UNIT 2: MODES OF COMMUNICATION
Lesson 1: Public Speaking 3. RATE
PUBLIC SPEAKING
 a form of communication wherein one delivers a message or
speech in front of an audience
SKILLED PUBLIC SPEAKER
 has the ability to get across his/her message effectively to
an interested audience and through such, the audience can
arrive at a good decision
 may influence people’s outlook and character
STYLES AND STRATEGIES
 play an important role to achieve the power to influence
your audience to act and do something
COMPONENTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
 proper knowledge of such will result to an efficient and
effective speech delivery
EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
 requires the use of both audible and visible codes
 If there is a deficiency in the content, effective vocal and
physical delivery may still save the performance.
ELEMENTS OF VOCAL DELIVERY:
1. PITCH
 the highness or lowness of the tone of the voice
 It is important to know when to raise or lower the
tone of your voice.
 must be varied
2. VOLUME
 the loudness or the softness of the sound
 Modulating is different from shouting.
 It is important to know when to speak louder or
softer.
 The speaker must be sensitive enough to notice
whether or not his/her voice is audible.
 the speed at which words are spoken
 must be adapted to the type of audience with which
the speaker communicates
 The manner of communicating with small children
may be significantly different from the manner of
communicating with adults.
 Maintaining a moderate speed of speaking is wise
enough to enable listeners to follow the presentation
and grasp the message more clearly.
 can also be changed once in a while for emphasis
4. PAUSE
 the temporary stop in the vocal delivery which
serves as a good purpose
 allows the listeners some time to process the
information
 allows the speaker to recall something that he/she
might have forgotten about the presentation
 It is important to know when to pause.
5. ANIMATION
 the liveliness of the voice
 The speaker’s ability to animate his/her voice will
definitely make the presentation dynamic.
6. VOCAL CLARITY
 Proper pronunciation
 The speaker must be able to utter the words properly
and clearly.
 He/she must avoid disruptive speech sounds such as
“uh,” “well,” “uhm,” and “you know.”
7. VOCAL QUALITY
 the distinct characteristic of one’s voice
 It can be thin, hoarse, hinky, rough, airy, etc.
 can be improved and even changed
 It is important for the speaker to explore the beauty
of his/her own voice, know its strengths and
weaknesses, and optimize it to his/her advantage.

PHYSICAL DELIVERY:
1. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
 not showing appropriate facial expression will lead to
failure of effectively delivering the message/speech
 must be reflective of the message they wish to
express to the audience
2. EYE CONTACT
 The eyes must be directed to the audience.
 Looking directly at the audience will make them feel
that they are significant part of the presentation.
 Effective eye contact will establish connection with
the audience.
3. GESTURES
 Too much of these might be an overkill.
 Too little of these will make the presentation dull.
 It is imperative that speakers consider the size of the
audience to identify whether or not their gestures
must involve:
A. Only the fingers
B. Only the wrist
C. Extended to the use of the elbow or the
shoulder
 Putting hands inside the pocket: acceptable to
project a casual look BUT may cause the speaker to
look uncertain or awkward.
4. POSTURE
 Good posture does not have to be very stiff nor to be
too relaxed.
 A too relaxed posture may make the speaker appear
to be lousy or even arrogant.
 Good posture: standing straight and tall, both feet
flat and slightly apart, chin up, shoulders relaxed,
charming smile
 Just do it naturally.
5. MOVEMENT
 Knowing when to move to and from must be clear to
every speaker.
 Moving too much and aimlessly: very distracting
 The speaker moves only when making or
emphasizing a point.
 Movement must be limited especially in formal
settings such that it reinforces the message instead
of distracting its presentation.
 Observe timing
 Move smartly
6. APPEARANCE
 How a speaker looks can make the audience
interested and pay attention to the presentation
 Dress appropriately for both your audience and
occasion.
 Avoid flashy jewelry.
 A little makeup for women and a clean haircut for
men will definitely be appealing.
PREPARATION FOR A BETTER SPEECH
 Some of the interrelated components, the speaker, the occasion,
and audience are very important things to consider.
 The gathering of materials is also significant.
1. THE SPEAKER
 What should you do prior to delivering your speech?
A. Draw from your personal experience.
B. Make use of your hobbies.
C. Use the knowledge you gained from high school
and college.
D. Pick a topic regarding current events.
E. Choose a controversial topic.
2. OCCASION
A. TIME
 The audience may have different moods and
feeling according to the time the speech is
delivered.
 Thoughts before meal: food
 Afternoon: drowsiness
  Evening: too much expectation
B. PLACE
 The place of gathering may be a factor in the
success of your speech.
 Consider the venue of your speaking
engagement
 The speech will need to be adjusted
according to the venue.
C. PROGRAM
 Your role in the program will determine the
length of your speech.
 Major speaker: more time to speak
 Introducing a guest speaker: not longer
than that of the speaker
3. THE AUDIENCE
 The message is intended for the audience.
 The audience’s attention should be focused on the
topic of your speech.
 Consider your audience’s common characteristics.
 The interest of the audience will depend on their age
and gender.
 Teenagers: popular fashions and celebrities
 Older ones: professional growth and financial success
4. GATHERING OF MATERIALS
 Done after knowing the purpose of your speech
 Sources:
A. YOURSELF AS THE SPEAKER
 Think about your own ideas and
experience regarding the topic.
B. MORE MATERIALS
 Interview some experts who are more
knowledgeable about the topic.
C. LIBRARY
 Make sure to take note of the sources and
organize them as well.
ORGANIZING THE SPEECH CONTENT
1. CREATING A SPEECH OUTLINE
 An outline serves as an overview to give focus and
attention to some of the topics that need more
details, or at each balance the information in each
category.
 Major idea
 Secondary idea
 Supporting material
2. CREATING THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SPEECH
 Two major considerations:
1. Getting the attention of the audience
2. Stating the topic and speech purpose clearly
 To get the audience’s attention, establish and
show the following:
1. Significance of your subject
2. Humor
3. Illustration, comparison, or quotation
4. Stimulating statement/provocative question
5. Common bond with your audience
6. The occasion or purpose of the meeting
7. Sincere compliment
 To clarify the topic and purpose, discuss the
following:
1. Your point or purpose of the speech
2. Your plan to develop your topic
3. COLLATION AND INTEGRATION OF MATERIALS (BODY
OF THE SPEECH)
 Present some supporting materials that will help
clarify and prove the major ideas in your speech.
4. CREATING THE CONCLUSION
 In creating the summary, you need to reiterate the
intention of your speech.
 You can end your speech by:
1. Stating a famous quotation
2. A comparison
3. An illustration
4. A restatement of your major ideas
 2. RELAX AND SPEAK NATURALLY.
WHY DO WE FEAR PUBLIC SPEAKING?  Before speaking, make sure that you are in the right
 Stage fright (trembling hands and knees) position.
 People who deliver speeches look at themselves as the  Start just as soon as the audience is prepared to
center stage (BDO, Seidman, & LLP, 2009). listen.
 Seeing the crowd enables their anxiety to grow even
stronger. 3. USE THE LANGUAGE EFFECTIVELY.
 Fear of looking foolish, particularly when they stumble in  Use more precise and concise words in expressing
their delivery. your ideas.
 Go over your speech repeatedly until you have
HOW TO OVERCOME STAGE FRIGHT? absorbed its message.
(BDO, Seidman, & LLP, 2009)
1. Be prepared. 4. BE CAREFUL IN ARTICULATION AND
2. Keep on practicing. PRONUNCIATION.
3. Relax before speaking.  Avoid mispronouncing word and cutting off syllables.
 Consult a dictionary in case of unfamiliarity.
SOME STRATEGIES TO CONTROL TENSION
(Agravante & Buenaventura, 1999) 5. AVOID NERVOUS FILTERS AND SLANG WORDS.
1. Think of presenting your message, not yourself.  Intensely prevent nervous filters, code switching,
2. Be prepared. and slang words.
3. Relax. Take several deep breaths.
4. Try to be physically and mentally active. 6. SHOW PASSION AND SINCERITY.
5. Act confident and you’ll be confident.  Be audience-centered.
6. Use gestures and movement.  Show concern and courtesy to the audience.

Take mistakes as a challenge and discover 7. USE NONVERBAL SIGNS.

alteration techniques.  Use your movement, gestures, and facial
expressions to add interest and emphasis.
PREPARATION FOR ORAL DELIVERY:  Avoid unnecessary movements to avoid distracting
(BDO, Seidman, & LLP, 2009) your audience.

1. USE YOUR VOICE PROPERLY. 8. BE PREPARED.

 Your voice reflects you character, personality, and  Bring a small, clean, and comprehensible note card
familiarity with the subject. to serve as a guide while speaking.
 Properly handle the volume and your speed in  Practice your speech continually until you have
speaking. gained enough confidence to face the audience.
 Consider vocal variety.
 Do not use filters in case of pauses because the Lesson 2: Speeches According to Purpose
audience might doubt the speaker’s expertise on the
subject. In delivering a speech, know its purpose. Knowing such is
essential for relaying the message effectively to the audience so
that they may arrive to a better understanding, thus influence the
people’s rational thinking.
The four basic types of speeches (to inform, to
demonstrate, to persuade, and to entertain) are NOT mutually
exclusive of one another. You may inform the audience by
persuading them to act on the information.
INFORMATIVE SPEECH (to inform)
 Serves to provide interesting and factual information to the
audience
 To deliver the information, the message must be delivered
clearly to the audience.
 Examples: lecture, sales report
Main elements: (KKI)
1. Knowledge
 Expertise and knowledge of the subject is shown
when the information is adequately enough.
 Know your audience.
2. Key Points
 Repeat all key points to ensure knowledge retention.
3. Interest
 Convey your speech with confidence.
 Include unusual facts about the subject.
DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH (to demonstrate)
 Written to explain and show people a step-by-step
instruction on how to do something
 Involves various types of visual aids to ensure effectiveness
of the instructions
 Examples: how to write a speech, how to bake a cake
Elements: (ITK)
1. Instructions
 Clear and concise
2. Task Breakdown
 The task must be understandable.
 Presented in a logical way, step-by-step
3. Key Points
 This must be emphasized including safety issues.
PERSUASIVE SPEECH (to persuade)
 Written to persuade or convince your audience of the
validity of your argument.
 Involves persuading someone to change their opinion or
take into account some elements that have not really been
considered before
 Arranged to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or
part of the expressed view
 Usually the most difficult to deliver
Credibility
 Demonstrate expertise, evidence, and knowledge of you
subject
 Present factual information, statistics combined with
personal experience to make your argument more
believable
Passion
 Convey the subject with confidence, passion, and conviction
to appeal to the audience’s emotions
ENTERTAINING SPEECH (to entertain)
 Sole purpose: to have your audience enjoy the presentation
(laugh, relax, enjoy, and laugh their heads off)
 Has the nature to transmit a feeling of pleasure and
goodwill to the audience
 The speaker must be gracious, genial, good natured, and
relaxed
 How? (1) Tell jokes, (2) tell funny stories, and (3)
overdramatize an anecdote.
Guidelines:
1. Choose an appropriate topic.
 The topic should NOT be too dense, complicated or
heavy because your audience came to have a good
time.
2. Enjoy yourself.
 Enjoying yourself will let your audience enjoy your
presentation as well.
 Be confident and enjoy.
3. Keep it simple.
 Your presentation should be easy to follow.
 Do not make it hard for your audience to keep up
with you mentally.
4. Make it visceral.
  Use vivid word pictures.
 Vivid word pictures will enable your audience to use
their wild imagination so that your presentation will
not be dull and boring.
Lesson 3: Speeches According to Delivery
SPEECH DELIVERY
 One of the most important aspect in delivering a speech
aside from the preparation of the speech
 Entails research, organization, outlining, and practicing
 Delivery – a result of the combination of two kinds of
communication (verbal and nonverbal)
 You can mess your entire speech up by reading it word for
word.
 One of the major reasons of public speaking: to learn ways
to connect with one’s audience and to increase confidence
in doing so
SPEAKING FROM A MANUSCRIPT
IMPROMPTU SPEAKING
 The presentation of a short message without advance
preparation
 Often occur when someone is asked to say a few words or
give a toast on a special occasion
 Informal, conversational settings
 Example: self-introduction
 Advantages: spontaneous and responsive in an animated
group context
 Disadvantage: little or no time to contemplate the
message’s central theme
 Result of the disadvantage: the message may be
disorganized; listeners may find it difficult to follow
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING
 The presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed
speech
 Spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes
 Using notes can establish and maintain eye contact with the
audience through which the speaker may assess how well
they understand the speech as it progresses.
 The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to restate
any idea or concept (that the audience seems to have
trouble grasping) more clearly.
 You can add a short explanation for words that seem to be
unfamiliar to your audience. Also, you may provide a
concrete example to illustrate the idea.
 Always clarify an important concept.
 Advantages: (1) promotes the audience’s perception of the
speaker to be knowledgeable and credible; (2) your
audience is likely to pay better attention to the message as
it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally; (3) eye
contact; and (4) the outline helps the speaker to remember
the important points.
 Disadvantage: requires a great deal of preparation for both
verbal and nonverbal components
 Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before
the schedule of the delivery of the speech.
 Manuscript speaking – the word-for-word iteration of a
written message
 The speaker maintains his/her attention on the printed page
except when using visual aids.
 Advantage: the exact repetition of original words
 Errors: mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over a
complex sentence structure
 Disadvantages: (1) an uninteresting way to present; (2) the
presentation tends to be dull especially in the absence of
vocal expression and gestures; (3) does not make room for
eye contact with the audience; and (4) requires an interest
on the message prior to delivery.
 However, with practice, a speaker can achieve a
conversational tone and give the impression of speaking
extemporaneously while using an autocue device.
 The success of this medium [autocue device] depends on
two factors:
1. The speaker is already an accomplished public speaker
who has learned to use a conversational tone while
delivering a prepared script.
2. The speech is written in a style that sounds
conversational.
  It is important to know the length of this speech
SPEAKING FROM MEMORY  First: What the award is and why the whole presentation is
 Memorized speaking – the rote recitation of a written important
speech that the speaker has committed to memory  Second: Explain what the recipient/awardee has
 As for speeches, memorization can be useful when the accomplished in order for the award to be
message needs to be exact and the speaker does not want bestowed/awarded
to be confined by notes.  Highlight the recipient’s work
 Vocal cue – the subtle but meaningful variations in speech
delivery (may include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and SPEECH OF DEDICATION
pace)  Delivered when a new store opens, a building is name after
 Advantages: (1) enables the speaker to maintain eye someone, or a new library is completed
contact with the audience; and (2) the speaker can move  Designed to highlight the importance of the project and
freely around the stage and make gestures with his/her those whom the project has been dedicated
hands in the absence of notes.
 Disadvantages: (1) the presentation may be flat and TOAST
uninteresting in the absence of vocal cue, gesture, and  Designed to congratulate or appreciate
facial expression; (2) the possibility of speaking in a  Congratulating someone for an honor getting married
monotone or a sing-song that fails to emphasize the most  Appreciating someone for what they have done
important points; (3) the possibility of losing your place and  Remembering what people have accomplished in life
starting to ad lib which may indicate that something is
wrong; and (4) it will be extremely difficult to find your SPEECH OF FAREWELL
place and keep going in case you go completely blank.  Allows someone to say goodbye to a part of his/her life as
he/she will move on to the next chapter that awaits him/her
Lesson 4: Speeches According to Special Occasions  Graduating from college and entering the work force
 Leaving your current job
SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECH
 Given during a ceremony or a ritual that observes formality SPPECH OF PROMOTION
and etiquette  Imparts an important, often galvanizing message to an
audience
SPEECH OF INTRODUCTION  May also recognize others for their contributions to your
 Should be a complete speech (clear introduction, body and success
introduction  Offer guidance to other students
 Introduction: think of a hook that will make your audience  Look to the future
become interested in the upcoming speaker
 Body: about the speaker’s topic, his/her qualifications, and ROAST
why the audience should listen  Done using wit, satire, and sarcasm
 Conclusion: generally designed to welcome the speaker to  Normally intended to poke fun at someone in an intelligent
the lectern (audience) yet fun way
 Malice should NEVER be the intention of this speech
SPEECH OF PRESENTATION
 Given to accompany a prize or honor DRAMATIC SPEECH
  A speech of some duration addressed by character
 Usually performed on stage with characters on play or role-
playing a story
1. MONOLOGUE
 A long uninterrupted speech delivered by a character
to other characters on stage
2. SOLILOQUY
 A character, alone on stage, reveals private thoughts
that the audience is allowed to overhear
3. ASIDE
 A brief remark that a character makes to the
audience rather than to other characters
4. DIALOGUE
 The playwright’s (author) main tool for developing
characters and furthering the plot
 More on conversation between two characters
INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH
 Goal: to elicit an emotional state within an audience
SPEECH OF GOODWILL
 Both informative and persuasive
 Persuading your audience to be in favour of you and who or
what to represent
 Highlight shared values, customs, beliefs, and morals
 Goodwill – an intangible asset that is made up of the
favour of an individual or organization
 Three basic types: (1) public relations, (2) justification, and
(3) apology
Lesson 5: Computer-Mediated Communication
TRADITIONAL CLASSROOM SETTING
 Places the teacher at the center of all activities
 Teacher: transmitter of knowledge and orchestrator of
student interaction
 The teacher monitors students’ progress while providing
input on how to solve a particular task
 May hinder “reflection and facilitative interaction”
COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
 Any form of communication between two or more individual
people who interact and/or influence each other via
separate computers through the Internet or a network
connection using social software
 Does NOT include the methods by which two computers
communicate
 How people communicate via computers
 Promotes self-discipline
 Requires one to take responsibility for their own learning
 Includes structure projects and open projects (messy but
authentic problem solving)
 Provides tools that are useful in promoting collaborative
learning activities that can mediate communication between
learners
 Allows students, in groups, to collaborate with each other in
an exchange of opinions, experiences, and interpretations of
course content
 Examples:
1. Emails
2. Mailboxes
3. Shared network group folders
4. Discussion boards (or fora/forums)
5. Frequently updated hyperlinked webpages
TYPES OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
1. ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
 Independent of real-time
 Comprised of activities (viewing webpage, composing
an email, watching a video clip, downloading a file)
 Benefits: (1) opportunities to think about course
content; (2) to address a diverse set of topics in
more depth that can be done in class or in
asynchronous environment; (3) allows students to
conceptualize a topic from multiple viewpoints and to
contribute to each other’s understanding
(Weasenforth et al., 2002)
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ASYNCHRONOUS CMC:
A. The levels of participation are usually very poor with CMC.
 B. Frequent posts to the discussion boards are needed to
maintain an interest in the boards. In case the level of
participation drops below a certain degree, no further
postings take place.
C. Checking the discussion boards for posts requires learning
to incorporate an additional activity to one’s routine which
often means people don’t take part.
D. Its nature encourages people to giver participation a lower
priority.
HOW CAN WE SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS?
A. A combination of a discussion board and a mailbase
B. Make the discussion time-dependent so that participants
cannot procrastinate.
C. Regularly structure the discussion threads.
D. Cut and paste discussion threads that diverge or repeat
discussions elsewhere, so that each thread corresponds to
one topic.
E. Identify specific points within the threads to prompt
particular discussions, eliciting answers to specific
questions.
2. SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
 Occur concurrently between two or more users
including such real-time applications (chat rooms,
instant messaging)
 allow users to interact simultaneously through text,
audio, and video with other users located anywhere
in the world
 examples: chat, instant messaging
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN SYNCHRONOUS CMC:
A. Multiple threads of discussion are created which become too
difficult to follow for some students who are communicating
in another language other than their first language (mother
tongue).
B. Students on a slow connection always lag slightly behind in
the discussion.
C. The discussion tends to lose focus because of many side
discussions
D. Some students cannot jump in because they are slow
typists.
E. Responses get out of consequence.
F. Failing to provide a platform for all students to participate
equally implicitly censors some of the participants.
HOW CAN WE SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS?
A. Have a prepared set of questions, subjects to discuss, and a
fixed order for the students to respond in.
B. Allow a certain “open time” for students to chat with each
other to let students practice and deal with their
unfamiliarity with the technology.
C. Provide an opportunity for students who are more familiar
with the technology to introduce some of the abbreviation
and emoticons used in chat to their less experienced peers.
D. Explain the procedure for participation (sequenced
comments or responses).
E. Impose order on the discussion when required. The
lecturer’s role in a chat includes that of a moderator and
he/she can make use of the upper case to make his/her
point more forcefully.
WHICH CMC SHOULD WE USE?
 The main factor in selecting a CMC medium: Should the
communication be synchronous or asynchronous?
 The decision should be based on the following criteria:
A. Can all of the participants meet at the same time?
B. Is the activity time-dependent? If so, use the
synchronous medium.
C. Are the participants part-time students/spread across
time zones?
D. Is the subject matter one which requires in-depth
analysis and response?If so, use theasynchronous
medium.
THE USE OF CMC
 Educators often categorize the use of instructional CMC in
three ways:
1. For conferencing
2. Informatics
3. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
 Informatics (repositories or maintainers of organized
information) include library OPACs, interactive access to
remote databases, program/data archive sites, campus-
wide/wide-area information systems, and information
managers.