Math 100

TA Quiz and Solution Manual

Dept. of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
University of Alberta

E. Woolgar The University of Alberta 2019

ewoolgar@math.ualberta.ca
 MATHEMATICS 100, FALL 2019
The schedule below is a tentative schedule as to what to cover day by day. Also, assignment due dates are given.

NO LECTURE TEXT SECTION ASSIGNMENT DUE DATES

DATE
Online Written
1 W, Sep 4 Review: App. A Numbers, Inequalities, absolute value,
1.1-1.5 Functions
2 F, Sep 6 Review: App. A Numbers, Inequalities, absolute value, W, Sep 18
1.1-1.5 Functions
3 M, Sep 9 Review: App. A Numbers, Inequalities, absolute value,
1.1-1.5 Functions F, Sep 27
4 W, Sep 11 Induction (eClass Notes); 11.1 Sequences
5 F, Sep 13 11.1 Sequences
6 M, Sep 16 2.2, 2.3 Limits W, Sep 25
7 W, Sep 18 2.3 Limits, 2.4 (optional)
8 F, Sep 20 2.5 Continuity; Intermediate Value Theorem
9 M, Sep 23 2.6 Limits at infinity, horizontal asymptotes W, Oct 2
10 W, Sep 25 2.1 Tangents, 2.7, 2.8 Derivatives
11 F, Sep 27 3.1, Derivatives of polynomials and exp functions
12 M, Sep 30 3.2 Product and quotient rules W, Oct 9
13 W, Oct 2 3.3 Derivatives of trigonometric functions
14 F, Oct 4 3.4 Chain Rule
F, Oct 18
15 M, Oct 7 3.5 Implicit differentiation; Derivatives of inverse
functions W, Oct 16
16 W, Oct 9 3.6 Derivatives of logarithmic functions; logarithmic
differentiation
17 F, Oct 11 3.7 Rates of Change; 3.9 Related Rates
18 W, Oct 16 3.9 Related rates; 3.10 Linearization; Differentials
19 F, Oct 18 3.10 Linearization; Taylor Polynomials(eClass Notes) W, Oct 30
20 M, Oct 21 Taylor Polynomials, Partial Derivatives(eClass Notes)
21 W, Oct 23 3.11 Hyperbolic functions and their derivatives
22 F, Oct 25 Catch-up/midterm review (Midterm Exam: F, Oct 25) F, Nov 8
23 M, Oct 28 4.1 Maximum and Minimum W, Nov 13
24 W, Oct 30 4.2 Mean Value Theorem
25 F, Nov 1 4.3 Application of derivatives to Curve Sketching
26 M, Nov 4 4.4 Indeterminate forms; L’Hospital’s Rule W, Nov 20
27 W, Nov 6 4.4 L’Hospital’s Rule; 4.5 Curve sketching
28 F, Nov 8 4.5 Curve sketching
29 M, Nov 18 4.7 Optimization problems; 4.8 Newton’s method W, Nov 27
30 W, Nov 20 Appendix E: Sigma Notation; 5.1 Areas
F, Dec 6
31 F, Nov 22 5.1 Areas; 4.9 Antiderivatives;
32 M, Nov 25 5.2 Definite integral W, Dec 4
33 W, Nov 27 5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
34 F, Nov 29 5.4 Indefinite Integrals
35 M, Dec 2 5.5 Substitution Rule F, Dec 6 -
36 W, Dec 4 7.7 Approximate Integration (optional)
37 F, Dec 6 Catch-up/Review

Final Exam: M, Dec 9

 Schedule Autumn 2019

Date Text Topics Worksheet

Sept 9–13 Appendix A, Inequalities, Absolute 1
Section 1.3 Value, Composite functions
Sept 16–20 Section 11.1 Induction Quiz
Sept 23–27 Secs 2.2–2.5 Limits, Intermediate value 3
theorem, Continuity
Sept 30–Oct 4 Secs 2.1, 2.7, Definition of derivative, 4
3.1 velocity, Rules of
differentiation
Oct 7–11 Secs 3.2–3.4 Product, quotient, and chain 5
rules, Derivatives of trig
functions
Oct 15–21 Secs 3.5, 3.6 Log and implicit 6
differentiation
Oct 28–Nov 1 Secs 3.9, 3.10 Related rates, Linearization, Quiz
Taylor polynomials
Nov 4–8 Secs 4.1, 4.2 Absolute max/min, Mean 9
value theorem
Nov 18–22 Secs 4.2–4.5 Mean value theorem, Curve 10
sketching, l’Hôpital’s rule
Nov 25–29 Section 4.8 Newton’s method Quiz
Dec 2–6 Secs 5.1–5.3 Riemann sums, Definite 12
integrals, Fundamental
theorem of Calculus

Labs begin Monday Sept 9.

No labs Oct 14 (Thanksgiving) and Nov 11–15 (Remembrance Day/Reading Week).
No labs Oct 22–25. There are labs on Monday Oct 21.
Labs end Friday Dec 6.
 Math 100 Lab 1A

1. Find the set of all x that satisfy:

(i) x3 + 3x2 + 2 x =
0 [1]

(ii) x5 − 8x3 +16 x =

0 [1]

(iii) 2 x3 + x2 − x > 0 [1]

2. Solve the following inequalities analytically and also

graphically (i.e., use a graph to illustrate your solution):

(i) x −1 ≤ x + 2 [1]

(ii) 2x + 3 ≥ − x [1]

(iii) x3 < x [1]

3. True or false? Justify your response:

(i) a2 + b2 =a + b [2]

(ii) =1 x + y , x > 0, y > 0, x ≠ y [2]

x− y x− y
Total: [10]
 Math 100 Lab 1B

1. Solve the following inequalities. Write the solutions in either

interval notation or set notation.
(i) x3 + 3x < 4 x2 [2]

(ii) 2 − t ≤ 1 [1]
2 2
(iii) x6 = x3 [1]
2. Find the set of all x that solve the equation
(i) x − 5 =5 − x [1]
(ii) 3x − 2 = 4 − x [1]

3. Let f (=
x) x2 +1 , g ( x=) 2 x +1, and h( x) = 1x . Find
(i) g  f ( x)  − f  g ( x)  [2]
   
   
(ii) 
f g h(2)   [2]
   


Total: [10]
 Math 100 Lab 1C

1. Solve the following inequalities. Write the solutions in either

interval notation or set notation.
(i) 3 < 2 [2]
x −1 x + 1
(ii) x +1 ≥ x + 2 [1]

(iii) x10 ≤ x5 [1]

2. Find the set of all x that solve the equation
(i) 5 − 4x =4x − 5 [1]

(ii) 3 x −1 = 4 − 2 x [1]

3. Let f ( x=) x + 2 , g ( x) = 1 , and h( x) = x3 + 1 . Find

x
(i) g ( f ( x) ) − f ( g ( x) ) . [2]

(ii) f  g ( h(2) )  . [2]

 

Total: [10]
 Lab 2: Induction
The students will (likely) have seen induction by now in classes last week, and possibly
in high school. However, introduce the idea:
Induction is used to prove infinitely many statements all at once, when those statements
can be counted using whole numbers.

1. Prove one statement is true.

2. Now assume that the first n statements are true and prove that the next statement
(the n + 1st statement) is true.

Example 1: Prove that 12 + 212 + 213 + · · · + 21n = 1 − 21n is true for all integers n ≥ 1.
For example, 12 + 14 + · · · + 256 1
= 1 − 2561
= 255 1 1 1
256 . Similarly, 2 + 4 + · · · + 4096 =
1 4095
1 − 4096 = 4096 .
Emphasize that these are infinitely many statements, one for each value of n =
1, 2, 3, . . . . It is easy to check that the first statement is true. Both sides of the above
inequality equal 1 when n = 1, so the two sides are equal and the statement is true.
So, to complete the proof, assume that
1 1 1 1 1
+ 2 + 3 + ··· + n = 1 − n
2 2 2 2 2
1
up to some n. Then adding 2n+1
to both sides yields

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + · · · + n + n+1 = 1 − n + n+1
2 22 23 2 2 2
  2 
1 1
=1 − 1−
2n 2
 
1
=1 −
2n
1
= 1 − n+1 ,
2
and we are done.

Example 2: Near the end of the course, the students will need to know that the sum
of the first n cubes is given by the formula

n(n + 1) 2
 
3 3 3 3
1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n = , n ≥ 1.
2

Don’t use summation notation. It hasn’t been introduced in the course yet (but it will
be by the time the students come to this formula in the lectures).
Again, prove it by induction. For n = 1, both sides are 1 so both sides are equal.
Next, assuming that

n(n + 1) 2
 
3 3 3 3
1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n =
2
holds up to some n-value, add (n + 1)3 to both sides to get

n(n + 1) 2
 
3 3 3 3 3
1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n + (n + 1) = + (n + 1)3
2
1
= (n + 1)2 n2 + 4(n + 1)
 
4
1
= (n + 1)2 (n + 2)2
4
(n + 1)(n + 2) 2
 
= ,
2

and that’s what we needed to show to complete the proof by induction.

Example 3: For this example, get the example started and guide the students through
it, but after you set up the various steps, try to get the students to do some of the
steps (e.g., Step 2) on their own.
Consider the recursively defined sequence a1 = 1, an+1 = 1/(4−an ) for n = 2, 3, . . . .
Show that the sequence {an } converges to a limit, and then find the limit.
Tell the students that they will have to use induction and the monotone convergence
theorem, which says that an increasing sequence that is bounded above, or a decreasing
sequence that is bounded below, converges to a limit.
Step 1 : Clearly 0 < a1 = 1 < 3. Assume that 0 < ak < 3 for k = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then
−3 < −an < 0, so 1 < 4 − an < 4, so finally 41 < 4−a 1
n
< 1, which shows that
1
4 < an+1 < 1, so certainly 0 < an+1 < 3. Importantly, the argument shows that a − n
is always defined (we never divide by 0).
1
Step 2 : Clearly a2 = 4−1 = 31 < 1 = a1 . Now assume that an+1 < an . Then
4 − an+1 > 4 − an , so 4−a1n+1 < 4−a
1
n
. Therefore an+2 < an+1 . Thus the sequence is
decreasing.
Step 3 : Tell the students that these two facts imply that the hypotheses of the monotone
convergence theorem are satisfied, so by the theorem the sequence must converge to a
limit. Call the limit L.
Step 4 : Convince the students now that, by applying the limit to the defining
√ relation
1 1 2 − 4L + 1 = 0, so L = 2 ± 3. Given that
an+1 = 4−a n
, we get L = 4−L , and thus L
the sequence starts at a1 = √ 1 and is decreasing, we must throw out the greater root
and conclude that L = 2 − 3. The students may have trouble understanding that
an → L ⇔ an−1 → L. They may also wonder why they could not simply invoke Step
3 without having to first prove that the sequence converges.
 Quiz

Choose one of the following problems:

1. Consider the recursively defined sequence a1 = 1, an+1 = 13 an + 8

3 for n ≥ 1.

(a) Use induction to show that the sequence is increasing.

(b) Use induction to show that an < 4 for all n ≥ 1.
(c) Say why you can conclude that this sequence has a limit.
(d) Find the limit.
√
2. Consider the sequence a1 = 2, an+1 = 2 + an for n ≥ 1.

(a) Use induction to show that the sequence is increasing.

(b) Use induction to show that an < 3 for all n ≥ 1.
(c) Say why you can conclude that this sequence has a limit.
(d) Find the limit.
√
3. Consider the sequence a1 = 1, an+1 = 4 + an for n ≥ 1.

(a) Use induction to show that the sequence is increasing.

(b) Use induction to show that an < 5 for all n ≥ 1.
(c) Say why you can conclude that this sequence has a limit.
(d) Find the limit.

Solutions

1. (a) Clearly for n = 1 we get a2 = 3 > 1 = a1 . Next, assume that an+1 > an .
Then 13 an+1 + 83 > 31 an + 83 , so an+2 > an+1 . Thus, by induction, the sequence
is increasing.
1 8
(b) First a1 = 1 < 4. Next, assume that an < 4. Then an+1 = 3 an + 3 <
4 8
3 + 3 = 4, so an+1 < 4. Thus, an < 4 for all n = 1, 2, . . . .
(c) We have shown that the sequence is increasing and bounded above. Thus,
by the monotone convergence theorem, the sequence converges.
(d) By applying the limit to the defining relation an+1 = 13 an + 83 , we get L =
1 8
3 L + 3 , where L is the limit. Solving yields L = 4.
p √ √
2. (a) First, a2 = 2 + 2 > 2 = a1 . Now assume that an+1 > an . Then
2 + an+1 > 2 + an , and√the square root function is monotonic and increasing,
√
so then 2 + an+1 > 2 + an . But then an+2 > an+1 .
 √
(b) First
√ observe that
√ a1 = 2 < 3. Next,√assume that an < 3. Then 2+an < 5,
so 2 + a√ < 5 and we know that 5 < 3 (because 5 < 32 of course), so
n
therefore 2 + an < 3, or an+1 < 3.
(c) We have shown that the sequence is increasing and bounded above. Thus,
by the monotone convergence theorem, the sequence converges.
√
(d) √
By applying the limit to the defining relation an+1 = 2 + an , we get L =
2 + L, where L is the limit. Thus L2 − L − 2 = 0, so L = 12 ± 23 . We have
to throw out the smaller
√ root since, while it does solve L2 − L − 2 = 0, it
does not solve L = 2 + L (because the left-hand side would be −1 but the
right-hand side would be +1). Thus L = 12 + 32 = 2.
√ √
3. (a) First, a2 = 5 + 1 = 5 > 1 = a1 . Now assume that an+1 > an . Then
4 + an+1 > 4 + an , and√the square root function is monotonic and increasing,
√
so then 4 + an+1 > 4 + an . But then an+2 > an+1 .
(b) First
√ observe that
√ a1 = 1 < 5. Next, assume
√ that an < 5. Then 4 + an < 9,
so 4 + an < 9 = 3 < 5. Therefore 4 + an < 5, or an+1 < 5.
(c) We have shown that the sequence is increasing and bounded above. Thus,
by the monotone convergence theorem, the sequence converges.
√
(d) By applying the limit to the defining relation an+1 = 4 + an , we √get L =
√
4 + L, where L is the limit. Thus L2 − L − 4 = 0, so L = 21 ± 217 . We
have to throw out the√ smaller root since, while it does solve L2 − L − 4 = 0,
it does not solve L = 4 + L (because the left-hand side √
would be negative
1 17
the right-hand side would be positive). Thus L = 2 + 2 .
 Math 100 Lab 3A
1. Evaluate

(i) lim 2 x +x3 − 3 . [1]

x→0

(ii) lim+ x3/2 cos 1 . [1]

x→0 x2
(iii) lim
x cos x [2]
x→0 2
 2 
 x +1 −1
 

2. Show that 8x3 −12 x2 − 2 x + 3 has three real roots. [3]

3. Consider the function:

 1 x≤0

 1+ x 2
=
f ( x) 
 sec x 0 < x ≤ π [3]

 x2 − 25 x > π

 x −5
Find all points where the function is discontinuous. Classify
the type of each discontinuity (removable, jump, or infinite).
 Math 100 Lab 3B
1. Evaluate:

lim 2 x2 + 8x − 6 .
2
(i) [1]
x→−3 x + x − 6

(ii) lim x −16 .

2
[1]
x→4 x − 2
x
(iii) lim+ f ( x) where f ( x)= x −1. [1]
x→0
x
(iv) lim− f ( x) where f ( x)=
x→0 x −1. [1]

2. Show that x3 − 3x2 + 2 has three real roots. [3]

3. Consider the function:


 1+ x2 x≤0

=
f ( x)  sec x 0 < x < π [3]

 x2 −16 x ≥ π

 x−4
Find all points where the function is discontinuous. Classify
the type of each discontinuity (removable, jump, or infinite).
 Math 100 Lab 3C
1. Evaluate

(i) lim x + 5 − 5 . [1]

x→0 2x
(ii) lim x1/3 sin 1 . [1]
x→0 4x
(iii) lim+ 2x [2]
x→0 2

 x2 + 3 − 9
 

2. Show that 4 x3 − 4 x2 − 5x + 3 has three real roots. [3]

3. Consider the function:

 1 x ≤1

 1+ x2
 2
  π x  
=
f ( x)  sin   1< x ≤ 2 [3]
  4  
 2
 x − 25 x>2

 x −5

Find all points where the function is discontinuous. Classify
the type of each discontinuity (removable, jump, or infinite).
 Math 100 Lab 4A
1. Use the definition of the derivative to compute
(i) f '(3) , where f (=x) 2 x2 − 3x . [1]
(ii) f '( x) , where f ( x) = x . [1]
1+ x
2. Use the rules of differentiation (text section 3.1) to compute
d  x1/3 + x2  at all x ≠ 0 . [2]
dx  x 
3. Use the rules of differentiation to find the equation of the line
tangent to the curve f ( x) = 1 x3 − x − 5 at the point where
4 4
x =1. [2]
4. A particle moves in one dimension with displacement s given
as a function of time t by
=s f (= t ) t 2/3, − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2 .
(i) Find the average velocity from t = 0 to t = 2 . [1]
(ii) Find the instantaneous velocity at t =1. [1]
(iii) Show that the instantaneous velocity is not defined at
t =0. [2]
 Math 100 Lab 4B
1. Use the definition of the derivative to compute

(i) f '(2) , where f ( x=) 2 x + 3x . [1]

(ii) f '( x) , where f ( x) = x . [1]

1+ 2 x
2. Use the rules of differentiation (text section 3.1) to compute
d  x4/3 + x4  at all x ≠ 0 . [2]
dx  x2 
3. Use the rules of differentiation to find the equation of the line
tangent to the curve f ( x) = 1 x3 − 16 − 40 at the point
3 x 3
where x = 4. [2]
4. A particle moves in one dimension with displacement s given
as a function of time t by
=s f (= t ) t 3/5, − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2 .
(i) Find the average velocity from t = 0 to t = 2 . [1]
(ii) Find the instantaneous velocity at t =1. [1]
(iii) Show that the instantaneous velocity is not defined at
t =0. [2]
 Math 100 Lab 4C
1. Use the definition of the derivative to compute
(i) f '(3) , where f (=x) 2 x2 − x . [1]
(ii) f '( x) , where f ( x) = x . [1]
1− 2 x
2. Use the rules of differentiation (text section 3.1) to compute
d  x2/3 + x  at all x ≠ 0 . [2]
dx  x2 
3. Use the rules of differentiation to find the equation of the line
tangent to the curve x) 1 x3 − 6 x1/3 at the point where
f (=
3
x = −1. [2]
4. A particle moves in one dimension with displacement s given
as a function of time t by
=s f (= t ) 12 t 3/4 , − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2 .
(i) Find the average velocity from t = 0 to t = 2 . [1]
(ii) Find the instantaneous velocity at t =1. [1]
(iii) Show that the instantaneous velocity is not defined at
t =0. [2]
 Math 100 Lab 5A
1. Find the derivatives of the following functions

(i) y= x3 [1]
x2 + x +1
(ii) f (θ ) = 1− tanθ [1]
secθ
(iii) f ( x) = ln cos x [1]

(iv) y = x+ x [1]

(v) f (t ) = e−3t sec ⎛⎜ 2t ⎞⎟ [1]

⎝ ⎠

1/3
(vi) f (t ) = ⎛⎜⎝ t + t 3 ⎞⎟⎠ [1]

2. Use lim sinx x =1 and lim cosxx −1 = 0 to find

x→0 x→0

(i) lim sin(4 x) [1]

x→0 2 x

(ii) lim cot(2 x) [1]

x→0 csc( x)

3. For what values of x does the graph of f ( x) = e− x sin x have

horizontal tangent? [2]
 Math 100 Lab 5B
1. Find the derivatives of the following functions

(i) y= x [1]
x2 + x + 4
(ii) f (θ ) = 1− tanθ [1]
secθ
(iii) f ( x) = x2e x [1]

(iv) f ( x) = ln sin x [1]

(v) y = x+ x [1]

(vi) f (t ) = e−2t sec ⎛⎜ 3t ⎞⎟ [1]

⎝ ⎠

2. Use lim sinx x =1 and lim cosxx −1 = 0 to find

x→0 x→0

(i) lim sin(3

x
x) [1]
x→0

(ii) lim cot(3x) [1]

x→0 csc(2 x)

3. For what values of x does the graph of f ( x) = e2 x cos ( 2 x )

have horizontal tangent? [2]
 Math 100 Lab 5C
1. Find the derivatives of the following functions

y = x2 +1
3
(i) [1]
x +1
(ii) f (θ ) = 1− cotθ [1]
sinθ
(iii) f ( x) = ln cos2 x [1]

(iv) y= x− x [1]

(v) f (t ) = e−3t tan  t  [1]

1/3
(vi) f (t=)  2t + t 5  [1]

2. Use lim sinx x =1 and lim cosxx −1 = 0 to find

x→0 x→0

(i) lim sin(5x) [1]

x→0 3x

(ii) lim sin(2 x) −22sin( x) [1]

x→0 x
3. For what values of x does the graph of f ( x) = e x cos x have
horizontal tangent? [2]
 Math 100 Lab 6A
1/3
⎛ ⎞
y = x3 +1
3 ⎜ ⎟ dy .[3]
1. If ⎜ ⎟ , use logarithmic differentiation to find
x −1⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
dx
2. Use implicit differentiation to find y ' as a function of x and
y, where

(i) x3 − 2 x2 y − xy3 = 4 [2]

(ii) sin( x) + cos( y) = sin( x)cos( y) [2]

3. Use implicit differentiation to find the equation of the tangent

2
⎛
line to the curve 2 ⎜⎜ x2 + y2 ⎞⎟
⎟
= 25⎛⎜⎜ x2 − y2 ⎞⎟⎟ at the point
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛
⎜ 3,1⎞⎟ . [3]
⎝ ⎠
 Math 100 Lab 6B
1/4
⎛ ⎞
y = x2 +1
2
⎜ ⎟
1. If ⎜ ⎟ , use logarithmic differentiation to find
x −1
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
dy . [3]
dx
2. Use implicit differentiation to find y ' as a function of x and
y, where

(i) 2 x3 + x2 y − xy3 = 2 [2]

(ii) sin( x) − tan( y) = sin( x)cos( y) [2]

3. Use implicit differentiation to find the equation of the tangent

2
⎛ 2 ⎞⎟
line to the curve ⎜⎜ x2 + y ⎟
= 2 ⎛⎜⎜ x3 + y3 ⎞⎟⎟ at the point ⎛⎜1,1⎞⎟ .
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

[3]
 Math 100 Lab 6C

1. If y = e x x3x , use logarithmic differentiation to find dy . [3]

dx
2. Use implicit differentiation to find y ' as a function of x and
y, where

(i) 2 x3 + xy − xy3 =
5 [2]

(ii) sin( x) + 2cos( y) =

x sin( y) [2]

3. Use implicit differentiation to find the equation of the tangent

1/2
3


3 
line to the curve x + y  =

( )
3 x − y at the point 


2,1 .[3]

 Lab 7: Linearization
The students will have seen linearization by now in classes last week, but generally
have trouble using it, especially without calculators. One of the many important uses
of linearization (but by no means the only important use of it) is that it provides
reasonably reliable estimates that can be obtained without calculators because it is
based on nothing more complicated than the equation of a line.
The following problems are equivalent, despite being phrased differently:

• Find the tangent line to the function y = f (x) at x = a.

• Find the linearization (or linear approximation) to the function y = f (x) about
the point x = a.

• Find the first-order Taylor polynomial approximation to the function y = f (x)

about x = a.

• Find the differential of the function y = f (x) at x = a

The linearization of y = f (x) about x = a is the tangent line to y = f (x) at x = a.

If we write this line in point-slope form, we have

y − f (a) = f 0 (a) (x − a) .

The left-hand side of this equation is the differential:

dy = y − f (a) = f 0 (a)dx = f 0 (a) (x − a) .

If we move f (a) to the right-hand side of the equation for the tangent line to obtain
the slope-intercept form, we get the linearization L(x): Its equation is

y = L(x) = f 0 (a)(x − a) + f (a).

Either way, all we have to do is find f 0 (a) and then write the equation of the tangent
line in the appropriate form.

Example 1: Consider the function y = ex . Find its linearization about x = 1 and use
it to estimate e1.1 .
Solution: Here f (x) = ex so f 0 (x) = ex , and f 0 (1) = e ≈ 2.71. Then L(x) =
e(x − 1) + e = ex and so e1.1 ≈ 1.1e ≈ 2.71 + 0.27 = 2.98.
√
Example 2: Approximate 103.
Solution: We will linearize the square root function about x = 103. So let f (x) = x1/2 .
Then f 0 (x) = 21 x−1/2 , so f 0 (100) = 12 100−1/2 = 20
1
. Then the linearization is

1
L(x) = f 0 (100) (x − 100) + f (100) = (x − 100) + 10
20
3
⇒ L(103) = + 10 = 10.15 .
20
Example 3: The equator of a sphere is measured to be 70 cm in circumference, with
a measurement error of 0.5 cm. Use differentials to estimate the error in the surface
area of the sphere and the volume contained within the sphere.
Solution: The formula for surface area in terms of the radius r of the sphere is A =
4πr2 . In terms of the circumference s = 2πr, we have A = π1 s2 . Then dA = π2 sds =
70 2 2
π cm ≈ 23 cm when s = 70 cm and ds = 0.5 cm.
The formula for enclosed volume in terms of the radius r of the sphere is V = 4π 3
3 r .
In terms of the circumference s = 2πr, we have V = 6π1 2 s3 . Then dV = 2π1 2 s2 ds =
1225
π2
cm3 ≈ 125 cm3 when s = 70 cm and ds = 0.5 cm.
You can also express these answers using relative error. The relative error in A is
dA 23
A = (70)2 /π
=≈ 0.015 = 1.5%. The relative error in V is dV 125
V = (70)3 /6π 2 =≈ 0.02 = 2%.

Lastly, we can do better by using higher-order Taylor polynomials to approximate

functions. For example, the quadratic approximation to y = f (x) at x = a is given by
1
Q(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) + f 00 (a)(x − a)2 .
2

Example 4: Find the quadratic approximation to tan x at x = π/4, and use it to

estimate tan 7π
32 .
Solution: f (x) = tan x, f 0 (x) = sec2 x, and f 00 (x) = 2 sec2 x tan x, so f (π/4) = 1,
f 0 (π/4) = sec2 (π/4) = cos2 (π/4)
1 1
= 1/2 = 2, and f 00 (π/4) = (2)(2)(1) = 4. Thus, the
quadratic approximation is
   2
7π π 4 7π π
Q(x) = 1 + 2 − + −
32 4 2 32 4
π π 2
=1 − +2 2
16 32
π π2
=1 − +
16 512
≈ 0.82
π
Note that the linear approximation would be 1 − 16 ≈ 0.80, so the quadratic approxi-
mation improved the estimate by only about 2%.
 Quiz

Choose one of the following problems:

1. Compute the quadratic approximation to f (x) = x4/3 about x = 1 and use it to

estimate 0.94/3 .
√
2. Use a linear approximation to estimate 24.
3. One side of a right triangle is measured to be 10 cm long. The angle opposite
this side is 30◦ ± 1◦ . Find the length of the hypotenuse and use differentials to
estimate the error in the length of the hypotenuse. (You may leave square roots
and factors of π in your answer. That is, express your answer as an exact number,
not a decimal approximation.)
4. The period T of a pendulum
p of length L swinging through a small angle is given
by the formula T = 2π L/g. here g is the acceleration due to gravity near
the Earth’s surface. This number isn’t known exactly, since it differs at different
points on the Earth, but common approximations are 9.8 and 10m/s2 . Use a
linear approximation to estimate the percentage difference in the computation of
the period of a pendulum of length L = 10m if one uses g = 10 versus g = 9.8m/s2 .

Solutions

1. f (x) = x4/3 , f 0 (x) = 43 x1/3 , and f 00 (x) = 94 x−2/3 , so f (1) = 1, f 0 (1) = 34 , and
f 00 (1) = 94 . Then Q(x) = 1+ 43 (0.9−1.0)+ 12 · 49 ·(0.9−1.0)2 = 1− 0.4 0.02
3 + 9 = 9 ≈
7.82

0.869. It’s worth noting that the quadratic term contributed only 0.02/9 ≈ 0.002,
which is negligible if we report only 2 significant digits (but since the students
are not using calculators, we will accept 0.87 as an answer nonetheless).
√
2. We linearize f (x) = x about x = 25, since 25 is close ot 24 and has a well-known
square root f (25) = 5. Then f 0 (x) = 2√1 x so f 0 (25) = 2√125 = 10 1
= 0.1. If L(x)
is the linearization of f (x) about x = 25, then L(24) = f (25) + (x − 25)f 0 (25) =
5−(1)(0.1) = 4.9. This is a very good approximation, since in fact (4.9)2 = 24.01.
3. First, 30◦ is π6 radians and 1◦ is 180
π
radians. Let a be the length of the side whose
length we know and let c be the length of the hypotensure. Now sin π6 = 21 = ac ,
so the length of the hypotenuse is given by c = f (x) = a/ sin x = a csc x, where x
is the angle (in radians) opposite to the side whose length we know. Since a = 10
cm and x = π/6, we have c = 20 cm. The differential for c is
π cos(π/6) π
dc = f 0 (π/6)dx = −10 csc(π/6) cot(π/6) · = −10 2 ·
180 sin (π/6) 180
√ √
( 3/2) π 3π π
= − 10 · =− = − √ cm.
(1/4) 180 9 3 3
(This is about −0.6 cm, which is about 3% of 20 cm.)
4. Writing
√
T = T (g) as a function of g, we have T (10) = 2π. Also, T 0 (g) =
− 2π L
2g 3/2
so T 0 (10) = − 10
π
. Thus, the linear approximation to T at g = 10 is
 
L(x) = T (10) + (x − 10)T 0 (10) = 2π − π(x−10)
10 = 2π 1 − (x−10)
20 . Then L(9.8) =
0.2


2π 1 + 20 = 2π (1 + 0.01) = 2π(1.01), so the difference is 1%.
 Math 100 Lab 8A
1. Find the degree three Taylor polynomial for T3( x) for
cosh( x) about a = 0 . [2]

2. Differentiate

(i) tanh ⎛⎜⎜1+ e2 x ⎞⎟⎟ [1]

⎝ ⎠

(ii) tanh −1 x [1]

3. Find

(i) lim sinh( x) . [1]

x→∞ e x
(ii) lim tanh( x) [1]
x→∞
4. In the next chapter, we will prove the theorem that if two
functions have the same derivative on an interval I and they
have the same value at one point in I, they must be the same
function.
⎛ ⎞
(i) Differentiate ln ⎜⎜ x + x2 +1⎟⎟ . [2]
⎝ ⎠

(ii) Use the result of part (i) and the theorem to show that
⎛ ⎞
sinh −1 x = ln ⎜⎜ x + x2 +1⎟⎟ for all real numbers x. This
⎝ ⎠
result is shown in the textbook using a different
method. [2]
 Math 100 Lab 8B
1. Find the degree three Taylor polynomial for T3( x) for
sinh( x) about a = 0 . [2]

2. Differentiate

(i) tanh ⎛⎜ 2 + e− x ⎞⎟ [1]

⎝ ⎠

(ii) tanh −1 ⎛⎜⎜ x1/3 ⎞⎟⎟ [1]

⎝ ⎠

3. Find

(i) lim cosh( x) . [1]

x→∞ ex
(ii) lim tanh(2 x) [1]
x→∞
4. In the next chapter, we will prove the theorem that if two
functions have the same derivative on an interval I and they
have the same value at one point in I, they must be the same
function.
⎛ ⎞
(i) Differentiate ln ⎜⎜ x + x2 +1⎟⎟ . [2]
⎝ ⎠

(ii) Use the result of part (i) and the theorem to show that
⎛ ⎞
sinh −1 x = ln ⎜⎜ x + x2 +1⎟⎟ for all real numbers x. This
⎝ ⎠
result is shown in the textbook using a different
method. [2]
 Math 100 Lab 9A

1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the given

function on the given interval:
(i) f ( x) = −2 x3 + 9 x2 +12 on [0,5] . [2]

(ii) f ( x) = ln x on [1,3] [2]

x
2. Show that the function f ( x) = 6 x4 − 24 x +1 has exactly two
roots, both positive. [3]

3. Say that f is differentiable and f ′( x) ≠ 1 on ( −∞,∞) . Show

that there is at most one real number a such that f (a) = a .
(We say then that f has a fixed point at a.) [3]

Hint: Questions 2 and 3 refer to the Mean Value Theorem, which

states:
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and differentiable in
( a,b) then there is a number c∈( a,b) such that
f '(c) = f (b) − f (a) .
b−a
For Question 3, apply this theorem to the function
g ( x) = f ( x) − x .
 Math 100 Lab 9B

1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the given

function on the given interval:
(i) f ( x) = 2 x3 − 3x2 −12 x +1 on [−2,3] . [2]

(ii) f ( x) = ln2x on [1, e3] [2]

x
2. Show that the function f ( x) = x4 + 4 x −1 has exactly two
roots, one positive and one negative. [3]

3. Say that f is differentiable and f ′( x) ≠ 1 on ( −∞,∞) . Show

that there is at most one real number a such that f (a) = a .
(We say then that f has a fixed point at a.) [3]

Hint: Questions 2 and 3 refer to the Mean Value Theorem, which

states:
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and differentiable in
( a,b) then there is a number c∈( a,b) such that
f '(c) = f (b) − f (a) .
b−a
For Question 3, apply this theorem to the function
g ( x) = f ( x) − x .
 Math 100 Lab 9C

1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the given

function on the given interval:
=
(i) f ( x) x3 + 3x2 − 9 x + 2 on [−4,4] . [2]

(ii) f ( x) = ln x on [1,3] [2]

x
2. Show that the function f ( x) = 4 x4 − 8x +1 has exactly two
roots, both positive. [3]

3. Say that f is differentiable and f '( x) ≠ 1 on ( −∞,∞) . Show

that there is at most one real number a such that f (a) = a .
(We say then that f has a fixed point at a.) [3]

Hint: Questions 2 and 3 refer to the Mean Value Theorem, which

states:
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and differentiable in
( a,b) then there is a number c∈( a,b) such that
f '(c) = f (b) − f (a) .
b−a
For Question 3, apply this theorem to the function
g=
( x) f ( x) − x .
 Math 100 Lab 10A
1. Use l’Hôpital’s Rule to evaluate:
⎛ ⎞
(i) lim ⎜ x tan 1 ⎟ [1]
x→∞ ⎜ x ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ ⎞
(ii) lim ⎜ 1 − 1ax ⎟ [1]
x→0 ⎜ x xe ⎟
⎝ ⎠

(iii) xlim
→∞
x1/ x [1]

(iv) lim
2sin x − sin(2 x) [1]
x→0 2e x − 2 − 2 x − x2

2. Use Rolle’s Theorem (or the Mean Value Theorem) to show

that tan x > x on the interval 0 < x < π . [2]
2

3. Find all local maxima and minima and points of inflection of

1 .
f ( x) = x1/3 + 1/3
x
As well, indicate all intervals on which the function is
increasing, decreasing, concave upward, and concave
downward. Are there any vertical or horizontal asymptotes?
Sketch the curve. [4]
 Math 100 Lab 10B
1. Use l’Hôpital’s Rule to evaluate:
⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ csc ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎟
(i) lim ⎜
x→∞ ⎜
⎟ [1]
x2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ax −1− ax ⎞
(ii) lim ⎜⎜ e ⎟ [1]
x→0 x2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
x
(iii) lim ⎛⎜1/ x ⎞⎟ [1]
x→0 ⎝ ⎠

ln ⎛⎜1+ x2 ⎞⎟
(iv) lim 2 ⎝ ⎠ [1]
x→0 x − cos x +1

2. Use Rolle’s Theorem (or the Mean Value Theorem) to show

that tan x > x on the interval 0 < x < π . [2]
2

3. Find all local maxima and minima and points of inflection of

2 .
f ( x) = x1/3 + 1/3
x
As well, indicate all intervals on which the function is
increasing, decreasing, concave upward, and concave
downward. Are there any vertical or horizontal asymptotes?
Sketch the curve. [4]
 Math 100 Lab 10C
1. Use l’Hôpital’s Rule to evaluate:

lim 1− sec

 
(i) x [1]
x→0 2 
x
 

(ii) lim  e2 x −1− 2 x  [1]
x→0  x2 

 

(iii) xlim x1/ x 2

[1]
→∞

(iv) lim cos x −1 − sin 2x

[1]
x→0 2e x − 2 − 2 x

2. Use Rolle’s Theorem (or the Mean Value Theorem) to show

that tan x > x on the interval 0 < x < π . [2]
2

3. Find all local maxima and minima and points of inflection of

f (= 1 .
x) x1/3 + 1/3
x
As well, indicate all intervals on which the function is
increasing, decreasing, concave upward, and concave
downward. Are there any vertical or horizontal asymptotes?
Sketch the curve. [4]
 Lab 11: Newton’s Method
Students have seen the basic idea in class, but have not seen examples. The idea of
Newton’s method is to find roots of a function f (x) by making an initial guess x1 . If
f (x1 ) 6= 0, the guess is corrected as follows. Draw the tangent line to f (x) at (x1 , f (x1 ))
and find the x−intercept (i.e., the root) of the tangent line. Call this x2 . This becomes
the new guess. If f (x2 ) 6= 0, find the tangent line to f (x) at (x2 , f (x2 )) and find the
x−intercept of this tangent line. Call it x3 ; etc. The generates a sequence x1 , x2 , x3 , . . .
of guesses which will hopefully converge to the desired root. The sequence obeys
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn − . (1)
f 0 (xn )
The approximation consists in terminating the process after only finitely many itera-
tions.
You may choose to quickly rederive this formula (the students will have seen it in class
however) or at least to draw a graph to illustrate how the formula is obtained (or at
least to show from the graph how x2 is obtained, starting from x1 ). But if you choose
to do this, keep it brief. Concentrate on examples.
Leave at least 15 minutes for the quiz. Students may wish to use calculators. The
decision about this can be made by individual TAs. Calculators will be of very little
help in fact, since we require quiz solutions to be expressed as fractions, not as decimal
expansions.

Example 1: Let f (x) = x3 +2x−2. This function is continuous on all of R, f (0) = −2,
and f (1) = 1, so by the intermediate value theorem it has a root between x = 0 and
x = 1. Moreover, it’s differentiable on all of R and f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2 ≥ 2 > 0. Then by
the mean value theorem for derivatives, it cannot have more than one distinct root, for
if it did then the MVT (actually, the special case of the MVT called Rolle’s theorem)
would imply that f 0 (c) = 0 at some c between the two roots, which is impossible since
f 0 (x) > 0 for all x. Thus, there is exactly one root. Find it approximately.
Step 1 : We start with a guess, say x1 = 1. Then f (x1 ) = f (1) = 1, so this is not a
root.
Step 2 : Using x1 = 1, f (x1 ) = f (1) = 1, and f 0 (x1 ) = f 0 (1) = 3(1) + 2 = 5, then

f (x1 ) 1 4
x2 = x1 − = 1 − = = 0.8.
f 0 (x1 ) 5 5

3
Now f (4/5) = 45 + 2 45 − 2 = 64+200−250 14


125 = 125 ≈ 0.112, so 4/5 is not a root either,
but it’s closer.
Step 3 : Using x2 = 45 , f (x2 ) = f (4/5) = 125
14
, and f 0 (x2 ) = f 0 (4/5) = 3(4/5)2 + 2 = 25
98
,
then
f (x2 ) 4 7/125 4 14 386
x3 = x2 − 0 = − = − = ≈ 0.788.
f (x2 ) 5 98/25 5 490 490
Note that f (x3 ) ≈ f (0.788) ≈ 0.065. Again, x3 is not a root, but the approximation
continues to improve.

Example 2: Express 101/3 accurate to three decimal places.

Step 0: The problem can be rephrased as follows. If x = 101/3 , then x3 − 10 = 0, so
we must find the root of f (x) = x3 − 10. We will also need that f 0 (x) = 3x2 .
Step 1 : We start with a guess, say x1 = 2, since 23 = 8 which is somewhat close to 10.
But since f (x1 ) = 8 − 10 = −2, this is not a root.
Step 2 : Using x1 = 2, f (x1 ) = f (2) = −2, and f 0 (x1 ) = f 0 (1) = 3(2)2 = 12, then

f (x1 ) (−2) 13
x2 = x1 − 0
=2− = = 2.1666 . . .
f (x1 ) 12 6

3
Now f (13/6) = 13 6 − 10 = 2197216 − 10 =
2197−2160
216
37
= 216 ≈ 0.1713, so 13/6 is not a
root either, but it’s much closer than 8 was.
0 0 13 2
Step 3 : Using x2 = 13 37
= 507


6 , f (x2 ) = f (13/6) = 216 , and f (x2 ) = f (1) = 3 6 36 ,
then
f (x2 ) 13 (37/216) 13 37
x3 = x2 − 0 = − = − = 2.1545 . . .
f (x2 ) 6 507/36 6 3042
Then f (x3 ) ≈ f (2.1545) = (2.1545)3 − 10 ≈ 0.00098.
Step 4 : Using x3 ≈ 2.1545, f (x3 ) ≈ 0.00098, and f 0 (x3 ) ≈ 3 (2.1545)2 ≈ 13.93, then

f (x3 ) 0.00098
x4 = x3 − ≈ 2.1545 − ≈ 2.1544.
f 0 (x3 ) 13.93

Notice that x3 and x4 agree in the first three places after the decimal. While this does
not guarantee that 2.1545 is the correct value of 101/3 to three decimal places, it is a
good “rule of thumb”, and we will stop there. (In fact, f (2.1545) = 10.0009.)
 Quiz

Choose one of the following problems:

1. Polynomials are continuous and differentiable everywhere. Consider the function

f (x) = x3 + 3x + 1. Since f (−1) = −3 and f (0) = +1, the intermediate value
theorem implies that this function has a root between x = −1 and x = 0.
(a) Show that is has exactly one root in R.
(b) Starting from x1 = 0, approximate that root by using Newton’s method to
find x2 and x3 . Express your answers using fractions, not decimal expan-
sions.
√ √
2. (a) Approximate 5, beginning from the incorrect guess that 5 = 2. If this
guess is x1 , use Newton’s method to find x2 and x3 . Express your answers
using fractions, not decimal expansions.
(b) Repeat, but start with x1 = −1.

Solutions

1. (a) f (x) is differentiable everywhere and f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 3 ≥ 3 > 0. But if f (x)
had two distinct roots, say x = a and x = b with a < b, then by Rolle’s
theorem then f 0 (c) = 0 for some c ∈ (a, b). But this is impossible, since
f 0 (x) > 0 everywhere. Thus, f cannot have two or more distinct roots.
(b)
x31 + 3x1 + 1


f (x1 ) 1
x2 = x1 − 0 = x1 − 2

=−
f (x1 ) 3 x1 + 1 3
x3 + 3x2 + 1


f (x2 )
x3 = x2 − 0 = x2 − 2 2

f (x2 ) 3 x2 + 1
1


1 − 27 −1+1 1 1
=− − 1

=− +
3 3 9 +1 3 90
29
=− .
90
2. We search for roots of f (x) = x2 − 5. We will need that f 0 (x) = 2x.
f (x1 )
(a) x1 = 2 so f (x1 ) = 4 − 5 = −1 and f 0 (x1 ) = 4. Then x2 = x1 − f 0 (x1 ) =
2+ 1 9 81 1
4 = 4 . Then f (x2 ) = 16 − 5 = 16 and f 0 (x2 ) = 29 , so x3 = x2 − ff0(x 2)
(x2 ) =
9 1/16 9 1 162−1 161
4 − 9/2 = 4 − 72 = 72 = 72 .

(b) x1 = −1 so f (x1 ) = −4 and f 0 (x1 ) = −2. Then x2 = x1 − ff0(x 1) 4

(x1 ) = −1 − 2 =
−3. Then f (x2 ) = 9−5 = 4 and f 0 (x2 ) = −6, so x3 = x2 − ff0(x
(x
2)
2)
= −3+ 64 =
√
− 73 . While the answer to part (a) seems to be converging on 5, the answer
√
to part (b) seems to be converging on − 5.
 Math 100 Lab 12A
n n(n +1) and
1. Use a Riemann sum and the formulas ∑
i=1
i=
2
n n(n +1)(2n +1) to compute the area under the graph
∑
i=1
i2 =
6
of f ( x) = 3x2 from x = 1 to x = 4 . [2]

2 ⎧2 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤1
2. Find ∫ f ( x)dx if f ( x) = ⎪⎨ 3 . (You can use the
0 ⎪⎩ x , 1≤ x ≤ 2
Fundamental Theorem.) [2]

3. Compute
8
⎛ 1/3
(i) ∫1 ⎜⎝ x − x−2/3 ⎞⎟dx . [1]
⎠

2
1 du .
(ii) ∫0 4 + u2 [1]

1
(iii) d ∫ sin t dt . [1]
dx 3 t
x
x
(iv) F ′(4) , if F ( x) = x ∫ e− t dt . [1]
4
3π /4
(v) ∫0 sin ⎛⎜ 2 x ⎞⎟ dx [2]
⎝ ⎠
 Math 100 Lab 12B
n n(n +1) and
1. Use a Riemann sum and the formulas ∑
i=1
i=
2
n n(n +1)(2n +1) to compute the area under the graph
∑
i=1
i2 =
6
of f ( x) = 1 x2 from x = 2 to x = 4 . [2]
2

2 ⎧4 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤1
2. Find ∫ f ( x)dx if f ( x) = ⎪⎨ 3 . (You can use the
0 ⎪⎩ 2 x , 1≤ x ≤ 2
Fundamental Theorem.) [2]

3. Compute
9⎛ ⎞
1
x − ⎟dx .
(i) ∫⎜
⎜
4⎝
x ⎟⎠
[1]

1
d t cos t dt .
dx ∫2
(ii) [1]
x
x
F ( x) = x3 − t dt .
(iii) F ′(1) , if ∫
1
e [1]

3
1 du . (Hint: What is d ⎡⎢ 1 arctan ⎛ u ⎞ ⎤⎥ ?)
(iv) ∫0 9 + u2 du ⎢⎣ 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
[1]

π /6
(v) ∫0 cos ⎛⎜ 4 x ⎞⎟ dx [2]
⎝ ⎠
 Math 100 Lab 12C
n n(n +1) and
1. Use a Riemann sum and the formulas ∑
i=1
i=
2
n n(n +1)(2n +1) to compute the area under the graph
∑
i=1
i2 =
6
of f ( x) = 2 x2 from x = 2 to x = 4 . [2]

2
2. Find ∫0 f ( x)dx if f ( x) = 1− x2 . (You can use the
Fundamental Theorem.) [2]

3. Compute
16
 1/4
(i) ∫ x − x−1/2 dx . [1]
 
1
3
2 du .
(ii) ∫0 9 + u 2 [1]

2
(iii) d ∫ cos t dt . [1]
dx 2 t
x
x
(iv) F '(1) , if F ( x) = x ∫ e−t dt .
2
[1]
1
3π /8
 
(v) ∫0 cos  4x  dx [2]