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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR Page 2 of 30
DOC. TITLE
EARTHING AND LIGHTNING SYSTEM Rev. 01
REVISION LIST
REV.
DATE MADE BY PAGE NO. DESCRIPTION
NO.
09.JUN.
B T.H.KIM ALL ISSUED FOR REVIEW
2012
29.JUN
C S.H.JOO ALL ISSUED FOR APPROVAL
2012
26.APR
01 J.Y.YANG - For Final Documentation
2015
Note: 1. Revision part of document is easily identified by drawing a vertical line on the right margin
and
applied revision number. Also revision part of document will be written in bold.
SUMMARY
1. SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 5
2. REFERENCE STANDARDS, CODES AND DOCUMENTS ........................................ 5
2.1. General .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Compliance with EC (European Community) directives .................................... 6
2.2.1. Applicable directives .............................................................................................. 6
2.2.2. EC declaration of conformity and CE marking ....................................................... 6
3. AMBIENT CONDITIONS .............................................................................................. 7
4. GROUNDING AND EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING ...................................................... 8
4.1. Design criteria ........................................................................................................ 8
4.1.1. General criteria ...................................................................................................... 8
4.1.2. Materials ................................................................................................................ 9
4.1.3. Resistance values .................................................................................................. 9
4.2. Grounding calculations ....................................................................................... 10
4.2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 10
4.2.2. Computation of body current ............................................................................... 10
4.2.3. Resistance of the human body ............................................................................ 10
4.2.4. Fundamental formulas ......................................................................................... 10
4.2.5. Grid wire sizing (thermal withstand) ..................................................................... 12
4.3. Grounding of Equipment ..................................................................................... 12
4.3.1. General ................................................................................................................ 12
4.3.2. Buildings elements ............................................................................................... 13
4.3.3. Overhead lines ..................................................................................................... 13
4.3.4. Substation equipment .......................................................................................... 14
4.3.5. Surge arresters .................................................................................................... 15
4.3.6. Motors .................................................................................................................. 15
4.3.7. Power and control cables .................................................................................... 16
4.3.8. Cable trays ........................................................................................................... 16
4.3.9. Lighting fixtures and lighting poles ....................................................................... 16
4.3.10. Vessel, tanks, exchangers, towers and other process containment equipment .. 16
4.3.11. Fences and perimeter earthing ............................................................................ 17
4.3.12. Steel structures .................................................................................................... 17
4.3.13. Piping ................................................................................................................... 17
4.3.14. Loading areas ...................................................................................................... 17
4.4. Neutral grounding ................................................................................................ 18
4.5. Grounding wires sections ................................................................................... 18
5. STATIC ELECTRICITY PROTECTION ...................................................................... 18
6. LIGHTNING PROTECTION ....................................................................................... 20
6.1. Design criteria ...................................................................................................... 20
6.2. General .................................................................................................................. 20
6.2.1. Lightning Protection Level (LPL) .......................................................................... 20
6.2.2. Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) ........................................................................ 21
Samsung Engineering Co.,Ltd
West Qurna Field 2nd
Phase Project
(Early Oil Phase)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR Page 4 of 30
DOC. TITLE
EARTHING AND LIGHTNING SYSTEM Rev. 01
1. SCOPE
This specification defines technical requirements for design of the grounding and
lightning protection system for the West Qurna 2 Early Production Facilities.
2.1. General
Should no IEC or ISO standard be available in any case, relevant British (BSI) or
National standards shall apply.
The listed Standards and Codes, together with their all parts and subparts, shall be
applied considering their latest applicable issue available.
BS (British Standard)
Even if the equipment and material supplied are to be installed in Iraq, that is not a
member country of the European Union, it shall be supplied in accordance with all
applicable European Community directives.
In particular, for the supply related to this specification falling within the scope and
applicability limits of each pertinent EC Directive, compliance shall be given with:
By affixing, when required, the CE Marking, the Supplier ensures that the overall
supply meets all the safety requirements as per the CE Marking Directives as well
as that the appropriate conformity assessment procedures have been successfully
completed.
Technical documentation.
Essential Safety Requirements (ESR) check list.
Self declaration of conformity.
Operating instructions.
CE Marking nameplate.
3. AMBIENT CONDITIONS
The design of the equipment and of its components shall comply with the following
environmental conditions:
The earthing system design and installation will be in accordance to the IEC and
IEEE Standards, and in particular with IEC 60364-5-54 for general grounding and
IEEE 80 for substations grounding grid.
The safety ground network shall consist of a main underground grid, above ground
connection points, ground conductors from above ground connection points to
grounded metal parts, and rods driven vertically into the ground connected to main
grid. Within the grid, conductors shall be laid in parallel lines at reasonably uniform
spacing. They shall be located along rows of structures or equipment to facilitate
the making of earth connections, where practical.
The spacing between conductors forming the mesh system shall be such as to
limit the grid potential rise to a value that limits the touch voltage to a value not
greater than the maximum tolerable touch potential assuming a fault clearance
time equal to that of the main protection equipment being provided.
Areas of grid, where high concentrations of fault currents can appear as at neutral
earthing connections, shall have reinforced conductor sizes where necessary, to
handle adequately the highest fault current and its duration.
The functional ground network for instrumentation, control systems and DCS
system will have the same physical characteristics of the safety ground network,
and will be connected to the latter through one or more earthing system couplers
(surge arresters).
The conductors of ground grid shall be laid directly in the ground at a depth of 0.6
m at least.
Metal parts of all equipment, other than those forming part of an electrical circuit,
shall be connected directly to the main earth system via a single conductor. The
arrangement of the mesh earth system shall be such as to minimise the length of
these single connections.
All exposed joints shall be at a minimum height of 150 mm above floor or ground
level.
Earth conductor joints that are required to be broken for testing or maintenance
shall have mating surfaces tinned.
4.1.2. Materials
Soil composition may be highly corrosive and special consideration shall be given
to this aspect; considering this, grounding conductors shall be made of copper,
insulated or bare tinned depending from soil corrosiveness.
Ground rods shall be copper clad type, having a ¾” diameter and a length of 3 m
that can vary between 1.5 and 6 m depending from soil requirements. Rods shall
be provided with inspection pits with cover. Top of rods shall be driven 30-50 cm
below the surface of the earth. Rods shall not be driven under slabs or buildings
and shall be separated by at least 60 cm from such structures.
All aboveground earthing conductors shall be made of copper and PVC insulated.
All conductors coming out from the ground will be protected, against mechanical
damage with heavy duty PVC pipe.
The ground resistance of the safety ground network shall be built in order to
guarantee the safety under fault current at all voltage levels, anyway it shall not
exceed 1 Ω.
4.2.1. Introduction
The surface potentials are approximately proportional to the grid potential rise, and
both are determined by the current flow from the grounding grid to earth.
IB = k / sqrt (ts)
1) Reflection Factor, K
S
K
S
where ρ is the resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m; ρs is the
surface layer soil resistivity in Ω-m.
0.009(1 / S )
CS 1 (IEEE Std 80-2000)
2hs 0.009
1
Kn
CS
0.96
1 2 2
n 1 1 ( 2nhs / 0.08 )
(IEEE Std 80-1986, IEEE Std 665-
1995)
3) Decrement Factor, Df
Ta
Df 1 (1 2tf / Ta )
tf
0.157
E step 70 (1000 6CS S )
ts
0.157
E touch 70 (1000 1.5C S S )
ts
IG Sf C p Df (3I 0 )
where:
Approximately 50 - 60% of the fault current flows through the grid to remote earth.
The wire size can be calculated with the following formula (ANSI / IEEE Std 80, p.
67), for a standard copper wire:
IG
s
T Tamb
log10 m 1
1973.5 234 Tamb
33 t c
where:
IG = Grid current in A
s = Grid conductor cross-section (mm²)
tc = Time in s
Tm = Maximum allowable temperature (°C)
Tamb = Ground temperature (°C)
The values 1973.5 and 33 are typical and depends from the material constants, as
shown on ANSI / IEEE Std 80, p.66, table I.
4.3.1. General
a) All the metallic frames of the electrical equipment such as switchgears, local
panels, motors, outlets, junction boxes, cable trays, conduits, etc.
b) All steel structures, vessels, columns, tanks, etc.
c) The metallic elements of the industrial buildings.
d) All piping, at the pipe rack entrance of each unit (as minimum) and where
necessary, if the metallic continuity is not assured.
Equipment shall not be loop or series connected to earth in such a way that
removal of the earth connection from one item would disconnect others from earth.
Samsung Engineering Co.,Ltd
West Qurna Field 2nd
Phase Project
(Early Oil Phase)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR Page 13 of 30
DOC. TITLE
EARTHING AND LIGHTNING SYSTEM Rev. 01
Plastic enclosures (e.g. motor control stations, junction boxes) shall incorporate an
internal metal plate to maintain continuity with the earthing system.
Where a cable enters through a flexible conduit in any metallic enclosure, the
enclosure itself shall be earthed.
For outdoor substation equipment, when it is widely spaced, individual local grids
may be established at the various equipment locations and the local grids shall be
interconnected and connected to earthing grid. Interconnecting conductors shall
not be less than the size of the conductor for main grid.
The steel framework of buildings shall be grounded at the base of every corner
column and intermediate columns.
4.3.3.1. General
The earth system shall be designed so as to include all overhead line terminal
towers, which shall be earthed by extending the system so as to envelope all
towers within the earth system. Each tower shall be bonded directly to the earth
system from at least two locations.
The reinforcing steel cage of the concrete foundation shall be bonded to the
respective tower stub angle by using a suitable size of steel wire. The connection
of wire to the stub angle shall be preferably through a mechanical connector
(clamp) and buried inside the concrete.
Samsung Engineering Co.,Ltd
West Qurna Field 2nd
Phase Project
(Early Oil Phase)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR Page 14 of 30
DOC. TITLE
EARTHING AND LIGHTNING SYSTEM Rev. 01
Wherever possible ground rods shall be installed underneath the footing (spread
foundations) to a minimum depth of 3 meter. For other types of foundations the
ground rod shall be placed at a distance of 8 m from the center of footing.
The reinforcing steel cage of the concrete foundation shall be bonded to the
anchor bolts.
Two exothermic coupled ground rods shall be connected at the base of steel pole
structures. Where greater resistance is encountered, multiple ground rods may be
also required. The spacing between the two rods shall be in the range of one to
two times the length of the rod.
The overhead ground wire shall be electrically bonded at each structure as well as
tied solidly to the grounding system of the relevant substation.
For distances of more than 1.5 km from the substation, the ground resistance shall
be 20 Ω or less.
Substation earth loop shall be made of a tinned copper rectangular bar connected
to the plant safety ground. All substation equipment enclosures and earth bars
shall be connected to the loop through bolted connections.
All grounding cable connections to electrical equipment shall be made only at the
points provided by the manufacturer.
All control and relay panels shall have a continuous earth bus run along the bottom
of the panels. MV switchgears, LV switchgears and MCCs shall be connected to
the substation earth loop at two separate points.
Armor and metallic sheath (if provided) of all multicore cables shall be, unless
specified otherwise bonded to the switchboards earth bars.
Current and voltage transformers secondary circuits shall be earthed at one point
through links situated in an accessible position. Each separate circuit shall be
earthed through a separate link, suitably labelled. The links shall be of the bolted
type, having necessary provision for attaching test leads.
Instrument panels shall be grounded at each end of the panel lineup with separate
minimum grounding conductors run to the instrument ground grid.
For surge arresters a local earthing connection shall be made by driving electrodes
into the earth near the arresters.
The connection from arrester to earth shall be as short and as straight as possible.
4.3.6. Motors
All motors shall have a ground conductor from the MCC or distribution panel
ground bus to the motor, connected in the motor terminal box. Such ground
conductor shall be part of the relevant multi-conductor power cable.
In addition, all motors shall have a visible, external ground connection from the
motor frame to the local ground grid.
For all medium voltage (above 1 kV) motors, the number of external grounding
connections from the motor frame to the grounding grid shall be two.
Cable armour shall be connected to earth at both sides (at the user side by means
of cable glands), with the exception of power single core cables.
High voltage cables (45 kV and above) armour earthing will be specifically
analysed and decided depending from the length, route and application.
The conductive parts of the indoor installed lighting fixtures, junction boxes &
convenience sockets shall be connected to the earth by means of the protective
conductor of multicore cable connected to earth bus bar of lighting panel.
In case of outdoor equipment such as lighting pole, the protective conductor shall
be connected to its earth terminal.
4.3.10. Vessel, tanks, exchangers, towers and other process containment equipment
Process containment equipment that is located in a process structure and are not
insulated from the structure shall be considered grounded through their supports.
Samsung Engineering Co.,Ltd
West Qurna Field 2nd
Phase Project
(Early Oil Phase)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR Page 17 of 30
DOC. TITLE
EARTHING AND LIGHTNING SYSTEM Rev. 01
The location of the mesh conductors shall be such as to enable all items of
equipment to be connected to the earth system via the shortest possible route. All
corner fence posts and posts adjacent to earth rods shall be effectively connected
to the earth conductor.
Perimetral fences shall be grounded at intervals not to exceed 150 m and shall
also be grounded at all power line crossings by grounding at the crossing and
again within 45 m on each side. Posts shall be grounded with minimum 25 mm2
conductor.
All elements of swinging metallic fence gates shall be bonded to their associated
support posts by means of flat, extra flexible copper braid. Cross-sectional area of
braid shall equal or exceed minimum 25 mm2. Gate support posts shall be
grounded.
The main members of the steel structures shall be earthed by continuous copper
connections bonded to the steelwork and these connections shall be connected
separately at each column to the main or subsidiary earth.
Steel structures and the steel framework of buildings shall be grounded at the base
of every corner column and intermediate columns at distances not greater than 18
m.
4.3.13. Piping
Loading area and lorry’s tanks shall be connected to earth through an earthing reel
or a permissive earth detector, if required by process or safety.
d) explosions or fires from flammable liquids, gases, dust and fibers may be
caused by a spark.
6. LIGHTNING PROTECTION
6.2. General
The lightning protection system design shall be based on IEC and NFPA standards.
The protected zones shall be evaluated using the rolling sphere method (RSM). As
the step leader of a lightning bolt jumps toward the ground, it steps toward the
grounded objects nearest its path.
The maximum distance that each step may travel is called the “critical distance”
(striking distance) and is proportional to the electrical current. Objects are likely to
be struck if they are nearer to the leader than this critical distance.
Electricity travels along the path of least resistance, so an object outside the critical
distance is unlikely to be struck by the leader if there is a grounded object within
the critical distance. Noting this, locations that are safe from lighting can be
determined by imagining a leader’s potential paths as a sphere that travels from
the cloud to the ground.
Given an assumed striking distance, one can define an imaginary surface above
the ground and above objects on the ground such that, when the downward
propagating leader passes through that surface at a specific location, the leader is
“captured” by a specific point on the ground or on a grounded object.
For lightning protection it suffices to consider all possible spheres as they touch
potential strike points. To determine these points, RSM simulates a potential
leader position and considers a sphere around it with an associated radius equal to
the striking distance.
At any point where the sphere touches the ground the lightning is most likely to
strike, and the points which the sphere cannot roll across and touch are the safest
from lightning.
For each LPL a set of maximum and minimum lightning current parameters is fixed.
Maximum values are used to design lightning protection components (e.g. cross-
section of conductors, thickness of metal sheets, current capability of surge
protection devices and separation distance against dangerous sparking) and to
define test parameters simulating the effects of lightning on such components.
On the other hand, minimum values of lightning current amplitude for different LPL
are used to derive the rolling sphere radius in order to define the lightning
protection zone which cannot be reached by direct strike.
Samsung Engineering Co.,Ltd
West Qurna Field 2nd
Phase Project
(Early Oil Phase)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR Page 21 of 30
DOC. TITLE
EARTHING AND LIGHTNING SYSTEM Rev. 01
The minimum values of lightning current parameters together with the rolling
sphere radius are used for positioning the air termination system and to define the
Lighting Protection Zones LPZ (IEC 62305-1 § 8.1).
As per NFPA 780, § 4.7.3, the zone of protection shall include the space not
intruded by a rolling sphere having a radius of 150 ft (45.7 m).
Where the sphere is tangent to earth and resting against a strike termination
device, all space in the vertical plane between the two points of contact and under
the sphere shall be considered to be in the zone of protection.
A protected zone shall also be formed where such a sphere is resting on two or
more strike termination devices and shall include the space between those devices
(see Figure 1).
All possible placements of the sphere shall be considered when determining the
zone of protection using the rolling sphere model.
For structure heights exceeding 150 ft (45.7 m) above earth or above a lower strike
termination device, the zone of protection shall be considered to be the space in
the vertical plane between the points of contact and under the sphere where the
sphere is resting against a vertical surface of the structure and the lower strike
termination device or earth.
The zone of protection shall be limited to the space above the horizontal plane of
the lowest terminal unless it can be extended by further analysis, such as in rolling
the sphere to be tangent to earth.
6.3.1. Evaluation
NFPA 780 § Annex L and IEC 61024-1-1 provide a methodology to determine the
risk of damage due to lightning. This methodology considers only the damage
caused by direct strike to the building or structure to be protected and the currents
flowing through the lighting protection system.
The complete risk assessment method is a guide that takes into account not only
the lightning but rather also factors such as building environment, type of
construction, structure occupancy, structure contents and lightning stroke
consequences.
For a given structure, the procedure for the LPS selection (IEC 61024-1-1) is as
follows:
- Calculation of the equivalent collection area (Ae) from the structure’s dimensions
and position.
- Assessment of the direct lightning flash frequency to a structure (Nd) from the
above parameters.
Finally, with the accepted lightning flash frequency (Nc) provided according to the
type of structure, the values of Nd and Nc are compared between them in order to
determined whether the structure is already protected or not.
If Nd < Nc non additional protection for the structure is required. But if Nd > Nc the
critical efficiency must be computed and a LPS with an efficiency equal or bigger
than that must be secured.
Efficiency of an LPS (E) is defined as the ratio of the average annual number of
direct lightning flashes which cannot cause damage to the structure to the direct
lightning flash number to the structure (Nd) (IEC 61024-1-1 §1.2.13). Efficiency
values are used to rank the Lightning Protection Levels; a LPL I has a higher
efficiency that a LPL IV.
The lightning ground flash density is expressed in terms of ground strokes per
square kilometer per year and should be determined by measurement. Being the
lightning ground stroke density Ng not available, it may be estimated using the
following relationship (IEC 61024-1-1, § 3.2):
where Td is the number of thunderstorm days per year obtained from isoceraunic
maps.
Ae refers to the ground area having the same yearly direct lightning flash
probability as the structure. In fact, it is an increased area for the structure that
includes the effect of the height and location of the structure (NFPA 780 § L.4).
The equivalent collective area, Ae, of a structure is the area obtained by extending
a line with a slope of 1 to 3 from the top of the structure to ground completely
around the structure.
Where the equivalent collective area of a structure totally covers another structure,
that structure is disregarded. And when the collective areas of several structures
are overlapped, the corresponding common collection area is considered as a
single collection area.
For design purposes, in the assessment of Ae only those objects which have
permanent durability and adequate resistance against lightning stresses must be
taken into account (IEC 61024-1-1 § 4.2).
The environmental coefficient C1 accounts for the topography of the site of the
structure and any objects located within the distance 3H from the structure that can
affect the collective area (NFPA 780 § L.4.3).
N d N g Ae C1 10 6
Where
In absence of a LRA, LPS design basis assumptions will consider that the height of
the rods located around and within the periphery of the buildings shall be not less
than the sag of a 45 meters radius sphere between points, corresponding to a LPL
III level as the maximum Lightning Protection Level required according to the
regular rolling sphere radius associated to the LPLs (IEC 62305-1 Table 6).
For a LPL III, assuming a polarity ratio of 10% positive and 90% negative flashes,
a logarithmic normal distribution for the parameter’ statistical behavior and the
cumulative frequency distribution as per IEC 62305-1 § Figure A.5; the values of
Table 3 must be used in the simulation of the LPS, the selection of the lighting
protection components and/or any further protective measures.
Taking into account a polarity ratio of 10% positive and 90% negative flashes, the
interception probability can be calculated (see Table 4).
Since the protective measures specified in the standards are effective against
lightning whose current parameters are in the range specified by the LPL, the
efficiency of a protection measure is assumed to be equal to the probability with
which lightning currents parameters are inside the probability ranges of Table 4
(IEC 62305-1 § 8.1).
6.5.1. General
Air terminals may be of any form of solid or tubular cross-section. Air Terminals
may also be of a wide coverage ionization or Early Streamer Emission Type.
Air terminals shall be at least the equivalent in weight and stiffness of a copper
tube having an outside diameter of ⅝” and a wall thickness of 1 mm. ⅝” and ¾”
ground rounds, installed with the point upwards, can be used as air terminals.
Air terminals shall have a minimum height of 25 cm projecting above the protected
surface. Maximum height shall be 100 cm; any air terminal exceeding 60 cm in
height shall be braced. Air terminals shall be placed within 60 cm of the ends of
ridges, corners or edges of main roofs.
6.5.3. Buildings
The required conditions of protection for buildings in general are met by placing
metal air terminals on the uppermost parts of the building or its projections, with
conductors connecting the air terminals with each other and to ground.
6.5.4. Substations
Power stations and substations require protection from direct strokes obtainable by
applying the circular-sided protection zone and in addition need protection from
induced stroke lightning (transient over voltage due to lightning or switching surges)
by properly applied arresters and surge protective equipment above 66 kV.
When required, the power transformer insulation must be protected from the
voltage surge of the traveling wave coming in on the lines. This protection shall be
accomplished by means of lightning arresters located as near as possible to the
equipment to be protected. A lightning arrester at the transformer terminals limits
the voltage to the discharge voltage of the arrester. An arrester whose discharge
voltage is lower than the BIL rating of the transformer insulation must be chosen. A
minimum of 20% margin shall be maintained.
Electrical systems which have the system neutral ungrounded require arresters
rated at 100 percent of system line-to-line voltage. Electrical systems which have
the system neutral grounded shall have arresters rated at 80 to 85 percent of the
system line-to-line voltage. This is usually accomplished by selecting an arrester
one nominal voltage increment below the line-to-line voltage. Several sets of
appropriately sized and located arresters may be necessary to properly protect the
substation.
All lightning arresters, air terminals and overhead static lines shall be connected to
the bonding and grounding system.
Whenever it is possible for direct strokes of lightning to strike a line at or near the
station, the margin of safety provided by the transformer protective equipment may
not be adequate to protect the insulators and switches in the switch yard. In this
case it may be necessary to install additional arresters at the entrance to the
station. These arresters will limit the magnitude of the voltage surges entering the
station, thereby protecting the switches and insulators.
Ground or static wires with sufficient mechanical strength must be located to shield
the line conductors adequately from direct strokes. The size of the static line shall
be based on mechanical rather than electrical characteristics.
6.5.7. Vessel, tanks, exchangers, towers and other process containment equipment
- all metallic pipes entering the equipment are in contact with the equipment;
- equipment has adequate thickness.
For fixed roof tanks, roof shall be continuously welded to the shell to provide a
continuous electrical connection.
For floating roof tanks, flexible bonding conductors shall be provided between the
expandable roof and the rigid supporting structure. Conductors shall be made as
short as possible but shall be sufficiently long to prevent breakage due to the
movement of the roof.
Aboveground cable ways in cable tray could be subject to direct strokes. When the
tray is protected by overhead structures that provide the zone of protection, it shall
be considered as protected when bonded and grounded; in other situations (ex.
trays mounted on top of structures subject to direct strokes) they shall be protected
by overhead static lines.
Underground duct banks protection for lightning flashes striking the ground shall
be done by burying a bare copper wire in the earth above the duct bank.
7. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
Lightning protection usually consists of air terminals or static lines grounded at the
base of the poles, thereby establishing many ground points. This, in turn, results
in earth currents and induced currents circulating through the lightning protection
system. This current flow in these conductors causes a magnetic field which can
be undesirable in the vicinity of instrumentation and communication.
The correct practice is to ground the overall shield at both ends and the individual
pair shield at the controlling end only.
Transient surge suppressor networks (TSSN's) shall be used for lightning and
surge voltage protection of solid state equipment and regulators, computers,
critical instrumentation and critical buses. These units can be applied at 400 volts
and lower.
When required, station-class zinc-oxide type arresters (MOV's) shall be used for
lightning and surge voltage protection of power transformers (defined as above
500 kVA) and other station apparatus. Intermediate class MOV's shall be utilized to
protect small and medium sized substations where the value of the protected
apparatus does not justify the use of station-class arresters.
Distribution type MOV's shall be used for lightning and surge protection of
distribution transformers (defined as up to 500 kVA), regulators, capacitors, cables,
and other apparatus on distribution circuits. Secondary zinc-oxide type arresters
Samsung Engineering Co.,Ltd
West Qurna Field 2nd
Phase Project
(Early Oil Phase)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR Page 30 of 30
DOC. TITLE
EARTHING AND LIGHTNING SYSTEM Rev. 01
8.2. Coupling
Safety grounding grid and functional grounding grid shall be connected through an
earthing system coupler. Coupler shall be located indoors, between a safety and a
functional grounding bar.