.2 Class B—Scanning shall be performed over 100 % of nation. Excessive imperfections are those which exceed the
the clad surface. Any single recordable indication exceeding standards of the cladding and base metal specifications
3 in. (75 mm) in its longest dimension shall be cause for respectively, or purchaser approved standards. Examples of
rejection. The minimum sound bond area shall be 97 %. imperfections are scratches, dents, burrs, seams, blisters, and
11.2.3 Class C—Scanning shall be along continuous per- heavy oxidation. Imperfections, which reduce the cladding, or
pendicular grid lines on nominal 9 in. (225 mm) centers, or at base metal thickness, or both, below the minimums specified
the option of the manufacturer, shall be along continuous are not permissible unless approved by the purchaser. Ex-
parallel paths on nominal 4 in. (100 mm) centers. Any single amples of extraneous materials are dirt, lubricants, metal chips,
recordable indication exceeding 9 in.2 (58 cm2) in area shall be abrasive grit, and excess weld metal or spatter.
cause for rejection. The minimum sound bond area shall be 13.2 The cladding surface shall be blasted, pickled, ground,
95 %. or polished to remove extraneous material.
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when agreed upon between the
purchaser and the manufacturer.
S1. Shear Testing Exception represents the cladding metal in tension on the opposite side.
S1.1 For some clad products, the cost of provisioning The specimen shall be 1 by 1 in. (25 by 25 mm) × sufficient
additional clad area to produce a shear test specimen can length to assure a full 180 degree bend. If the cladding metal
become quite significant. When mutually agreed upon by the thickness exceeds 0.5 in. (12.5 mm), it shall be reduced to 0.5
manufacturer and the purchaser: (1) an alternate test location in. (12.5 mm) maximum. Bending radius and acceptance
within the plate may be agreed upon, (2) the manufacturer may criteria shall be in accordance with the cladding metal speci-
produce a smaller simulation test specimen clad plate under fication when the cladding is in tension and the base metal
conditions which are essentially the same as the subject clad specification when the base metal is in tension.
plate; the base metal specification and grade, cladding metal S3. Side Bend Tests
specification and grade and cladding metal thickness shall be
the same as the subject clad plate; the remaining features of the S3.1 When specified by the purchaser, side bend tests shall
simulation plate shall be at the discretion of the manufacturer, be performed. Testing methods and acceptance criteria shall be
or (3) the shear test requirement is deleted. agreed upon or shall be in accordance with an invoked
specification. 6
S2. Ductility Bend Testing
S4. Product Analysis
S2.1 Ductility bend tests shall be performed when specified
by the purchaser or when applicable, or both, in the base metal S4.1 Product analysis shall be performed on the cladding, or
specification. Two bend tests of the composite plate shall be base metal, or both, when specified by the purchaser. The
made, one with the cladding metal in tension and the other with specimen for analysis shall be taken from one end of each
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For consideration, one example of bond tensile strength testing is the Ram
Tensile Strength Test described in MIL-J-24445A.
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