DESIGN OF BEARINGS

(ELASTOMERIC PAD BEARINGS)

Maximum dead load reaction per bearing = (713x1.5)=1069.5KN

Maximum live load reaction per bearing = 1.1x700 = 770 KN

Concrete grade = M40

A1/A2 > 2

α=0.0025 radians

Effective span = 24m

Nmax = 1069.5+770=1839.5KN

Nmin= 770KN

Try plan dimensions of 400x800 mm and thickness of 65mm as per standard size index table. (IRC83-Part II)

A1 = Concrete bed block area over pier

A2 = Elastomeric pad area

A1/A2 is limited to 2

Loaded area, A2 = 30.6x104 mm2

Allowable contact pressure = 0.25fck√ A 1/ A 2

= 0.25x40x√ 2

=14.142 N/mm2

2909 x 1000
Effective bearing area required = = 20.5x 104 mm2 < 30.6x104 mm2 (safe)
14.142

Bearing stress,

2909 x 1000
σm = =9.506 N/mm2
30.6 x 10000

Thickness of internal layer of elastomer

hi = 12mm

Thickness of laminate hs = 4mm

Elastomer cover at top and bottom, he = 6mm

Adopt 3 laminates and two internal layers.

Therefore, ho =2xhe + 3xhs +2xhi

= 2x6+3x4+2x12=48mm
Total shear strain due to creep, shrinkage and temperature is assumed as 5x10 -4 and this is distributed to three
bearings.
3
5 x 10−4 x 24 x 103 33.3 x 10
Shear strain due to translation, = +
3 x 48 30.6 x 104

= 0.083+0.1088= 0.1918 < 0.7 (Hence safe)

Assuming σ m,max = 10N/mm2

Rotation

0.5 σ m hi
αbi,max =
bs2

30.6 x 104
S=
( 3 x 12 ) (388+788)

= 7.227 > 6 < 12 (OK)

0.5 x 10 x 12
σbi,max = = 0.0027 radians
388 x 7.227

Permissble rotation

α = βnαbi,max

β = σm /10 = 0.9506

n = NO. Of internal elastomer layers = 2

therefore, α= 0.9506x2x0.0027

= 0.00513radians

Friction

Shear strain computed = 0.1918

Under critical loading conditions , shear strain < 0.2+0.1σm

< 0.2+0.1x9.506

< 1.1506 (OK)

Also, 10N/mm2 > σm > 2N/mm2

Total shear stress

Shear stress due to compression = 1.5(σ m/s)

= 1.5(9.506/7.227) = 1.973N/mm 2

Shear stress due to horizontal deformation = Due to translation

= 0.1918 N/mm2
Shear stress due to rotation =0.5(b/hi)2x α

= 0.5(388/12)2x0.00513= 2.68N/mm2

Total shear stress = 1.973+0.1918+2.68= 4.84N/mm2 < 5N/mm2 (Safe)

Design of pier cap

Moment at the edge of the stem shaft

Due to dead load of the cap itself = 427.38 Kn-m

Due to dead load from superstructure

= 5136 Kn-m

Due to live load excluding impact = 1715 Kn-m

Due to Impact
load = 770 Kn-m

8048.38 Kn-
Hence Total Moment m

Neutral Axis
Factor Xc [mxσcbc/(mxσcbc +σst)] = 0.29

Lever Arm Z [1-

Xc/3] = 0.90

Moment of Resistance Factor R [σcbc

xZxXc] = 2.65

Assuming b=1 m

Minimum Effective depth requireq deff_min [

1742.73
√(M / Rx b)] = mm

Provided Over all

Depth 2000 mm

Cover provided (Top and Cover) 80 mm

Diameter of bar 32 mm

So, effective actual

depth deff 1824 mm Ok

Distance of the bearing center from the face m

of stem = 1200 m

Area of Steel Considering Cantilever

Area of Reinforcement required Ast

[M/Z*deff*Sst] = 20428 mm2

Provide 32 mm bars at spacing 180.00 mm c/c, so nos of bars are 25

Provided area of tensile reinforcement = 20106 mm2 OK AP1

Reinforcement at the bottom (compression
side) AP6

Provide 25 mm bars at spacing 200.00 mm c/c, so nos of bars are 23

2
Provided area of tensile reinforcement = 11290 mm

Check for
Shear

Shear force at the critical section

Due to dead load of the cap itself = 225 kN

 4

Due to dead load from

superstructure = 2139 kN

Due to live load excluding

impact = 700 kN

Due to Impact
load = 770 kN

Total Shear force V= 3834 kN

Shear Stress developed, tau

= V/(B*D) 0.782 N/mm²

Allowable shear stress for the section (IRC:21- Section ok for

2000, Table 12A) = 2.2 shear

Percentage of longitudinal steel

(tension+compression), pt = 0.387 %

Allowable shear stress (IRC:21-2000,

Table 12B) = tc = 0.264 < 0.741

Shear reinforcement is
required

Shear resisted by the longitudinal steel and concrete

section = tc * B * d_eff =

2141033 N

Shear force to be resisted by shear

reinforcement Vus = 8454000 N

Providing 8 legs of 16 mm Ø bars

The shear steel

area Asv = 1608.50 mm²

Sst * Asv *d_eff / 125 mm

Spacing of bars Vus = c/c

Check for shear at

bearings

Check shear at a 1.20 m from the face of

distance the stem

Total Depth of beam at the

bearing = 1510 mm

Effective Depth of beam at the

bearing= 1414 mm

Shear
forces:

Due to dead load of the cap

itself = 160.85 kN

Due to dead load from

superstructure = 2139 kN

Due to live load excluding

impact = 700 kN
Due to Impact
load = 770 kN

Total V= 3770 kN

Shear Stress developed, tau

= V/(B*D) 1.01 N/mm²

Allowable shear stress for the section (IRC:21- Section ok for

2000, Table 12A) = 2.20 shear

Percentage of longitudinal steel

(tension+compression), pt = 0.499 %

Allowable shear stress (IRC:21-2000,

Table 12B) = 0.320 N/mm²

Shear resisted by the longitudinal steel and concrete

section = tc * B * d_eff =

1183840 N

Shear force to be resisted by shear

reinforcement Vus = 2586160 N

Providing 8 legs of 16 mm Ø bars

The shear steel

area Asv = 1608.50 mm²

Sst * Asv *d_eff / 125 mm

Spacing of bars Vus = c/c AP3

Design of Pier
Stem

Length of stem column (between the surfaces of

the restrains) L= 10000 mm

Diameter of
column D 2600 mm

Effective length of column (IRC:21-2000, 306.2.1) Le = 12000 mm

[ effective length
factor 1.2 ]

Dead Load

Dead Load From

Superstructure 6417 kN

Dead Load due to pier cap 450 kN

Dead Load of Pier

Stem 1327.32 kN

Total Dead Load 8194.32 kN

Breaking Force:( As Per IRC:6-2000, 214.2)

 Braking force = 20% of the weight of the design
vehicle (Class A)

Height of deck surface from the pier cap= 1.7 m

And this force acts along the bridge at 1.2m

above the road level 13.00 m from base

Total weight of the IRC Class AA vehicle = 700 kN

Therefore braking force

length = 140 kN

Moment Due to Breaking

Force 2100 kN-m

Live Load

Live Load Excluding Impact

= 1400 kN

Frictional force due to resistance of bearings

(temperature effect)
138.36 kN
Lateral force due to frictional resistance of bearings,
10.0 m from base of
And this force acts along the bridge at stem

Moment due to temperature effect 1383.6 kN-m

 Loads and Moment
Calculation

Horizontal load Horizont Moment

Vertical along al along Moment

load across
load, P traffic(Y-Y) across traffic (Y-Y) traffic

traffic (X- (X-X)

X)

Combination

Total Dead load 1 8194.32

Live load 1 1400 -1.38

Tractive/Braking force 1 140.00 140.00 2100.00

Frictional force 1 138.36 1383.6

Total 9734.32 278.36 0.00 3483.6 -1.38

Resultant Critical forces: Vertical Load, P =

9734.32 kN

Horizontal Load, H =

278.836 kN
 Moment, M =

3483.6 kN.m

Increment factor for allowable stresses*

IRC:6-2000, 202.3

Sectional area of stem =

(Ag)

5309291.6 mm²

Let Provide main reinforcement

1.5 % of Sectional area

Total Area of reinforcement

79639.3738 mm²

Let Provide

32 mm dia bars. Provided Number of Bar

100

Provide in one row

 Spacing between the bars =

77 mm

Cover provided

80 mm

Grade of Concrete and Steel same as in Pier Cap

Let provided diameter of transverse reinforcement

12 mm

the diameter up to the line of reinforcement

Dc

2480 mm

So Area of Steel Provided

(As)
 80424.7719 mm²

So Area of Concrete

(Ac)

5228866.8 mm²

Check for Section capacity of Stem

Equivalent area of Section

Ae = Ac+(1.5m-1)*As=

6354813.6 mm²

Equivalent moment of inertia of section Ie = (PI*D^4/64) + (m-1)*As*Dc² / 8

4
2.7997E+12 mm

Ze = 2*Ie/D =

2153577520 mm3
Scc = P/Ae =

2.054 N/mm²

Scb = M/Ze =

1.682 N/mm²

(Scc/Sacc + Scb/Sacb) =

0.4420 <1

Satisfied

Check the section for shear

Resultant critical horizontal force:

2450795 N

Shear stress developed, ζ =

 0.462 N/mm²

Percentage of longitudinal steel (as provided)=

1.515 %

Allowable shear stress

ζc =

0.482 N/mm²

Satisfied

Hence,

No shear reinforcement required. Provide nominal.

Provide

12 mm circular rings @

125 mm c/c

Diameter of ring (mm) 2520

Provide

12 mm Support bar @

500 mm c/c

Ø 12 @ 500 mm c/c (AP9)

Ø 32 @ 77 mm c/c (AP7)
PIER FOUNDATION

Material Properties

Concrete grade

(fck)

40

N/mm²

Steel grade

(fe)

500

N/mm²

Allowable stress of steel in tension and shear

Sst =

240

N/mm²

Allowable stress of steel in direct compression

Ssc =

205

N/mm²

Allowable compressive stress in concrete in flexure

 Scbc =

10.0

N/mm²

Allowable comp. stress in concrete in direct compression

Scc =

7.5

N/mm²

Modular ratio (m)

m=

10

Neutral axis factor

0.29

0.90

The resisting moment coefficient

1.33
Design of Pier Foundation 2

Soil Data

Unit weight of backfill soil 18 kN/m³

Unit weight of
concrete 24 kN/m³

Angle between the wall and

earth 0

Angle of internal friction of

soil 32

Angle of friction between soil

and wall 16

Length of stem column (between the surfaces of

the restrains) L= 10000 mm

Diameter of
column D 2600 mm

Effective length of column (IRC:21-2000, 306.2.1) Le = 12000 mm

[ effective length
factor 1.2 ]

Dead Load

8194.32
Total Dead Load kN

Breaking Force:( As Per IRC:6-2000, 214.2)

Braking force = 20% of the weight of the design

vehicle (Class A)

1.7
Height of deck surface from the pier cap= m

And this force acts along the bridge at 1.2m above

the road level 13 m from base

Total weight of the IRC Class A vehicle = 700 kN

Therefore braking force

length = 140 kN

Moment Due to Breaking

Force 1400 kN-m

Pier_Foundation Rapti Bridge Design 5_3_Pile.xls

Live Load

Live Load Excluding Impact

= 1400 kN
Frictional force due to resistance of bearings
(temperature effect)
Lateral force due to frictional resistance
of bearings, 138.36 kN

And this force acts along the

bridge at 10 m from base

Moment due to temperature

effect 1383.6 kN-m

Length of Pile cap Along Brodge Axis = 5m

Length of Pile Cap Across Bridge Axis = 8.6 m

Diameter of Pile = 1.2 m

22.00
Depth of Pile = m

No of Pile in one row = (Along Bridge Axis) 3

No of Row = 2

Total No of Pile (n) = 6

Thickness of Pile Cap = 1.60 m

IRC 78:2000 Cl 709. 5 OK

Factor of Saftey FS = IRC 78:2000 Cl 709.3 2.5

offset of pile cap from the outer face of outermost 0.15 m

pile = Ok

Center to center distance of the piles

Along Bridge Axis (Xi) = 3.50 m

Across Bridge Axis (Yi) = 3.50 m

Design of Pier Foundation 5

Width of Pile Group (Outer Surface of The piles) along Axis

(B) = 4.7 m

Width of Pile Group (Outer Surface of The piles) across

Axis (L) = 8.3 m

Area Enclosed by pile

2
Groups (Ag) = 39.01 m

Loads and Moment

Calculation

Vertical Horizontal load Horizon Moment

load, along t along

P traffic(Y-Y) al load traffic (Y-Y)

across

traffic
(X

X)
Combination Factor

Dry case, Non- Increment factor for allowable

combination I seismic stresses*

Total Dead load 1 8194.32

Live load 1 1400

Tractive/Braking
force 1 140.00 140.00 1400

Frictional force 1 138.36 1383.6

Total 9734.32 278.36 0.00 2783.6

Pier_Foundation Rapti Bridge Design 5_3_Pile.xls

Design of Pier Foundation 6

Maximum load on individual piles

Maximum and Minimum Load is given by

V max = [V/n] + (Mxx*Xmax)/ Xi² + (Myy*Ymax)/ Yi²

V min = [V/n] - (Mxx*Xmax)/ Xi² - (Myy*Ymax)/ Yi²

Moment of Inertia of
Piles

Xi²= 12.25 m²

Yi²= 12.25 m²

Maximum Load will be on outermost pile

So, X max = 3.50

Y max = 7.00

Particular/Load Recommended Pile

cases Vertical Capacity

Vmax Vmin H max from soil Investigation Remark

force
(kN)

Non Seismic case

990.5
Dry 9734.32 1500 8 18.56 1650 OK

Design of Pile

Cover 80 mm

Sectional area of pile = (Ag) 785398.2 mm²

Let Provide main 1.8 % of Sectional

reinforcement area

Total Area of
reinforcement 14137.1669 mm²

20 mm dia bars. Provided Number of

Let Provide Bar 46

Provide in one
row

Spacing between the

bars = 68 mm

Cover provided 80 mm

Let provided diameter of transverse

reinforcement 10 mm

the diameter up to the line of

reinforcement Dc 840 mm

So Area of Steel
Provided (As) 14451.3262 mm²

So Area of
Concrete (Ac) 770946.8 mm²

Check for Section capacity of Stem

Equivalent area of
Section Ae = Ac+(1.5m-1)*As= 973265.4 mm²

Equivalent moment of inertia of section Ie = (PI*D^4/64) + (m-1)*As*Dc² / 8

4
6.535E+10 mm

3
Ze = 2*Ie/D = 130690254 mm

Scc = P/Ae = 1.292 N/mm²

Scb = M/Ze = 0.586 N/mm²

(Scc/Sacc + Scb/Sacb) = 0.2308 <1

Satisfied

Seismic Case: (Scc/Sacc + Scb/Sacb) = 0.56 Satisfied

Summary of reinforcement of Pile

Section

46 nos
Provide of 20 mm dia bars PLP1

mm
2
Ast provided = 14452.00 ok

Lateral Ties

Minimum volume of lateral reinforcement per meter

length of pile 0.3 %

3
2356194.49 mm

3
Volume of tie of 10 mm tie 207261.7 mm

Number of Ties per meter of pile = 12

& Spacing = 84.00 mm c/c

PILE CAP

1271.63 kN-
Bending Moment at the face of Column = m

Neutral Axis Factor Xc [m*Scbc/m*Scbc+Sst] = 0.29

Lever Arm Z [1-Xc/3] = 0.90

Moment of Resistance Factor R [Scbc/2*Z*Xc] = 1.33

Minimum Effective depth requireq deff_min

[sqrt(M/R*b] = 979.131 mm

Provided Over all Depth 1600.00 mm

Cover provided (Top and Cover) 75 mm

1525 mm
So, effective actual depth deff Ok
Area of Reinforcement required Ast [M/Z*deff*Sst] 3852.05
2
= mm
 10

Provided Reinforcement

Nos

Reinforcemen Dia of Spacing (mm) c/c Per

t Bar provided meter Total
Tensile Reinforcement 12
(Bottom) 25 0 9 62.00

Bothway 112.00
Ast
Provided (Bottom) 4417.86 mm² > Ast required OK