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PRO/II 8.1
USER GUIDE
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License and Copyright Information
PRO/II 8.1
The software described in this guide is furnished under a written agreement and may be
used only in accordance with the terms and conditions of the license agreement under
which you obtained it. The technical documentation is being delivered to you AS IS and
Invensys Systems, Inc. makes no warranty as to its accuracy or use. Any use of the
technical documentation or the information contained therein is at the risk of the user.
Documentation may include technical or other inaccuracies or typographical errors.
Invensys Systems, Inc. reserves the right to make changes without prior notice.
Copyright Notice © 2007 Invensys Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the
material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, broadcasting, or by
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Invensys
Systems, Inc.
Trademarks PRO/II and Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR are trademarks of Invensys plc, its
subsidiaries and affiliates.
AMSIM is a trademark of DBR Schlumberger Canada Limited.
Visual Fortran is a trademark of Intel Corporation.
RATEFRAC ® software is a trademark registered to Koch-Glitsch. This applies to all printed
and electronic documents.
®
BATCHFRAC software is a trademark registered to Koch-Glitsch. This applies to all
printed and electronic documents.
Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Window 2003, Windows XP and
MS-DOS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Adobe, Acrobat, Exchange, and Reader are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc.
All other products may be trademarks of their respective companies.
The Software and accompanying written materials are provided with restricted rights.
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in
subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data And Computer Software clause at
DFARS 252.227-7013 or in subparagraphs (c) (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer
Software-Restricted Rights clause at 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19, as applicable. The
Contractor/Manufacturer is: Invensys Systems, Inc. (Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR) 26561
Rancho Parkway South, Suite 100, Lake Forest, CA 92630, USA.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Using PRO/II ........................................................................................1
Before Starting PRO/II .....................................................................................1
Starting PRO/II..................................................................................................2
PRO/II Main Window Components .................................................................3
Using the Menus ..............................................................................................6
Using the Floating Palettes.............................................................................9
Using the Toolbar ............................................................................................9
Using the PRO/II Main Window.....................................................................14
Table of Contents - I
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Property Calculations..................................................................................109
Defining Transport Properties....................................................................109
Specifying Water Decant Options ..............................................................111
Stream Data..................................................................................................116
Specifying Composition Defined Streams .................................................117
Specifying Stream Thermal Condition .......................................................118
Specifying Petroleum Assay Streams .......................................................118
Stream Thermal Conditions.......................................................................121
Specifying Recycle Streams.......................................................................121
Specifying Reference Streams..................................................................125
Refinery Inspection and User-defined Properties....................................129
Refinery Inspection Properties ..................................................................130
User-defined Special Properties................................................................130
Refinery Inspection Properties ..................................................................132
User-defined Special Properties................................................................132
Cyclone .........................................................................................................203
Depressuring Unit........................................................................................211
Dissolver.......................................................................................................217
Excel Unit......................................................................................................219
Data Transfer Sheet ..................................................................................222
Expander.......................................................................................................225
Flash..............................................................................................................227
Flash With Solids .........................................................................................231
Flowsheet Optimizer....................................................................................233
Heat Exchanger, LNG ..................................................................................239
Heat Exchanger, Rigorous..........................................................................241
Heat Exchanger Materials of Construction ...............................................246
Heat Exchanger, Simple ..............................................................................251
Heating/Cooling Curves ..............................................................................255
Mixer..............................................................................................................259
Multivariable Controller...............................................................................261
Phase Envelope ...........................................................................................265
PIPEPHASE Unit Operation ........................................................................267
Pipe ...............................................................................................................271
Line/Fitting Data ........................................................................................273
Line Sizing Data ........................................................................................274
Polymer Reactor ..........................................................................................277
Procedure Data ............................................................................................279
Procedure Code ........................................................................................280
Pump .............................................................................................................287
Reaction Data...............................................................................................289
Reactor..........................................................................................................293
Conversion and Equilibrium Reactors ......................................................295
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ..............................................................295
Plug Flow Reactor .......................................................................................295
Boiling Pot Reactor .....................................................................................299
Gibbs Reactor ..............................................................................................300
Table of Contents - V
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VARYs...........................................................................................................317
Specification.................................................................................................318
DEFINE..........................................................................................................319
User-added Unit Operations.......................................................................331
Customized UAS Data Entry Window .......................................................334
Modular User-Added Unit Operations .......................................................335
Modular User-Added Utilities .....................................................................336
Detailed Information .................................................................................336
Simsci Add-on
SIMSCI Modules
POLYMER ..............................................................................341
CSTR Unit Operation ................................................341
SIMSCI COMPONENT PROPERTY REPORTER Unit Operation ...........342
SIMSCI BLEND Unit Operation.................................................................342
SIMSCI RESET Unit Operation.................................................................343
SIMSCI Profimatics Reactor Unit Operations ...........................................344
Valve..............................................................................................................345
Wiped Film Evaporator................................................................................346
Index .......................................................................................................................i
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II
This chapter describes how to start and exit PRO/II. In addition, it reviews some
basic Windows features as they appear in PRO/II and briefly describes how to
use them.
Note: Some keyword input files that were created manually may include features
that are not supported by the PRO/II graphical user interface. PRO/II issues a
warning when this occurs. For flowsheet execution, all features will be preserved
if you choose either the Read Only or Run Batch mode. In all cases, if you
subsequently export the problem, all supported features will be lost. The
exported file will not include any of the unsupported features. Later import of the
exported file will reveal that the unsupported features are missing. It is always
prudent to make copies of your original files and to work only on copies of the
original files.
Starting PRO/II
To start PRO/II:
Double-click on the PRO/II icon or launch from the Start menu. The
PRO/II welcome window appears. This window contains information on
opening files and on the color codes used in the program.
Click OK to exit the window. The PRO/II main window will appear.
You can now open a new simulation file (select File/New), open an existing file
(select File/Open), or import a keyword file (select File/Import). See Chapter 3,
Managing PFD Files, for additional details.
Component Description
Control Menu Box Displays a menu with commands for sizing, moving
and closing the active window.
Title Bar Identifies the application and the name of the open
file; can be used to move the entire window.
Minimize Button Reduces the application window to an icon.
Component Description
The minimize and maximize buttons automatically adjust the size of a window.
PRO/II provides the standard visual cue (grayed out text and icons) for menu
items and toolbar buttons that are currently unavailable. In addition, PRO/II uses
colored borders
customize liberally
the color codingto indicate the current
by accessing status
the Set of window
Colors the simulation. You may
by selecting
Options/Colors… from the menu bar.
Color Significance
Color Significance
Figure 1-8: Draw Menu
Using the Floating Palettes
There are two floating palettes. The first contains the unit operations and streams
needed to construct a flowsheet. The second contains controls used to run the
simulation. These palettes may be displayed or hidden by selecting
View/Palettes from the menu bar.
Using the Data Entry Window Buttons
Each Data Entry Window button provides quick access to the main data entry
window for the selected section of input.
The VLE Tools buttons enable you to perform simulation functions, e.g., flash, a
stream highlighted on the PFD using the Flash Hot-key .
Tools/Flash
Stream Flashes thecalled
PFD. (Also stream highlighted
the on the
Flash Hot-key)
Tools/Binary VLE Generates plots and tables of K-values
and fugacity coefficients for binary pairs
of components.
What Is? Displays help for the object you point to.
Highlight an item in the “Selected Items” list box.
Use the Delete button to move it to the “Available Items” list box.
The PRO/II main window (PFD) is the main drawing board. You may place the
following objects on the PFD:
Use the PRO/II main window to see the contents of your simulation.
You can choose to view the entire flowsheet or only a portion of it. You control
the view using scroll bars, pan options, the zoom bar, or arrow keys.
Chapter 2
Simulation Basics
In the previous chapter, you learned some of the basic window features of
PRO/II. In this chapter, you will learn simulation basics; that is, how to set up
simulation problems, solve them, and analyze the results.
General Approach
This chapter provides a quick overview of the use of PRO/II for solving
engineering problems. A suggested basic approach is given as well as helpful
explanations of the information flow in PRO/II. Sample data entry windows are
given to illustrate data entry for PRO/II. Step-by-step examples are available in
the PRO/II Tutorial Guide. Online help is also available.
You have already learned that PRO/II gives you great flexibility and numerous
options when supplying simulation data. For many items of data, default values
are supplied. A color code informs you when data are required, supplied by
default, out of normal ranges, or missing.
Note: You must supply data for all red-bordered fields or red-linked text
(including data required) before running your simulation.
Problem data may be supplied in almost any order: PRO/II warns you when
required data are missing. However, it is still best to follow a logical path when
supplying simulation data. For example, some options such as stream
compositions are dependent upon the components selected. Some unit
operations, such as the flash drum, have features that are dependent on the
thermodynamic data. For some other unit operations, performance specifications
based on the components in the system are the preferred way to define the
operation.
The streams are the connectors for the process calculations, with information
passed from one unit operation to another via the process streams.
It is best to order the components in volatility order, starting with the lightest
component. This makes it easy to analyze the separations which occur in unit
operations such as distillation. While not a necessity, for hydrocarbon/water
systems, defining water as the first component is also a good idea. This makes it
easy to see the break between the aqueous and nonaqueous phases. User-
defined petroleum pseudocomponents and/or polymer components for which you
supply data should be entered next. Petroleum pseudocomponents generated by
PRO/II from petroleum stream assay data will appear last in the component lists
of the output reports.
For many problems, a system may be selected from the Most Commonly Used
thermodynamic methods. Guidelines for thermodynamic methods are provided in
the PRO/II online help, and in the PRO/II Reference Manual (both in online help
and in hardcopy forms). Further assistance is available through SIMSCI –
ESSCOR Technical Support. Selecting a proper thermodynamic method is a
critically important step in the solution of a simulation problem.
You must supply thermal conditions, flowrates, and compositions for all external
feed streams to the flowsheet. It is usually desirable, although not necessary, to
provide estimated data for recycle streams to speed convergence of recycle
calculations.
Double-click the icon for each unit operation to access the data entry windows.
The color codes tell you what data you must supply and what data have default
values. You may also use the online help to learn more about the calculation
options, data entry items, etc., for each unit operation.
A quick review is also a good idea at this point. Do the thermodynamic methods
support the unit operation calculations? Are transport properties required for any
of the unit operations?
PRO/II lets you know, by color code, when sufficient information has been
supplied to perform the calculations. When all of the borders on the toolbar
icons have changed from red (indicating missing data) to green or blue, you are
ready to run your simulation. At this point, you may click the Run (right arrow)
icon on thecalculations.
flowsheet toolbar or the Run button on the floating Run palette to begin the
Use the many convenient report and plotting features of PRO/II to analyze the
simulation results. At this point, your training as an engineer should take charge.
Are the results reasonable? How do the results compare with the plant data?
Can differences be reconciled? Are better data for the feedstocks needed? Are
the models adequate for the intended purposes?
Now that we have presented an overall plan for simulating a flowsheet, let’s look
at some of the individual steps in more detail.
Unit Operations
Use the floating PFD palette to begin building the flowsheet. The icons and
names for the unit operations appear as buttons on the PFD palette. To add a
unit operation to the flowsheet, click the unit icon on the PFD palette and click-
drop it at the desired location on the flowsheet.
Streams
Click the Streams button on the top of the floating PFD palette. The PFD is now
in stream mode and a small “S” is attached to the cursor. You will notice that all
possible exit ports for each unit operation are now marked. Required outlet ports
are colored in red; green is used to mark optional ports. PRO/II adds each
stream to the flowsheet in an orthogonal manner, following a rectangular grid
pattern.
As soon as a valid flowsheet has been built, i.e., all required inlet, outlet, and
connector streams have been added for all the process units, the red border
around the Streams button on the PFD palette changes to blue.
Required Data
Now that the flowsheet has been built, it’s time to supply the required data for the
calculations: the components and thermodynamic methods must be defined, inlet
feed streams and, optionally, recycle streams must be supplied, and the
Components
Library
directly components forwindow,
typed into this which the library
where access
they names aretoknown
are transferred may
the List be
of Selected
Components for the problem. A convenient search procedure is also provided
which may be used by clicking Select From Lists… . Petroleum (PETRO)
components are defined in the Petroleum Components window, which is reached
by clicking Petroleum…. Non-library components can be defined in the User-
defined window which is reached by clicking User-defined….
Thermodynamic Methods
included in the predefined method sets. If they are required for the problem, you
must add them to the predefined thermodynamic method set in this window.
Stream Information
The identifiers for feed streams requiring input data are marked with red borders
indicating that information is missing. Stream information is supplied in the
Stream Data main data entry window which is reached by double-clicking a
stream identifier. The predefined stream identifier may also be changed in this
window.
Three types of information must be supplied in this window: the thermal condition
of the stream, the flowrate for the stream, and the composition of the stream. For
petroleum assay streams, the assay data are provided instead of the composition
data, and PRO/II defines the stream composition for you in terms of petroleum
pseudocomponents.
Unit Operations
Unit operation identifiers for which data entries are needed are marked with red
borders. To enter information for a unit operation, double-click its icon to retrieve
the Unit data entry window. Various input options and numeric values are
supplied via this parent window and its child windows. Required information is
always bordered in red; data entry fields for items with supplied defaults are
always bordered in green. After you have supplied information in a data entry
field, the border color changes to blue. Information you have supplied which lies
outside the normal range for the field is marked with a yellow border.
You may also change the default unit identifier in this window and furnish a
longer, more descriptive name for the unit operation. Notice that when you return
to the flowsheet, the unit identifier on the PFD has a black instead of red border,
signifying that all data entry requirements are satisfied. If the border is still red,
you must return to the data entry window for that unit operation and supply the
missing data.
Miscellaneous Data
All data entries in this category are optional. PRO/II provides default entries. In
some cases, global values may be used to supply the defaults, as explained in
Chapter 4, Building a Flowsheet .
Definitions of recycle loops are automatic. To define your own loops, or to use
acceleration techniques,
enter the Problem Recycleclick the toolbar and
Convergence icon Acceleration
with theOptions
flowsheet loop icon
window or to
select the Input/Recycle Convergence from the menu bar.
All flowsheet results may be scaled so that a desired flow is obtained for a
product stream. To use the scaling feature, select the Output/Report
Format/Miscellaneous Dat a. Click Product StreamScaling… on the
Miscellaneous Report Options window to access the Scale Stream Flowrate
window.
Default Data
To simplify data input, PRO/II supplies default options and values wherever
practical. Default values supplied by PRO/II are printed in black in a data entry
field with a green border, or in the case of linked text, in green. For example, the
default number of iterations for a column unit operation using the IO method is
supplied as 15. Entries which you must always supply are indicated with a color
linked-text strings, the color of the linked text is also changed to blue, indicating
that you have replaced the default value.
Optional Data
Optional data, which are displayed in black, are data or options not specifically
necessary for the unit operations to proceed. For example, the Description entry
is optional for all unit operations. A reboiler is optional for the Column unit
operation, since the calculation requirements may also be satisfied by a vapor
feed to the bottom tray of the column.
Data options which do not apply to a particular combination of input data appear
in the color gray, and are not available for data entry. For example, when the
kettle reboiler option is selected for a column reboiler, the data entry fields for a
thermosiphon reboiler are colored gray.
Chapter 3
Managing PFD Files
This chapter describes how to open, save, close, delete and copy simulation
files. In addition, this chapter outlines how to import a PRO/II keyword input file or
export a flowsheet.
When you start PRO/II, the program does not automatically bring up a new,
untitled simulation.
Note: If you want PRO/II always to open with a new simulation, select
Options/New File on Startup from the menu bar.
To open a new simulation:
Choose File/New. . . from the menu bar. PRO/II clears the main window
for a new simulation and opens the initial viewport window, View 1.
Opening an Existing Simulation
You can open any previously saved simulation for modification, viewing or
printing. PRO/II opens the flowsheet file and its supporting PRO/II database files.
Choose File/Open... from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Open
Simulation window.
Note: PRO/II 7.x provides a file converter for import of PRO/II 4.x files with the
exception of Add-On Module files.
Choose File/Save from the menu bar. If you have not previously saved
this simulation, PRO/II displays the Save As window.
You can save a simulation to another name. Changes you made to the
simulation since the last save are saved as part of the simulation, under its new
name.
Note: If you’ve made changes to a simulation and don’t want to alter the original
simulation, but do want to keep the changes, use Save As.
Closing a Simulation
You should save a simulation before closing it, although PRO/II will prompt you
to save changes for an existing simulation.
To close a simulation:
If you close a simulation without first saving the simulation files, you lose any
changes you made to the simulation since the last save.
Deleting a Simulation
You can delete any simulation except the current (active) simulation at any time.
Choose File/Delete... from the menu bar. PRO/II displays a list of existing
PRO/II simulation files.
Type or select the name of the file you want to delete. (You may not
delete the current simulation.)
Click Open or press <Enter>. PRO/II deletes all files associated with this
simulation.
Copying a Simulation
You can copy all files associated with a simulation (one flowsheet and three
database files) to a target simulation you name. You can copy to new or existing
file. If you copy to an existing file, PRO/II verifies if you want to overwrite the
existing file.
Choose File/Copy... from the menu bar. This opens the dialog illustrated
in Figure 3-5.
Note: In the previous versions, PFD layout was retained within the *.prz file. In
the current version, *.sfd file will be generated, when a simulation (PFD) is saved
and exported. After the generation of *.sfd file, users can restore the PFD layout
using *.inp file.
Type or select the name of the keyword file that you want to import.
Click Open or press <Enter>.
PRO/II converts the selected keyword input file into a flowsheet and displays it in
the PFD main window automatically.
Keyword Features without PRO/II GUI support
The RESTART feature is not supported by the graphical user interface in this
version of PRO/II. You will not be allowed to import keyword files that contain this
feature.
If a RESTART keyword is detected upon import, you will be reminded that only
the “Run Batch” feature of PRO/II may be used with these keyword input files.
See Chapter 10, Running and Viewing a Flowshee t, for information on running
keyword files in “Batch” mode.
Certain keyword features are not fully supported by the graphical user interface
of PRO/II. However, if one of these unsupported features is detected, you will be
allowed to import the keyword file, however the GUI interface will operate in the
“Run-Only” mode. Such unsupported keywords include:
BVLE Data
Stream Report Writer
Hydrate Unit Operation
HEXTRAN Property Data Generator.
If you attempt to import a keyword input file that contains PRO/II program
features not supported by the graphical user interface, the unsupported features
will be automatically listed in a status window. You have the option to save or
delete the unsupported features. If you choose to save the unsupported features,
PRO/II will run the file in Run-Only Mode.
In “Run-Only” mode, you cannot:
• View simulation data with the data entry windows. This includes
Component and Thermodynamic data. Double-clicking on a unit
operation or stream will cause a short warning message to be displayed.
• Perform any input mode functions, including changing the calculation
sequence. All buttons and menu options that access simulation data will
be disabled.
• Perform any of the following functions: adding/deleting units,
adding/deleting streams, and reconnecting streams.
• Export the PRO/II keyword input file.
Removing all unsupported features in the dialog boxes allows PRO/II to start
normally. However,
PRO/II operating leaving even
in “Run-Only” one unsupported
mode. The Title barfeature present
of the main PFDresults
windowin
reveals this condition, as illustrated in Figure 3-9.
Once the flowsheet solves, you may double-click a unit or stream to view the
results.
Note: In the current version, a *.sfd file is generated when the simulation
(PFD) is saved and exported. After generation of the *.sfd file, users can
restore the PFD layout using the (exported) *.inp file.
PRO/II
input fileconverts
in ASCIIthe current
format. Thesimulation
name of flowsheet data
the keyword fileinto
willabe
PRO/II keyword
YYY.INP, where
YYY.PR1 is the name of the simulation flowsheet PRO/II database file.
This selection opens a special Save As dialog window that allows exporting the
input data of the simulation to an ".inp" keyword input file.
Navigate to the destination drive and directory of choice using the Save
In: field.
Enter the name of the output file in the File Name: field.
Press the Save button to complete the operation.
The exported keyword file then may be imported into any compatible version of
the PRO/II program to rerun the simulation, even on another computer. Keyword
files also are a very compact way to archive the data. Note that the keyword file
contains all the appropriate data sections (General, Thermodynamics, etc.).
In v6.0 and later, the "Simulation Data to Keyword File" option is expanded to
include check boxes to control exporting stream and column solution data to the
keyword file.
If output data exists, even if the solution is unconverged, the two "Include" check
boxes are enabled (See figure 3-10). If the Run command was never executed,
or not executed since the last time "Restore Input Data" was performed, these
checkboxes are disabled.
When the user selects either or both of the "Include" check boxes (Figure 3-10),
upon "OK" the first thing PRO/II does is test for convergence. If the solution is in
an unconverged state, PRO/II displays a message box to warn the user that the
data being written to the keyword file is unconverged.
Clicking "Yes" continues to the file name selection common dialog. "No" returns
the user to the Export window.
Note: Beginning with PRO/II version 5.5, exported flowsheets write all unit
operations in the flowsheet to the keyword file. Previously, for keyword input files
that include a User-Defined Sequence List, only unit operations listed in the
Sequence List were exported.
You can export part or all of the flowsheet drawing to the Clipboard. You can
then paste this drawing into other Windows applications.
You can export the information in a stream property table or a unit operation
property table to an ASCII file. The file subsequently may be imported into
spreadsheet and word processing applications.
PRO/II then generates the ASCII file. To import this file into your spreadsheet or
word processing program, follow the instructions included with that application.
Choose File/Export from the menu bar. PRO/II displays the Export
window (Figure 3-10).
Choose one of the following options
Flowsheet to AutoCAD .DXF
Flowsheet to AutoCAD DesignXML
Flowsheet to Post-Script
Click OK . The Save As window appears.
Enter a name for the .DXF or .EPS file.
Click Save to export the data to the file.
Note: Microsoft Excel must be installed on your system to use these tools.
Additionally, sinceIfthese
enabled in Excel. Exceltools use a
displays macros to dialog,
security export the data,“Enable
choose macrosmacros”.
must be
PRO/II comes pre-installed with some default spreadsheet tools. They can be
used to create tables of stream properties, component flowrates, or distillation
reports. They also can generate property tables and other reports for a limited
number of supported unit operations.
You can copy the information in a stream or unit operation property table to the
clipboard. This table can then be pasted into any other Windows application.
Note: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+X can be used a shortcut to COPY, PASTE and CUT
respectively.
Chapter 4
Building a Flowsheet
This chapter describes how to construct a flowsheet. It begins by describing the
various defaults that may apply to your simulation on a global, simulation, or unit
level. This chapter also includes instructions for placing unit operations,
connecting units, and drawing objects that enhance the presentation of your
flowsheet without affecting calculations.
On a simulation level, you can set problem-specific input and output units of
measure defaults. Simulation level settings override global defaults. In addition,
you can change units of measure settings for a specific unit. This setting
overrides both simulation and global defaults.
Nam e, Dat e,Description
the Problem Sit e) appears on appears
itself each page
on of
thea first
results printout
page. as a heading
All simulations use and
the
global problem descriptive information unless you override the defaults for a
particular simulation.
Figure 4-1: Global Default for Problem Descriptive Information
You can enter up to ten problem description lines (80 characters each), that will
appear on the first page of a results printout.
By default, PRO/II uses the English units of measure set for all input data and for
output reports. These defaults apply to all new simulations. You can override the
default set for either input data or output reports (or both) for all new simulations.
PRO/II maintains a library of units of measure sets that you can select from and
add to.
Select the desired default units of measure set for entering simulation
data. The default choice is ENGLISH-SET1, i.e., the data input will be in
English units.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the first
output report. The default choice is Same as Input, i.e., the first output
report will be printed in the default English units.
If any choice other than the default is selected, the second output report will no
longer be available, and the list-box for selecting the alternate units of measure
set for the second output report will be disabled.
Select the desired default units of measure set for generating the second output
report. The default choice is None, i.e., no second output report in alternate units
will be generated.
PRO/II sets English units as the default for units of measure. You can override
this default, setting the global units of measure for all new simulations. In
addition, you can override the default units of measure for a particular simulation
problem.
Figure 4-3: Default Units of Measure for Problem Data Input Window
Select different dimensional units for data input for each individual
category or choose Initialize from UOM Library... to automatically fill in
the defaults from another set.
Click Standard Vapor Conditions... to enter the Problem Standard Vapor
Condition window. The default temperature and pressure basis are
shown in the data entry fields and may be replaced or the standard vapor
volume per mole may be replaced, not both. PRO/II default values are:
Click TVP and RVP Conditions... to select the Problem TVP and RVP
Conditions window. The temperature for true vapor pressure
specifications may be replaced in this window. The PRO/II default for
TVP calculations
pressure is 10
°F. The
may be selected in a calculation
drop-downmethod
list box for Reidwindow.
on this vapor
Choices are:
API Naphtha (the default)
API Crude
ASTM D323-73
ASTM D323-82
ASTM D4593-91
ASTM D5191-91
ASTM D323-94
Click OK .
A library of dimensional unit sets which may be used for data entry or report
writing is maintained with this feature. To add a new set to the library or to edit an
existing set:
The Units of Measure Library window appears and may be used to create, copy,
edit, rename, and delete dimensional unit sets. The Units of Measure Set Name
and Description list box contains the names of the dimensional unit sets currently
in the library. The program provides three initial dimensional unit sets: English
(the default), Metric, and SI.
Click Create... on the Units of Measure Library window to get the Create
Units of Measure Set window.
Figure 4-4: Units of Measure Library
Supply a name for the new set in the data entry field provided, and select
the basis for the set with the appropriate radio button: English, Metric, or
SI.
The units for the standard dimensional unit sets in PRO/II are assigned to the
new set and the edit feature may be used to customize the set.
Note: An alternate way to create a new set is to highlight an existing set in the
Units of Measure Set Name and Description list box and click Copy on the Units
of Measure Library window. The name for the new set is then entered in the
Copy Units of Measure Set window. The Edit feature may be used to customize
the set.
Select the set in the Units of Measure Set Name and Description list box.
Click the Delete, Rename, or Edit button on the Units of Measure Library
window.
A dimensional unit set for output reports may be edited in two places in PRO/II:
1. Library sets are edited with the Edit... feature in the Units of Measure Library
window.
2. The set being used for the current problem is edited in the Default Units of
Measure of the Problem Output Report which is accessible from the PFD main
window by:
Selecting the Output menu on the menu bar.
Selecting the Report Format from the Output menu.
Selecting Units of Measure from the Report Format menu.Editing of the
dimensional items is identical for these two windows.
The dimensional unit set for the output report is initialized from the global set, as
previously explained. However, a different set may be chosen from the units of
measure library while in the Default Units of Measure for Problem Output Report
window. To use a different dimensional unit set:
Click nitialize from UOM Library... The Initialize Units of Measure from
UOM Library window appears.
Select the desired set from the drop-down list box.
Click OK to continue. This set now becomes the output report set. The
newly selected output report set may be edited in this window as desired.
The edited set is saved with the problem.
The Print Option for output reports may also be selected using the Output
Report(s) to be Printed drop-down list box where options are:
One Output Report in Input Units (the default): When this option is selected,
an output report based on the units of measure used for the problem data input
will be generated. The currently specified input units of measure will be displayed
for informational purposes, but they cannot be changed. With this option, the
output units of measure can only be changed by selecting the Units of Measure
option from the Input menu.
One Output Report in Output Units: When this option is selected, an output
report based on the output units of measure specified will be generated. The
currently specified output units of measure will be displayed, and they can be
changed if desired.
For the second and third cases discussed above, the displayed output units of
measure set can be copied from the specified input units, or initialized from one
of the units of measure sets stored in the units of measure library.
To copy the input units of measure set to be used for the output report, or
to reset the explicitly specified output units to the previously specified
input units:
Click Copy from Input UOM on the Default Units of Measure for Problem
Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
To initialize the output units of measure set from a units of measure set
stored in the units of measure library:
Click Initialize from UOM Library... on the Default Units of Measure for
Problem Output Report window.
Click OK to continue.
Note: This global default will not become effective until the next time File/New is
selected.
PRO/II allows you to change the appearance of your workplace through the
General Drawing Defaults window. You can set the snap and move tolerances,
zoom and pan increments, the PFD palette icon, icon fill, unit snapping, and
delete confirmation. The defaults, shown below in Figure 4-7, are appropriate for
most scenarios and you may never need to make changes in this window.
Use this option to identify the acceptable margins of error and criteria for
satisfying certain numerical methods. Some flowsheet tolerances, such as the
tolerance for flash calculations, are internal and are not user-definable. The
default flowsheet tolerances are satisfactory for most problems.
To set the tolerance for this flowsheet:
The PFD palette shows icons for each unit operation that you can select to place
on the flowsheet. The PFD palette appears automatically when you open a new
or existing file, or when you import a keyword file.
Click Palette on/off , or select the View menu on the main PRO/II
window. Check the Palettes/PFD option on or off.
Choose the icon from the PFD palette (see Chapter 9 for unit
descriptions).
Position thebutton.
cursor where you want the unit icon to appear and click the
left mouse
Snapping
When connecting two units with a stream PRO/II will adjust or “snap” the unit
icon positions to straighten the connecting stream. By default, units you add to or
move in the PFD main window snap to an invisible grid. You can turn grid
snapping off.
Select Unit Snapping. The disappears from the Unit Snapping check
box.
Placing Multiple Unit Icons
Deleting a Unit
Relabeling a Unit
PRO/II automatically labels each unit icon you place on the PFD main window.
You can change the label for a unit by modifying the label on its data entry
window. By default, the label consists of a character and a one-digit auto
incrementing number.
Double-click on the unit you want to rename. The data entry window for
that unit appears.
Figure 4-10: Unit Data Entry Window
Drawing Streams
Streams mode is used to lay out the connections between units and feed and
product streams. The product ports for each unit automatically appear when you
depress the Streams button. Required product ports are red, while optional
product ports are green. For some unit operations, an entire side of the unit will
be red or green denoting multiple connections to that port.
Figure 4-11: Streams Button Down
The cursor changes to an arrow with a small S to indicate Streams mode. PRO/II
displays the product ports for each unit in the layout. To display feed ports,
depress the left mouse button while the Streams button is depressed.
Drawing a Connection
To connect units:
Click the left mouse button on a port to anchor or start a stream. The
ports and port colors for some unit operations change depending on the
port you selected.
Click the mouse again at the other unit you want to connect. PRO/II
draws an orthogonal line to connect the ports.
Canceling a Connection
Changing a Connection
To change a connection:
Click the end (port) of the stream and hold down the mouse button.
Drag the end of the stream to a new port.
Release the mouse button.
In order to complete a stream connection, the ending unit for the stream segment
must be visible in the PFD main window. You may open another viewport window
of the same simulation and move to the end port you wish to view. Alternately,
you can also use the scroll bars, the Pan View window, Search for Unit, or
Search for Stream tool to display the end port.
Labeling a Stream
PRO/II automatically labels each stream you place on the PFD main window. By
default, the label consists of an S followed by an auto incrementing number. You
can change the label for a stream by changing the label on its data entry window.
To relabel a stream:
Double-click
appears. on the stream you want to relabel. The Stream Data window
Type over the default name for Stream.
Choose OK .
This stream will now show the new label; other streams retain the original
labeling scheme.
Moving Streams
You can change the route of the stream between two connections whenever you
wish.
To move a stream:
Rerouting Streams
As you add new connections, PRO/II automatically performs a stream route
calculation. When you move a stream or a unit operation icon, this calculation
may no longer be valid. You can recalculate an unobstructed, orthogonal path for
selected streams.
To reroute a stream:
PRO/II calculates the best route for these streams and automatically reroutes
them.
PRO/II builds two lists that identify the units and streams you have placed on the
flowsheet. The Unit List identifies each unit by name. The Stream List identifies
each stream by name.
Click Go to Unit or select View/Unit List. The Search for Unit dialog
box appears, showing the names of all units currently placed on the
flowsheet diagram.
Select the unit you want to go to. The unit appears at the center of the
PRO/II main window.
Note: These search tools are only available on the toolbar if the Standard
Toolbar is active.
PRO/II
processprovides a variety
flow diagram. Eachof layout templates
template that change
uses a different the look
algorithm forof your
calculating
the position of unit operations and stream connections. You do not have to
reexecute a simulation in order to change its layout.
Choose Lay Out Flowsheet from the View menu. A cascading menu
appears to the right of the View menu.
Choose one of the following layouts:
Single Line
Multi-line Type 1
Multi-line Type 2
Single line format lays units in a single line from left to right.
Figure 4-14: Single Line
Entering Text
You use the text option to include notes on your drawing. Once you choose text
mode, you remain in text mode as long as you continue to choose the OK or
Cancel button on the Draw Text window; choosing Cancel exits text mode.
To place text:
Drawing Lines
You use the line option to add connected lines to the diagram without interfering
with simulation data. PRO/II provides an orthogonal polyline feature.
To draw a line:
Choose Line from the Draw menu.
Click and hold the mouse button on the PFD main window to anchor the
line.
Press <Space> to set each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
Release the mouse button to complete your line.
Drawing Shapes
You can draw shapes to enclose figures on a diagram without interfering with
simulation data.
To draw a polygon:
Choose
Click and hold downorthe mouse
Rectangle Ellipse from the Draw menu.
button on the PFD main window.
Press <Ctrl> then drag and release the mouse button to complete your
square.
Drawing Pages
You can divide your PFD into “pages” and define separate page setup options for
each page. Pages can be individually printed or copied to the clipboard (see
Chapter 3, Managing PFD Files).
To add a page:
The page name is automatically given as PG followed by an auto incrementing
three-digit number.
Double-click anywhere along the page border. This brings up the Page
Setup window.
Select your page setup options.
Click OK to continue.
After you have set up a page, you can resize it or make this page one cell in a
grid of pages.
The grid can be resized and moved on the PFD in the same manner as a single
page.
Chapter 5
Manipulating Objects
This chapter describes how to select unit icons, streams, and other objects on
the PFD main window and how to move, resize, rotate, or flip them. In addition,
this chapter describes how to edit and align text.
Handles appear for the set of objects. For example, although five objects appear
to be selected as part of this set (Figure 5-1), when you move the selection, the
fourth and fifth objects (the valve and the compressor) do not move with the set
(Figure 5-2).
Click on an unoccupied area of the PFD adjacent to one of the items you
want to select and begin dragging the cursor by moving your mouse.
Drag the cursor until all desired objects are inside the selection rectangle
outline.
Release the mouse button to end the selection.
Handles appear for the selected group of objects.
You can select all objects on the flowsheet with one command. Once selected,
you can then move or delete the entire selection.
Deselecting Objects
If you change your mind after selecting objects, you can reverse any selection.
Resizing an Object
You can change the height, width, or overall size of any object or a group of
objects on your flowsheet.
When changing
distance the
between width
the of aand
objects group of objects,
maintain you change
the relative the absolute
distance.
Click and drag the cursor until the object is the desired size.
Release the mouse button.
Figure 5-3: Resize Column
Note: Condensers and reboilers shown on distillation or side columns are fixed in
size. They do not resize when you change the size of the column.
If you don’t like how your resized icon looks (relative to other icons and objects
on your flowsheet) you can quickly return the icon to its default size.
Choose Restore Icon Size from the Edit menu. You can also click the
right mouse button on a selected icon, and then choose Restore Icon
Size from the Icon pop-up menu.
Move Tolerance controls the incremental distance for any object you move. The
default is 5 pixels.
You can rotate a selected object(s) on its axis by 90, 180 or 270 degrees.
Choose Rotate from the Edit menu. The Rotate degrees cascade menu
appears to the right of the Edit menu.
Choose 90, 18 0, or 27 0.
Rotating an Icon
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose Rotate from
the Pop-up Unit menu to display the rotation degrees.
Select an object(s).
Choose Flip from the Edit menu. The Flip options menu appears to the
right of the Edit menu.
Choose Horizontal or Vertical.
Flipping an Icon
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, then choose Flip from
the Pop-up Unit menu to display the flip options.
Editing Text
You can change the text, size and or rotation of any text object you placed on the
PFD main window.
To edit text:
Double-click on the text object you want to change. The Draw Text
window appears.
Edit as desired and choose OK .
Aligning Text
You can align text in two or more text boxes to the left, right or center of the box
they are drawn in.
To align text:
Select the text you want to align (you must select at least two) by clicking
on the first text box, then click on the other box(es) while holding down
the <Shift> key.
Choose Align Text from the Edit menu. The align menu pop-up appears
to the right of the Edit menu.
Choose Lef t, Center or Right.
Chapter 6
Viewing Flowsheet Contents
PRO/II offers a variety of tools that aid you in viewing your flowsheet contents:
Horizontal and vertical scroll bars allow you to change the visible portion
of the process flow diagram in the PFD main window.
You may open additional viewport windows of your current flowsheet to
display different views of your simulation.
The Pan View window is a special feature of PRO/II that enables you to
see a thumbnail of the entire flowsheet and use a bounding box in the
thumbnail to move the visible area.
This chapter describes how to use the PRO/II scroll, pan, and multiple viewport
features to display portions of your flowsheet diagram in the PFD.
You can change the actual value for the scroll increments by altering the Pan
Increment value on the General Drawing Defaults window.
Zooming
You can access the PRO/II zoom features from the View menu, using the zoom
buttons on the toolbar, or using the keyboard.
You can specify the exact area of the flowsheet that you want to zoom in on.
Click on the
Click and drag thetoolbar
mouseortochoose Zoomthe
encompass Area from the
desired areaView menu.
within the
selection rectangle outline.
Release to complete the zoom area operation. The selected area fills the
PFD.
You can change the increment PRO/II uses to zoom in or zoom out within the
General Drawing Defaults window. The default small zoom increment is 5 pixels
and the default large zoom increment is 20 pixels.
Figure 6-1: Multiple Viewports
Panning
You can pan the contents of the PRO/II main window using the Pan window or
the Small Pan or Large Pan options on the View menu.
The Pan View window is a thumbprint of the entire flowsheet. A bounding box
identifies the area of the flowsheet currently visible in the PFD main window. You
move the bounding box or change its size to change how much or what portion of
the flowsheet you see in the PFD.
From the View menu, you can pan in large or small increments: up, down, left, or
right. Youwindow.
Defaults can change the settings for the pan increment in the General Drawing
Click on the toolbar or choose Pan View from the Window menu.
Use the bounding box to change the visible portion of the flowsheet in the PFD
window by moving, enlarging or reducing the bounding box in the Pan View
window. The flowsheet in the PFD view changes to match the area
encompassed by the bounding box.
Note: For a large flowsheet, use the Pan View window to quickly switch from one
area of the flowsheet to another.
Click and drag the bounding box border handle to enlarge or reduce the
bounding box. The area enclosed fills the PFD.
You can pan the image in the PFD up, down, left, or right using the panning
options on the Zoom menu.
Choose Large Pan or Small Pan from the View menu. The pop-up menu
appears.
Choose Left, Right,Up, or Down.
You can change the increment PRO/II uses to pan. The default small pan
increment is 5 pixels and the default large pan increment is 20 pixels.
Chapter 7
Data Entry Windows
PRO/II offers a wide variety of data entry windows for entering the data
associated with your PRO/II simulation. There are a number of libraries from
which you can extract sets of data. This chapter provides an introduction to these
data entry windows.
A summary of the Data Entry Window buttons available on the PRO/II toolbar is
provided below.
Selecting Components
Use this option to select the components and pseudocomponents that you want
to include in this simulation.
Select a component from the available lists or type the name of the
component. Each component you select appears in the List of Selected
Components box on the right side of the window.
PRO/II always supplies the Primary TBP Cutpoint set. You can modify the
primary set or define a new cutpoint set or set characterization options.
Click on the toolbar or choose Case Study Data on the Input menu.
Check the Define Case Study box.
Note: This window is not available if you select the SIMSCI method for
Calculation Sequencing, since the loops are determined automatically by this
method.
Most main data entry windows provide Help, Overview, and Status buttons that
enable you to access different levels of help text. In addition, some main data
entry windows (and some subordinate windows) provide UOM, Define and
Range buttons. Grayed buttons indicate that the feature is currently unavailable.
Button Description
Displays the main help window for the data entry window.
Displays the valid range of values for the active data entry
field.
Grids are used to supply data in tabular form. There may be several rows of
related data entries. X-Y Grids are a special type of grid that are used to supply
data for relational curves. The two-grid columns contain an independent variable
(x) and one related dependent variable (y).
The starting and ending tray numbers are integer edit field s, the calculation type
is a drop-down list box, and the entry of tray data is a click button, which brings
up the Column Tray Sizing window or Column Tray Rating window, depending on
the calculation type that was selected.
Observe that four rows are provided in the initial grid corresponding to five
sections in the column. This may be expanded by clicking a row number button
and then clicking the Insert button. A row will be added below the selected row.
When the number of rows exceeds five, a scroll bar appears at the right side of
the grid to provide access to the rows not displayed. To deselect a row, click the
number button of the previously selected row, or select a different row. To clear
data entries from a row, click the row number button and then click Reset . To
remove a row, click the row number button and the Cut button.
Notice that two columns are used for the pressure curve. The first column is the
volumetric feed rate and the second column is the corresponding outlet pressure
from the compressor. Four individual entries or cells corresponding to two rows in
the table are marked with a red border as mandatory input. Optionally, more
pairs of information may be provided. The initial grid displays four pairs of cells.
Note that each row in the grid has a numbered click button which may be used to
select the row.
The initial table may be expanded with the Insert button on the toolbar as
described in the previous example. When the number of rows in the X-Y grid
exceeds four, a scroll bar appears to provide access to rows not displayed.
A row may be deleted from the grid by clicking its number button and then
clicking Cut . To copy a row, first click its number button and then click Copy . The
row is copied into the clipboard. Next, click the row number button for the row
which will be just below the copied row. Complete the copy by clicking Paste to
insert a copy of the row from the clipboard.
Linked text
Figure 7-12: Feedback Controller Main Data Entry Window - Initial Display
Linked text is used on this window to define the Specification and Variabl e. Note
that the Parameter and value link texts are red, denoting that you must click
these strings and provide data entries. The text string the default tolerance is
green, denoting a default value.
When the value text string is clicked, a floating point entry field for the
specification value is displayed with a red border signifying mandatory input. The
value you supply is now displayed in blue numbers instead of the value text
string.
Clicking the Parameter text string retrieves the Parameter window in which the
unit or stream and its parameter are defined. The unit or stream identifier and the
parameter for the specification are now displayed in blue, replacing the
Parameter text string.
Chapter 8
Specifying Component,
Thermodynamic and Stream
Data
This chapter describes several types of optional component, thermodynamic and
stream information which may be supplied for PRO/II. In many cases, the default
values are satisfactory and it may not be necessary for you to visit these
sections.
Component Data
General Information
The SIMSCI databanks, SIMSCI and PROCESS, contain more than 1700
components and are adequate for nearly all simulation models. The AIChE
DIPPR databank is also available as an add-on to PRO/II. User databanks of
thermophysical data can be created, using SIMSCI LIBMGR and DATAPREP
programs, and maintained through PRO/II graphical user interface. SIMSCI
REGRESS is also fully supported in PRO/II, allowing you to carry out regression
of experimental thermo-physical data to model equations.
You may select library components, from both SIMSCI and user-supplied
databanks, through the Component Selection main data entry window. To open
this window from the PRO/II main window:
Selectio
Click n. on
Thethe toolbar, orSelection
Component select thewindow
menu bar item Input/Component
appears.
If you know the library access name for a component, you may enter it directly
into the data entry field. Click Add-> or press <Enter > to retrieve the component
from the component databank and add it to the List of Selected Component s. If
the component cannot be located by the name you have entered, a warning will
recommend that you use the Select from Lists… feature to locate the component
in the SIMSCI and PROCESS databanks:
Click Select from Lists… on the Component Selection main data entry
window
Select ato open the Component
Component Family fromSelection -List/ Search
the like-named window.
drop-down list box. A
large number of component families are provided to speed the search. A
brief description is given below:
For all families listed above, except for Hydrocarbon Lightends, you may define
specific search criteria by selecting radio buttons and entering a search string.
Use part or all of the component name, alias, or chemical formula as the search
string. As components are located, transfer them to the Additions to Component
List box. When you have located all the components, click OK to return to the
Component Selection main window and to transfer the components to the List of
Selected Component s.
The priority order for databanks may be defined by pushing the Databank
Component button
Hierarchy on the
Selection Component
– Databank Selection
Search main
Order window to access the
window.
This window initially displays the default search order and may be modified to
search the databanks in any order. Components are always selected from the
first databank in the search order in which they appear.
Note: The newly added libraries and databank names in TDM can be recognized
in this dialog box by Library Name:Databank Name.
You must supply at least two of the three correlating properties, normal boiling
point, standard liquid densit y, and molecular weight for each component. Names
may be optionally provided or will be supplied by PRO/II as NBP XXX where XXX
All necessary physical and thermodynamic properties are computed from the
three correlating properties. Molecular weight is the most difficult property to
predict accurately from generalized correlations and should be supplied when
possible, for the most accurate characterization for a PETRO component.
Note: It is not possible to enter data for assay pseudocomponents (which are
based on stream assay information) with this window. All properties for
components derived from assay data are automatically defined by PRO/II. The
components are also added to the component list by PRO/II.
You can enter inputs for solid characteristics directly into PRO/II. You may
specify stream properties, the particle size distribution, and the particle
properties. PRO/II also allows you to input experimental solids solubility data.
If the flowsheet will include unit operations that require particle size distributions
(e.g., Cyclone, Dissolver, Crystallizer), Input/Component Property Data from the
menu bar. In the like-named window, click Particle Size Distribution… to open the
Particle Size Distribution for Solids window. Enter PSD cutpoints for all relevant
solid components. Particle size grades are bounded by the cutpoints that are
entered here. Grades will not be created on the open ends of the first and last
cutpoints (i.e., if the cutpoints are 10 and 20 microns, there will be one grade of
10 to 20 microns, not three grades of less than 10, 10 to 20, and greater than 20
microns).
To change the units of measure for the particle size distribution, click in any of
the Distribution Ranges entry fields to enable the UOM button in the toolbar at
the top of the window.
To delete a component:
You can modify properties for any component entered through the Component
Selection main data entry window via the Component Property window. To reach
this window:
Select Input/Component Properties... from the menu bar or click on
the main toolbar.
The Component Properties window is the master navigation point for changing all
component properties.
Starting from this window, use the appropriate button to modify other properties:
For PRO/II library components, the values in the database will appear in the
various property windows. In cases where there is no library value to serve as
the default, the default displayed will be the text “Missing.” You may reassign
values for any of these properties.
If you choose the Correlation Coefficients option, you may display the form of the
equation by selecting the appropriate Correlation Number in the like-named drop-
down list.
Note: The full range of equations can be found in the online PRO/II Reference
Manual accessible via the Help system. If you choose an equation that is not
standard, a message to that effect appears, and the border of the drop-down list
box will be yellow.
If you choose the Tabular Data option, the Component Properties –Tabular Data
window appears.
Enter temperature and property data. You must enter at least one data
pair.
PRO/II will pick up the data from both TDM-defined libraries and edlib.lb.
PRO/II users can launch TDM GUI in different modes to define new
library/Databank.
PRO/II users will now use DATAPREP and REGRESS functionality
within TDM, which is already a part of TDM program.
Apart from the above, working with TDM will provide the following advantages to
PRO/II users.
In the keyword input file, the newly added libraries and databank names in TDM
can be recognized by Library Name:Databank Name.
Note: Use Thermo Data Manager User guide for detailed explanation on its
functionalities.
Method 3: Specifying Fill From Structure
The Fill from Structure button opens the Components Properties – Fill from
Structure window. The Available Components list on the left side contains library
and user-defined components from the current problem. You may add or remove
components to be filled from structure to the like-named list on the right. Click ΟΚ
to have the properties of the selected components filled from structure.
To complete the Fill from Structure procedure, click UNIFAC Structures… on the
Component Properties window to display the like-named window. A UNIFAC
Structure entry is mandatory for all components for which Fill from Structure has
been requested. Click UNIFAC Structures… adjacent to the component of
interest to open the Define UNIFAC Structure window where you may choose
from families of components or from the UNIFAC group number directly.
Assay Data
General Information
For many petroleum-based streams, the composition is not fully known in terms
of defined components. These stocks must be characterized by
pseudocomponents for which the necessary physical and thermodynamic
properties have been estimated. PRO/II has extensive procedures for the
translation of petroleum stream laboratory assay data into pseudo components.
Estimated values for the standard liquid gravity and molecular weight for each
pseudocomponent are also needed for the characterization process. The
standard liquid gravity for each pseudocomponent is derived from the gravity
curve for the stream, in similar fashion to the normal boiling point. The gravity
curve for the stream is often not available, and it must be estimated, based on
the average stream gravity and the distillation curve. The molecular weight curve
is seldom available, and the molecular weight for each pseudocomponent is
usually predicted from its normal boiling point and standard liquid gravity. All
other required physical and thermodynamic properties may be estimated from
the normal boiling point, standard liquid gravity, and molecular weight.
The use of assay data in PRO/II is divided into two logical steps. The first step
involves the definition of the cutpoint ranges and selection of the characterization
options used in development of the pseudo components.Characterization options
include distillation curve fitting and conversion methods, gravity curve generation
procedure, methods for prediction of molecular weight, and methods for
estimation of critical properties and ideal gas enthalpies. If the default cutpoint
ranges and methods furnished by PRO/II are acceptable, this step may be
omitted.
The properties for all pseudocomponents derived from the same cutpoint set are
averaged, based on the stream flows, to develop a common set of blend
components. This technique provides reasonable results when the streams have
similar chemical natures. For example, all of the assay specifying streams are
products from the crude distillation unit. However, when assay streams are
dissimilar chemically, such as virgin materials and cracked materials, there may
be serious errors in the characterizations for the streams when a single set of
blend components is used.
For this reason, you are allowed to define additional cutpoint sets. For example,
an additional cutpoint set may be defined to represent the products from an FCC
reactor. Note that it is not necessary or desirable to define a separate cutpoint
set for each assay stream. Similar streams may be grouped by using the same
cutpoint set without
of components in thea simulation,
serious losskeeping
of accuracy. This also
calculation minimizes
times smaller. the number
The second step is supplying the petroleum stream laboratory assay data to
PRO/II. This step is accomplished in the setup of initial feed streams and is
discussed in the Stream Data section of this chapter.
TBP cutpoint sets are defined in the Assay Cutpoints and Characterization main
data entry window. This window may be reached from the PFD main window in
two ways:
The default cutpoint ranges are usually reasonable for crude oil problems. They
may be modified in the Assay Data Primary TBP Cutpoints Definition window
which is accessed by clicking Modify... on the Assay Cutpoints and
Characterization main data entry window. A convenient tabular form is provided
for editing of the primary cutpoint set.
secondary cutpoint set in the Defined Secondary Sets list box, on the Assay
Cutpoints and Characterization main data entry window.
The Default Cutpoint Set is used for all streams for which a cutpoint set is not
specified. Initially, it is defined as the Primary Cutpoint Set by PRO/II. After one
or more Secondary cutpoint sets have been defined, the default cutpoint set may
be changed via the drop-down list box on the Assay Cutpoints and
Characterization main data entry window. It is convenient to define the cutpoint
set which is used the most often as the default cutpoint set.
Thermodynamic Data
General Information
Transport
methods inproperties areare
PRO/II and selected in conjunction
comprised withvapor
of liquid and the thermodynamic
viscosities, liquid and
vapor thermal conductivities, and liquid diffusivities. While not strictly a transport
property, liquid surface tension is also included. Transport properties find use in
rigorous heat transfer calculations, pressure drop determination, and column
sieve tray and packing calculations. Transport properties are also reported in the
stream properties reports and may be requested in Heating/Cooling Curves
reports.
Click with the phase diagram on the toolbar or select the menu bar
item Input/Thermodynamic Dat a.
For convenience, several Categories of method sets can be selected in the list
box on the Thermodynamic Data window. The Primary Method, i.e., the method
used for calculation of equilibrium K-values, for each method set in the selected
Category appears in a drop-down list box and may be selected to add the
method set to the Defined Systems for the problem.
The Defined Systems appear in a list box and each may be selected for further
action by highlighting
Rename... on the desired method
the Thermodynamic and clicking
Data window. Modify...,
The method setDelete...,
for whichand
action
is to be taken is selected (highlighted) in the Defined Systems list box. Delete
removes the selected method set from the problem. The Rename option is used
to change the name of the selected method set. This is useful when it is desired
to use a method set more than one time in a problem, perhaps with different
parameters. Modification of method sets is discussed later in this section.
Most Commonly Used: These method sets may be used for a wide variety of
problems. Nearly
satisfactorily. all gas
Method processing
sets and oilare:
in this category refining calculationsKwong
Soave-Redlich- are handled
(SRK),
Peng-Robinson (PR), Grayson-Streed (GS), Braun K-10 (BK10), Ideal, NRTL,
UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC.
The PRO/II online help texts provide application guidelines for the various
method sets, as well as a brief description for each method. More detailed
information may also be found in the PRO/II Reference Manual (also available
online). Table 8-1 at the end of this section gives a detailed list of the composite
thermodynamic methods used for each predefined method set.
Any or all of the thermodynamic methods may be changed for the method set
being modified, including: K-value (VLE), K-value (LLE), liquid enthalpy, vapor
enthalpy, liquid entropy, vapor entropy, liquid density, vapor density, and vapor
fugacity (where applicable).
Note: The newly added libraries and databank names in TDM can be recognized
in this dialog box by Library Name:Databank Name.
Some property-specific data may also be supplied and/or modified in this window
for
Datathefield.
thermodynamic
Many of the methods
methods by
useclicking
specificEnter Data... insuch
parameters, the Property-specific
as binary
interaction factors, modified acentric factors, etc. A priority search order may be
defined for the selection of these parameters from more than one thermodynamic
databank. Note that thermodynamic databanks are supplied by SIMSCI and may
also be prepared by the user with the SIMSCI LIBMGR program.
Property-specific data which apply only to the liquid activity methods include: fill
options for missing parameters, Henry’s Law options, and Poynting correction
options. For the liquid activity methods, a vapor fugacity method may also be
selected.
PRO/II allows missing data to be “filled in” under several circumstances. For
example, when the composition of an azeotrope and activity coefficient values at
infinite dilution are known for some pair of species, you can use this option to
predict missing activity coefficient values at intermediate concentrations.
VLE and LLE K-value parameters for liquid activity coefficient methods may be
estimated by the UNIFAC, Temperature-Dependent UNIFAC, Regular Solution,
or Flory-Huggins methods, or they may be obtained from an azeotrope bank. The
choice of fill-in property prediction is entered on the Binary Data Fill Options
window, which is reached by clicking the corresponding Enter Data... button on
the Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window.
Checking the box will fill in missing data from the azeotrope databank. A method
for filling in missing binary parameters (using the UNIFAC, modified UNIFAC,
Regular Solution, or Flory-Huggins methods) may be selected by choosing the
appropriate radio button.
Henry’s Law
The Henry’s Law window is used to specify whether or not Henry’s Law is to be
used in conjunction with a liquid-activity K-value method. This window is brought
up by clicking Enter Data... on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-
Property Specific Data window. Checking the box on the Henry’s Law window
causes Henry’s Law to be used to determine the solubility of certain components.
Designation of solute components may either be determined by the program or
selected explicitly by choosing the appropriate radio button. If the solute
components are to be designated explicitly, the desired solute components must
be selected from the list box on the Henry’s Law window.
Poynting Correction
The Poynting Correction window is used to specify the use of the Poynting
correction factor for liquid-phase fugacities. The Poynting Correction window is
brought up by clicking the appropriate Enter Data... button on the
Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window. There are
three options to using the Poynting correction:
1. Default: This choice specifies that the Poynting correction will be used only if
a vapor fugacity method is chosen.
2. Use Poynting Correction to Liquid Activities: Use the Poynting correction
factor for the liquid phase fugacity.
3. Do Not Use Poynting Correction: Do not use Poynting correction factor.
If either of the first two options is selected, then the molar volume calculation
method may be selected from the following choices: Standard (25°C) Volumes,
Rackett , Rackett One-Fluid , or Library Density Correlations. The default method
is Standard (25°C) Volumes.
Note: The newly added libraries and databank names in TDM can be recognized
in this dialog box by Library Name:Databank Name.
Depending on the thermodynamic method set which has been selected, one or
more parameters characterize the interaction between the two components.
When the Binary Interaction Parameters window is initially brought up, the box at
the top of the window must be checked in order to enable the grid where
individual binary interaction parameters are entered. For the NRTL and
UNIQUAC methods, there are several different forms of the binary interaction
equations. For the NRTL method, the 5-Parameter equation is the default form.
For the UNIQUAC method, the default is the 4-Parameter form of the equation.
For these two methods, a different equation form may be selected for each
component pair from the Equation Format drop-down list box, in order to enter
the data in the most convenient form. Depending on the selection in the Equation
Format list box, the appropriate rows in the grid become active. For most
equation formats, many active parameters have default values of 0.0, except for
the SRK-Modified Panagiotopoulos-Reid, PR-Modified Panagiotopoulos-Reid,
Glycol, Sour, GPA Sour Water, and Amine methods, where the default value for
parameters cij and cji is 1.0.
the Thermo Properties - User supplied K-values dialog box.This dialog box is
opened by clicking Enter Data... next to User supplied K-values on the
Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window.
Correlation Coefficient
1 atm as reference : Antoine
pressure. equation is have
The coefficients used default
as a default correlation
values of 0.0. with
Tabular Data : User needs to supply K-value for at least 2 temperature points for
all the relevant components.
The PRO/II
party CAPE-OPEN
CAPE-OPEN thermodynamics
property capability
packages to perform enables users
thermodynamic to add third
property
calculations for streams on flowsheet. CAPE-OPEN standards are the uniform
standards for interfacing process modeling software components developed
specifically for the design and operation of chemical processes. These standards
allow integration of different software components like Unit Operations and
Thermodynamic Property Packages from different vendors into a single
simulation.
Property Calculations
When a Property Package is selected for stream calculations or unit operation
calculations, thermo properties like transport properties,enthalpy, entropy etc. will
be calculated from the property package. For flash calculations, CalcEquilibrium
will be called on property package. But, if the function CalcEquilibrium to property
package fails, flash algorithm of PRO/II will be used with properties like fugacity
coefficients from property package.
Drop-down list boxes may be used to replace any of the global methods,
with these options for the properties:
Note: The None option for the methods above is available only if the Specify
Individually option is selected for the Transport System.
The PRO/II online help text provides additional information about the various
transport property methods. More information may also be found in the PRO/II
Reference Manual.
single
phase liquid phase only
calculations be used in the calculations (the default) or that two-liquid
be performed.
For method sets that support water decant, the user may optionally select to
decant water as a pure phase. The methods used for the decant water
calculations are selected via radio buttons in the Water Options window which is
reached by clicking Water Options... on the Thermodynamic System-Modification
window. The following options are available:
methods only).
Calculation of Decanted Water Properties: Vapor-Liquid Saturation Values,
Steam Tables and IAPWS-IF97 Steam Tables.
Optionally, the user may also check a check box to use GPSA Data Book values
for calculating the water partial pressure.
More details on decant of free water are given in the online help text and in the
PRO/II Reference Manual.
UNIQUAC
IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
(UNIQUAC)
UNIFAC IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
(UNIFAC)
Peng-Robinson
PR PR PR PR PR PR NONE
(PR)
PR-Huron-Vidal
PRH PRH PRH PRH PRH API NONE
(PRH)
PR-
Panagiotopoulos- PRP PRP PRP PRP PRP API NONE
Reid (PRP)
PR-Modified-
Panag.-Reid PRM PRM PRM PRM PRM API NONE
(PRM)
Soave-Redlich-
Kwong (SRK) SRK SRK SRK SRK SRK API NONE
SRK-Kabadi-
SRKKD SRKKD SRKKD SRKKD SRKKD API NONE
Danner (SRKKD)
SRK-Huron-Vidal
SRKH SRKH SRKH SRKH SRKH API NONE
(SRKH)
SRK-
Panagiotopoulos- SRKP SRKP SRKP SRKP SRKP API NONE
Reid (SRKP)
SRK-Modified-
Panag.-Reid SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM API NONE
(SRKM)
SRK-SIMSCI
SRKS SRKS SRKS SRKS SRKS API NONE
(SRKS)
SRK-Hexamer
HEXA HEXA HEXA HEXA HEXA API NONE
(HEXA)
Lee-Kesler-
LKP LKP LKP LKP LKP API NONE
Plöcker
Stream Data
General Information
This section of data is used to specify the thermal conditions and compositions
for all feed streams in the flowsheet. It may also be used to furnish initial
estimates of the composition and thermal conditions for recycle tear streams to
enhance recycle convergence. Supplied data for tear streams or any other
streams which are products from unit operations are used as estimates only and
always replaced by the next calculated set of values. Finally, Reference streams
may be defined to eliminate thermal recycles.
You can enter data for a stream on the flowsheet. The data entry window that
appears contains any data you previously entered (as well as default values) for
the selected stream.
Double-click on the stream or right-click on the unit icon and select Data
Entry... or select the stream and choose Input/Data Entr y... from the
menu bar.
Select the desired stream operation.
Radio buttons are used to select the stream flowrate basis as: Total Fluid Rat e,or
Individual Component Flowrates. A data entry box adjacent to the Total Fluid
Rate button is used to enter the total stream flow in mole, mass, standard liquid
volume, or standard vapor volume units.
The stream composition is supplied in a drop-down list box, and may be supplied
on a mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or standard vapor basis. Components
not defined are assigned zero flowrates. If the total fluid rate was not given, the
flowrate for the stream is taken as the sum of the stream composition. PRO/II
displays a running total for the composition as it is entered.
When the total fluid rate is supplied and the composition does not sum to that
rate or a rate of 100.00
±1.0 or 1.00 ± 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or
fraction) an error is signaled. Optionally, a check box is provided to normalize the
composition based
signaled for the on the
above specified total fluid rate, in which case no error is
condition.
The thermal condition for all supplied streams except reference streams must be
specified on the Stream Data main data entry window. Two specifications must
be supplied. The first specification is selected as Temperature or Pressure via
the First Specification drop-down list box and the value entered in an adjacent
data entry field.
The second is chosen from the Second Specification drop-down list box as:
Pressure, Bubble Point, Dew Point, Liquid Mole Fraction, Liquid Weight Fraction,
or Liquid Volume Fraction. The pressure and the liquid fraction specifications
have an adjacent data entry field. Thus, the thermal condition may be:
The flowrate for the assay stream is entered in the data entry field provided as
weight or liquid volume units. The cutpoint set for the blend may be selected by
clicking the hypertext string default set of TBP cutpoints to retrieve a list of the
problem cutpoint sets. The pseudocomponent blending option is selected by
clicking the text string included in. This option is the default and includes the
pseudocomponents generated for the stream in the assay blending for the
cutpoint set. The excluded from option is used when the assay stream is a
recycle estimate and the effect of its estimated pseudocomponents on the assay
blend properties is not wanted. Entry of the various assay data is discussed
below. More information on the various laboratory tests is given in the PRO/II
help text and the PRO/II Reference Manual.
Laboratory Distillation
The basis for the distillation may be chosen as: Liquid Volume or Weight. Liquid
Volume is the default for all distillations except the ASTM D2887 which is
defaulted as weight.
the same basis, Note
volume orthat gravity
weight, as and molecular curve.
the distillation weightThe
curves must be
distillation on
data
for TBP, ASTM D86, and ASTM D1160 are assumed to be at a pressure basis of
14.696 psia. If not, enter the laboratory pressure in the data field provided. For
ASTM D86 distillations, a Correct for Cracking check box is provided for
application of the API Data Book cracking correction to the distillation
temperatures.
The distillation data are entered in the table provided. At least two points are
required when the cubic spline fitting method is used. When only two points are
given, PRO/II uses a probability density function to fill in the curve. For the
quadratic fitting option, at least three points must be given for TBP’s and five
points for other types of distillations. PRO/II needs the entire distillation curve
from zero percent to one hundred percent and extrapolates and interpolates as
necessary. Wise engineers perform their own extrapolations outside of PRO/II,
using their knowledge of the stream being characterized.
Gravity Data
The type of gravity data is denoted by radio buttons on the Assay Definition
window as: API Gravity, Specific Gravity, or Watson K-Factor. The stream
average value must be supplied in the data entry window provided. Optionally, a
gravity curve for the stream may be given by clicking Gravity Curve... on this
window to access the Assay Gravity Curve window which provides a convenient
tabular form for entry of the gravity curve.
Lightends Data
Lightends data may be optionally provided by clicking Lightends... on the Assay
Definition window to access the Assay Lightends Data window. The lightends
composition may be entered on a mole, mass, standard liquid volume, or
standard vapor volume basis. Any library component or petroleum component
that was defined as a PETRO component may be designated as a lightend.
Several choices are available for specification of the total lightends flow. These
choices are selected via radio buttons and are:
Match to TBP Curve: The lightends rate is determined such that the normal
boiling point for the mid percent of the highest boiling lightend exactly
matches the TBP curve. The lightend components are kept in the same
proportions as the supplied composition (the default).
Percent of Assay: The lightends rate is a specified percent of the total stream
rate. A basis of liquid volume or weight may also be selected in the Basis
drop-down list box. If no basis is selected, the basis for the distillation
curve is assumed. When this option is chosen and the lightends
composition does not add to the specified percent or to 100.0 ± 1.0 or
1.00 ± 0.01 (indicating composition percentage or composition fraction)
an error is signaled.
Optionally, a check box is provided to normalize the composition based on the
specified total lightends rate, in which case no error is signaled for a composition
total which does not equal fraction, percent or a supplied rate and does not add
to 100.0 ± 1.0 or 1.00 ± 0.01.
The thermal conditions for petroleum assay streams are specified in the same
fashion as that already discussed for compositionally defined streams.
Global recycle tolerances may be set in this window. These tolerances are used
for all loops except user specified loops in which tolerances are supplied.
Tolerances may be specified as relative or absolute via drop-down list boxes.
Tolerances are:
The smallest stream component mole fraction to test for convergence may be
changed from the default value of 0.01 by clicking on the linked text numeric
value. Note that for some problems such as amine plants, this threshold must be
lowered to test the residual acid gas components in the recycle amine solution.
Ordinarily, all recycle tear streams are accelerated. Click Accelerated Tear
Streams... to access the Accelerated Tear Streams window. This window has
two options available:
A tabular form is used to supply recycle loop information. Each line in the table
has drop-down list boxes which are used to select the Starting Unit and the
Ending Unit for each loop. The adjacent Enter Data... button is clicked to enter
additional recycle information via the Individual Recycle Loop Data window.
Scaling provides an easy way to ratio all of the results in a simulation such that
the flow of one of the products is equal to a specified flow. For example, it may
be desired to build a plant which produces a specified quantity of product, but the
exact quantity of feed required is not known. Instead of making multiple runs with
different feed rates, one run may be made and the complete result scaled,
including the feed rate such that the desired product rate is achieved.
The rate for the scaled product stream, either the total stream or a specified
range of components, is supplied in the data entry field provided. The Units of
Measure feature may be used to supply the scaling rate as moles, mass,
standard liquid volume units, or standard vapor volume units.
Select
mouse.the desired stream to copy by clicking on the stream label with the
Choose Copy on the Edit menu.
Click the left mouse button on an unoccupied area of the PFD main
window or choose Select None on the Edit Menu to deselect the selected
stream.
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to a new stream as follows:
The cursor will change to an arrow with a small “s” visible to indicate that the
PFD is now in stream mode.
Drag the mouse to the desired unoccupied area of the PFD or feed port
of another unit.
Release the mouse button to complete the creation of the stream.
Click the right mouse button or press <Esc> to exit stream mode.
The newly created stream(s) will have the same thermal conditions, composition,
and description as the original source stream.
Select the desired stream to copy by clicking on the stream label with the
left mouse button.
Choose Copy from the Edit menu.
Click the left mouse button on an unoccupied area of the PFD main
window or choose Select None on the Edit menu to deselect the selected
stream.
The data for the selected stream can now be copied to one or more existing
streams as follows:
Select the desired destination stream(s) with the left mouse button.
Choose Paste on the Edit menu.
The data from the original source stream will be copied to the destination
stream(s), overriding any existing. For compositionally-defined streams
containing calculated data, PRO/II allows the user to copy the calculated data
(temperature, pressure, and one of total composition, liquid composition, or vapor
composition) into the designated stream(s).
You may choose to paste only the input data of the selected stream or paste the
input data and calculated data (using the total composition, or vapor composition,
or liquid composition).
Note:
• Copy/Paste of an assay stream on to the product stream changes
the blend option to XBLEND. This is because the product streams
are not involved in the calculation of new stream properties.
• The Paste Special option is not allowed if new pseudocomponents
generate i.e., flowsheet resets. Again, Paste Special can be
enabled by generating the calculated data.
The Stream Data Link feature described previously will only transfer calculated
data from the source stream to the input data slots of the destination stream. To
copy input stream data from one simulation database to another, you must use
the Windows Clipboard.
The Stream Data Link feature allows for the transfer of calculated stream data
across PRO/II simulation databases. By using this feature, you can copy
calculated stream data from a source database to the input data of a destination
database. When modeling a large flowsheet, this practical feature enables you
to:
This brings up the Define Stream Data Link window as shown in Figure 7-15. In
this window you must select both the name of the previously-run database file,
and the stream from that simulation to be linked to your current simulation.
Click on the Define Link check box.
Enter the name of the previously-run database file, or click on the
Browse button to select from a list of available database files.
Enter the name of the stream from the previously-run database to be
linked to the stream in your current simulation, or click on the Browse
button to select from a list of available streams.
Click to return to the main PFD.
Note: You can link a stream in the current flowsheet to another stream in the
same flowsheet. This includes linking the input of the currently selected stream to
the calculated output data for that stream.
You may update a stream data link while defining that link, or you may update all
defined links at a later time via the Input menu.
Check the Update Now check box in the Define Stream Data Link
window.
Click Modify .
Select Update Stream Data Links menu option from the Input menu.
Note: If the components are different in the two simulation databases, some
component rate information may be discarded during the data transfer. If the
source stream has rate information for a component which is not present in the
second database, that rate information will be ignored. If the source stream
contains assay pseudocomponents, no component data will be copied to the
target stream unless an identical assay exists in the current (target) simulation.
Note: All stream data link information will be lost if you export the simulation data
to a PRO/II keyword file and then re-import the keyword file.
Refinery Inspection and User-defined Properties
Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special Properties are available
in PRO/II for calculating bulk stream properties. The stream values of the
properties can be included in the PRO/II output and can be used in performance
specifications.
Refinery Inspection Properties comprises fifty-three predefined properties,
commonly used by refineries for measuring and specifying unit operation
performance. Examples are cetane index, sulfur content, pour point, kinematic
viscosity.
User-defined Special Properties can be defined for any other property for
which component data or assay data can be provided. Possible examples
include autoignition temperature, color, $/tonne.
For streams that are to be defined in terms of assay curves, stream values of
Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special Properties can be
entered either as curves or as average values or both.
The properties that are to be used are specified in the Thermodynamic Data
window. If there is more than one thermodynamic system in the flowsheet, some
properties may be specified for use in one system and others in another.
Component data for each specified property can also be entered for each
thermodynamic system. Any component data entered for a thermodynamic
system will be used in preference to the data provided globally wherever that
thermodynamic system is invoked.
The stream property value is calculated from the individual component values
using a chosen stream mixing method.
Note: The SIMSCI databank contains Refinery Inspection Properties for some
components; these data will be used if no value is entered in the input. If no data
are present for a component, a fill method can be chosen through the
Thermodynamic Data window (see below).
For streams that are to be defined in terms of assay curves, stream values of
Refinery Inspection Properties and User-defined Special Properties can be
entered either as curves or as average values.
The Thermodynamic
Select whichwindow
the system for Data appears.
modifications are to be made in the Defined
Systems box.
Click Modify... to access the Thermodynamic Data –Modification
Window.
Click Refinery Inspection Properties. The Thermodynamic Method
Selection for Refinery Inspection Properties window appears. This
window has a table in which properties and associated parameters and
data will be entered. To eliminate the need to enter standard sets of
properties repeatedly, predefined lists of properties have been set up.
To load the table with a predefined list of properties, select from the
Predefined Lists list. Selecting None in this list removes all properties
from the table.
Select a property from the Property Name drop-down list box in the table.
The available options and their default selections, determined by the
property selected, are listed. Change these as required. The options are:
• Stream Method, which defines the method used to mix component prop-
erty values to produce a value for the stream. The available options are:
γ
⎛ Index ⎞
Value = Reference Value × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Reference Index ⎠
ii. Index: The stream property index is determined by summing the product
of the component property index and the component fraction. The
fraction may be molar, weight or liquid volume and is calculated from the
total stream dry composition except for kinematic viscosity when it is
from the dry liquid part of the stream. Before the summation, any
supplied property values will be converted to index values using the
equation:
γ
⎛ Value ⎞
Index = Reference Index × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Reference Value ⎠
This equation is then used to convert the stream index value to the
stream property value.
v. SIMSCI: This method is only available for cloud point and kinematic
viii. Stream Basis, which specifies whether the component values will be
mixed using their mole, weight or liquid volume fractions.
ix. Component Fill, which specifies the action to be taken when component
values are missing for petroleum fractions in the stream. The available
options are:
b. No fill: This produces warning messages for missing data and set to 0.0.
e. Nelson: This option estimates missing data by Nelson method for smoke
point.
x. Component Blend, which defines the way in which missing data are
handled when calculating properties from blended assay streams. The
options are:
a. Zero: The property value for the cuts in the assay with no data is set to
0.0.
b. Exclude: The property is calculated by blending only those assays,
which have data for this property.
c. Missing: For this option, the blended property is not calculated and is
reported as “Missing”.
Click Data... to enter data for this property, for this thermodynamic
system. If the Stream Method is defined as User-Formula, the User
Formula Data Entry window opens. Otherwise, if the property is
Kinematic Viscosity,
and for other the Kinematic
properties, Viscosity
the Refinery Data Entry window will open
Inspection and User-defined
Special Properties Data Entry window will open.
In the Kinematic Viscosity Data Entry window or the Refinery Inspection
and User-defined Special Properties Data Entry window, for each
component, enter either a Data value or an Index value. For each
component, enter either a Data value or an Index value. If an Index value
is entered, Reference Index Data must also be entered. For some
properties, the Index method is not applicable and neither Index values
nor Reference Index Data may be entered. If the property is Kinematic
Viscosity, enter values at two temperatures.
In the User Formula Data Entry window, for each component, enter a
Data value, which will be passed to a linked User-added Subroutine. Up
to twenty real and integer values an also be passed to the subroutine.
The meaning of the data are determined by the calculation subroutine.
• Stream Method,
component which
property defines
values the method
to produce used
a value fortothe
mix the
stream.
• Stream Basis, which specifies whether the component values will be
mixed using their mole, weight or liquid volume fractions.
• Component Blend, which defines the way in which missing data are
handled when calculating properties from blended assay streams.
Click Data... to enter data for this property, for this thermodynamic
system. If the Stream Method is defined as User-Formul a, the User
Formula Data Entry window opens. Otherwise, the Refinery Inspection
and User-defined Special Properties Data Entry window opens.
In the Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special Properties Data
Entry window, for each component, enter either a Data value or an Index
value. If an Index value is entered, Reference Index Data must also be
entered.
In the User Formula Data Entry window, for each component, enter a
Data value, which will be passed to a linked User-added Subroutine.Up
to twenty real and integer values can also be passed to the subroutine.
The meaning of the data are determined by the calculation subroutine.
Select Report Format from the Output menu. Next, select the
Miscellaneous Data... menu option. The Miscellaneous Report Options
window appears.
In the Refinery Inspection and User-defined Special Properties box,
check one or both of the following options: Include Input Data —for a
printout or data that has been input and/or Input Program Data —for a
printout of data generated by PRO/II.
For output of kinematic viscosity data:
Select Report Format from the Output menu. Next, select the Stream
Properties... menu option. The Stream Property Report Options window
appears.
Enter two temperatures at which the kinematic viscosity results are
required.
For liquid activity thermodynamic methods (e.g., NRTL or UNIFAC), the following
are calculated:
• K-values,
• Liquid activity coefficients,
• Vapor fugacity coefficients,
• Vapor pressures, and
• Poynting correction.
• K-values,
• Liquid fugacity coefficients, and
• Vapor fugacity coefficients.
The validation is carried out in the PRO/II - Binary VLE/VLLE Data window which
is opened by selecting the Binary VLE option from the Tools menu or by clicking
BVLE toolbar . This window is only available when at least two components and a
thermodynamic method have been selected.
• Select from the Tools menu or click BVLE toolbar to bring up the
PRO/II - Binary VLE/VLLE Data window.
• Click TDM Calculated BVLE to view Component and Thermodynamic
dialog box. Users can view all the components that has been used in the
current flowsheet on the left-hand side of this dialog box. Use Diagram
Tab to calculate and view BVLE plot and it’s associated data in the excel
sheet format. Here, BVLE plots can be viewed similar to PRO/II, but this
plot uses TDM and Modthermo Data.
• Select the required components for the equilibrium calculations from the
drop-down lists.
• Next, select constant pressure or temperature operation and enter the
value.
• Finally, click Calculate to generate plots (by default, all available plots will
be generated). If Excel is selected on the Plot Setup option, from the
Options menu, tabular data are available in the spreadsheet. Otherwise,
Chapter 9
Unit Operations and Utility
Modules
This chapter describes how to use unit operation models. Also described are the
use of utility modules such as the Calculator, Controller, Flowsheet Optimizer
and similar functionalities.
For ease of reference, both the unit operation models and the utility modules are
presented. Simply CTL+ left click the hyperlinked name to go to the proper page.
Calculator
General Information
All Calculators have two main sections: Setup and Procedur e. In the setup
section, unit and stream parameters are retrieved from the flowsheet, constants
are defined, names are assigned to calculated results, a sequence table is set up
for the streams used for input and output, and the dimensions for the various
working arrays may be expanded if desired.
The Procedure section is where all calculations are performed, using a simple
language based on FORTRAN 77. The language permits the use of
mathematical functions, branching and looping, and assignment statements
commonly used in programming. Special intrinsic functions are available for
retrieving flowsheet component and stream information. Special subroutines are
provided for storing calculated results directly in flowsheet streams. Calculated
results may
other unit also be stored
operations in theA “Results”
in PRO/II. array, making
special solution “flag” isthem available
provided to when
for use the
a Calculator models a unit operation.
Calculator Setup
Start Setup by clicking Edit/View Declarations on the Calculator main data entry
window to open the View Area:
Click Arrays… to declare the length of the storage arrays used by the
Calculator. These arrays include the P, C, R arrays defined above, and
the IS array that is used to hold stream variables. This array is described
in the Calculator Procedure discussion. Two additional arrays appear
here. In earlier versions of the Calculator, all local variables had to reside
in one of these arrays, V for real variables and IX for integers. Now that
any valid FORTRAN variable name can be used, these arrays are no
longer needed. Nonetheless, they are still available so that older
Calculators will work without rewriting.
Once Setup is complete, click Hide Declarations to close the View Area.
Calculator Procedure
Note: The PROCEDURE section is required and must end with a RETURN
statement.
The FORTRAN procedure is entered directly into the Procedure field on the
Calculator main data entry window. The procedure may be checked as is it
composed by clicking Check Procedure.
The supported features of the language are discussed in the following sections.
A dollar sign ($) causes all following characters on the remainder of the line to be
interpreted as a comment rather than as code. Unlike in FORTRAN, a ‘‘C’’ in
column one does not designate a comment statement.
Predefined Variables
An
where A is any of C, P, V, R, or B and n is an integer indicating a single
element of the array.
A(index)
where A is any of C, P, V, R, or B and (index) is an expression, such as (IX2 *
5). The parentheses are required. “A(n)” denotes the same element as “An”.
Instead
variablesof,may
or inbeaddition to themay
used. They supplied
be up Vtoand IX arrays,long
8 characters standard FORTRAN
and may not
duplicate the names of any supplied variables; otherwise they follow the
conventional FORTRAN rules. The introduction of this feature in PRO/II 5.0
means that the V and IX arrays need not be used. If this is the case, the arrays
can be dimensioned to one word each to save memory.
It may serve as the stream index in PRO/II intrinsic functions. The only form
allowed is ISn. IS(index) is never valid.
Predefined Variables
Variable Name Default Size
Description and Comments
and Form (for arrays)
Cn or C(index) 1<=n<=50 Constant values defined in the setup section. Used
only on the right side of assignment statements
Pn or P(index) 1<=n<=50 Flowsheet parameters set by DEFINE statements.
Used only on the right side of assignment statements.
Vn or V(index) 1<=n<=200 A floating-point work array used on either the left or
right side of assignment statements. These elements
are initialized to a large negative value and are not
available outside the calculator.
Rn or R(index) 1<=n<=200 The array of calculator results, used on either side of
assignment statements. This results vector is
available to other flowsheet modules external to the
Calculator. These elements are initialized to a large
negative value.
IXn or IX 0<=n<=9 An array of integer values. The form ioIX(index) is
(index) invalid on a DO statement. It may be used on either
side of assignment statements.
ISn 0<=n<=9 An array of elements used as indices of DO loops for
stepping through a series of streams in the order
defined on the SEQUENCE statement.
FORTRAN Statements
Procedure
This statement marks the start of the FORTRAN-based procedure section of the
Calculator. It is required.
Declaration Statements
REAL rname1, rname2(i), rname3(j,k) ...
INTEGER iname1 , iname2(i), iname3(j,k) ...
DIMENSION name1(i), name2(j,k) ...
These statements are used to define local scalars and arrays for use in the code.
Each subscript may be an integer constant, or two integer constants separated
by a colon to specify both the lower and upper array bounds. When defined by
the DIMENSION statement, variables assume the normal FORTRAN convention
that assigns names starting with I through N as integers, and all others as real.
Name lengths may be 8 characters long. Variables defined here may be changed
in the code. Variables not defined here are assumed to be real or integer
according to the first character.
Variable names must not conflict with any reserved words or predefined variables
(see table entitled Predefined Variables).
Examples:
Note: A variable may only appear once in these statements. The following
is valid in standard FORTRAN, but not in a Calculator Procedure:
REAL MOLWT
DIMENSION MOLWT(50)
Both standard FORTRAN and the Calculator accept this equivalent form:
REAL MOLWT(50)
Assignment Statements
nn variable =expression
BADVAL = A**B**C
Note: The Calculator-supplied arrays Cand P may not appear on the left side of
an assignment statement.
ATAN
SINH Arc TangentSine
Hyperbolic (rad) 1
1 real
real real
real
COSH Hyperbolic Cosine 1 real real
TANH Hyperbolic Tangent 1 real real
The following table lists special functions that allow direct retrieval of stream and
component properties. In the table, “cno" represents an integer component
number which is an integer constant or variable, “sid” is a stream identifier or
ISn value. This identifier must appear on the SEQUENCE statement to be used
by a PRO/II intrinsic function. Property values are retrieved in the UOM used for
problem input.
value This argument supplies or identifies the value of the property to store. It
can be a real constant or variable.
sid The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may
be any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup
section, or an element of array IS in the form Isn. For example:
type This entry identifies the component property to store in the stream.
Available options are listed in in the following table.
Type= Description
SCMR molar rate of component in stream
SCWR weight rate of component in stream
SCLVR component standard of liquid volume rate
SCGVR component standard gas volume rate
array The initial element of a real Calculator array containing values to store as
properties of components in a stream.
sid The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may
be any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup
section, or an element of array IS in the form ISn.
i, j These two entries are component id numbers. They indicate the first and
last components, respectively, for which the property is stored.
For example, the statement
100 CALL SRVSTR( SCWR, V(12), FD1, 2, 5 )
nn GOTO mm
This is the standard FORTRAN statement that branches to label mm
unconditionally. “GO TO” written as two words is also supported.
nn CONTINUE
IF Statements
IF
ELSEIF
ELSE
ENDIF
The following table lists logical operators allowed in the expression.
Operator Description
.EQ. equal to
.NE. not equal to
.LT. less than
.GT. greater than
.GE. greater than or equal to
.LE. less than or equal to
.AND. both true
.OR. either true
.EQV. equivalent
.NEQV. not equivalent
.NOT. true/false toggle
nn IF (expression) THEN
ELSEIF (expression) THEN
ELSE
ENDIF
DO Loops
nn DO mm iname= i, j, k
This statement defines the beginning of a DO loop having a range extending
through statement label mm. “i” and “ j” are initial and final indices, respectively.
The increment step “k”is optional and defaults to 1.
ISn is a stream
SEQUENCE variable, No
statement. andincremental
sid1 and sid2
stepmust
indexbe(comparable
stream ids appearing on the
to k) is allowed.
OPEN Statement
The OPEN statement opens a file for CALCULATOR output. For PC, VAX, and
UNIX platforms, the default output name is fileid.CAL, where fileid is the current
input file name. A unique filename of up to 12 characters, can be specified, if
necessary. It must,
are not allowed however,
(e.g., have
FILE_01). a “.CAL”
Any extension. automatically
OPEN statement Underscore characters
closes the
previously opened file.
These statements allow output using full FORTRAN format control. Output will be
to the file most recently opened with the OPEN statement. The WRITE statement
list may include constants, variables, expressions, or array names. Specifying an
array name causes all elements of the array to be written.
The WRITE statement refers to a FORMAT statement defining the output format.
The following standard FORTRAN format items are supported.
OUTPUT Statement
nn OUTPUT {R(i :j ),P(i :j ),C(i :j ),V(i :j ),IX(i :j ),IS (i :j )}
DISPLAY Statement
TRACE Statement
nn TRACE option
nn STOP - This statement stops all flowsheet calculations and proceeds directly
to the output report. The solution flag for the entire flowsheet is set according to
the user-defined value of ISOLVE.
nn RETURN The RETURN statement signals the end of the calculation
procedure of the Calculator and must appear as the last statement in the
procedure section. Only one RETURN statement is allowed. The solution flag for
the Calculator is set according to the user-defined value of ISOLVE. RETURN
always sets TRACE to OFF.
Use Nelson’s method to estimate the flash point from D86 distillation
characterization data. This sample shows how to calculate the flash points of
streams V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6 using the formula:
P= 0.64 * (D86(10)+D86(ip))/2.0 - 100.0
where the D86 points are in °F. The final results in °C are stored in R(1) through
R(6).
For this sample, choose Distillation Curve from the options in the
Parameter window. The center window will now display the available
distillation curve options. Select D86 from the distillation curve options
and choose the desired cut point (here, 10%) from the Volume Percent
Distillate drop-down list box.
This completes the parameter specification for the D86(10%) point of the first
stream, V1. Repeat these steps to define the D86(Initial Point) for the first
stream, V1, then define the D86(10%) and D86(Initial Point) for the remaining
five streams.
Enter the following code into the Procedure window (at this point, this
window should still be outlined in red).
This sample demonstrates the use of the Calculator to compute the material
balance of hydrogen (component 2) about a recycle loop. We will set the solution
flag to indicate “unit not solved” if the hydrogen balance is not met to within
0.01% based on the overall feeds. This specification forces the recycle to
continue iterating, even if the flowing streams have changed less than the
flowsheet stream tolerance. See the ISOLVE and ISn entries in the Predefined
Variables table on page 152 for a listing of solution flags and for an explanation
of the use of the Isn variable in SEQUENCE statements.
The streams pertinent to this example are a hydrogen feed stream (H2FD), two
feed streams (FD1, FD2), a purge gas stream (PURG), and vapor and liquid
product streams (PRDV, PRDL).
To set up the stream sequence that will be used by the Calculator, carry out the
following steps:
When youthe
to display have established
Result Numberthe
anddesired stream
Print Name sequence,
data click Results
entry table.
Enter “1” in the Result Number field of the first row to enable the Print
Name entry field. This integer is stored in the first position of the R()
array. For this sample problem, call the result “Relative MB.”
Enter the following code into the Procedure window, which should still be
outlined in red at this point:
$ SUM UP H2 IN FEED STREAMS
$ HYDROGEN IS THE SECOND COMPONENT IN THE COMPONENT LIST
$ SCMR(2, n) IS THE MOLAR FLOWRATE IN THE nth STREAM
$
H2FEED = 0.0
DO 10 IS1 = H2FD, FD2
H2FEED = H2FEED + SCMR(2,IS1)
10 CONTINUE
$
$ CHECK IF ANY H2 IN FEED. IF NOT, SET “NOT SOLVED” FLAG.
$
IF (H2FEED .LT. 0.0001) THEN
R(1) = 0
ISOLVE = 2
GO TO 99
ENDIF
$
$ SUM UP H2 IN PRODUCTS
$
H2PROD= 0.0
DO 20 IS1 = PURG, PRDL
H2PROD = H2PROD + SCMR(2, IS1)
20 CONTINUE
$ CALCULATE IMBALANCE
$
R(1) = (H2FEED - H2PROD) / H2FEED
$
$ CHECK IF IN BALANCE. IF SO, RETURN.
$ IF NOT, SET “NOT SOLVED” FLAG.
$
IF(ABS(R(1)).LE.0.001) THEN
ISOLVE
ELSE =1
ISOLVE =2
ENDIF
$
99 RETURN
CAPE-OPEN
General Information
The PRO/II CAPE-OPEN unit operation enables the users to add third party
CAPE-OPEN units. This will help the user to simulate and perform any type of
calculation for a specific unit operation placed in a flowsheet.
PRO/II supports both versions of 0.9.3 and 1.0 of the CAPE-OPEN interfaces.
The CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation has access to the following:
Property values exchanged between PRO/II and CAPE-OPEN unit operation are
in SI units.
CAPE-OPEN interface descriptions and information are available at
http://www.colan.org/
Note: If transport properties are required in the CAPE-OPEN unit operation, you
must select a suitable method in the Thermodynamic Data if PRO/II
thermodynamics is selected.
If the CAPE-OPEN unit operation does not have an installation program, follow
the steps mentioned below to manually register the unit operation .
3.Identify the "progid" of the CAPE-OPEN unit operation. The "progid" is a short
text string, such as "SimSci.Mixer" that Windows uses to identify the DLL.
Contact the developer of the unit operation to determine the "progid".
Install the CAPE-OPEN unit operation, as described above, and launch PRO/II to
use the new CAPE-OPEN software components. When the new CAPE-OPEN
unit operation is laid down on the PFD, a dialog will be displayed with a drop-
down list box filled with registered CAPE-OPEN unit operations. User must select
programid of the required unit.
Unit Operation may have multiple feed streams and use the data for various flash
and property calculations. PRO/II queries the unit operation for a required
number of unit ports. The icon is automatically supplied with the required number
of ports with one stream allowed for each port.
Note: Material type ports are handled while the energy and information type
ports are not supported.
To place a CAPE-OPEN unit operation, double-click the icon on the PFD. If the
unit operation supports a custom GUI, the built-in GUI for the unit operation is
displayed.
If the unit operation does not support a custom GUI , PRO/II displays all
parameters in the default data entry window. All values are displayed in SI units.
If CAPE-OPEN Unit does not support COM persistence, PRO/II saves the state
of the CAPE-OPEN unit operation by querying all input and output parameters
and storing their values in the underlying PRO/II database.
Calculation
During calculations, PRO/II calls the Validate() and Calculate() method of the
CAPE-OPEN unit operation. Property and flash calculations are delegated to
property package if property package is selected as unit thermodynamics. If
PRO/II thermodynamics is selected for a CAPE-OPEN unit operation, it may call
TP,TH,PH,TVf and PVf flashes(CalcEquilibrium) for input or output streams. The
following properties can be calculated using PRO/II thermodynamics.
CAPE-OPEN Phases
Property meaning
identifier Supported
vaporPressure Vapor Pressure only for Pure calc Liquid
type
surfaceTension Surface Tension Liquid
Compressibility Factor Compressibility Factor Z= PV/RT Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
heatCapacity Heat Capacity Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
idealGasHea tCapacity Heat Capacity of ideal gas Vapor
viscosity Viscosity Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
fugacity Fugacity Liquid, Vapor
logFugacityCoefficient Logarithm of Fugacity Coefficients Liquid,Vapor
kvalues K factors of a pair of phases in Overall
Equilibrium
dewPointPressure Dew point Pressure at a given Overall
temperature
dewPointTemperature Dew point Temperature at a given Overall
Pressure
CAPE-OPEN Phases
Property meaning
identifier Supported
temperature Temperature Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
pressure Pressure Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
volume Volume Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
density Density Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
enthalpy Enthalpy Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
entropy Entropy Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
gibbsFreeEnergy Gibbs Free Energy Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
flow List of partial Molar(or mass) flows for Liquid, Vapor,
each component within a given phase Overall
fraction List of partial Molar(or mass) fractions Liquid, Vapor,
for each component within a given Overall
phase
phaseFraction The fraction of the fluid that is in Liquid, Vapor
specified phase
totalFlow Mass flow of a phase or whole Liquid, Vapor,
mixture Overall
Report Generation
Note:The standard report of PRO/II will have all input and output parameters with
their values for CAPE-OPEN units.
Column, Batch
General Information
The Batch Column unit operation models a wide range of column operating
scenarios. The Batch Column unit may be run in a true batch simulation mode,
with the feedstock charged to the stillpot prior to distillation and products taken
from the accumulator at various times, or in a semi-batch mode where feedstock
may be introduced during distillation and products drawn from the column or
accumulator over some time interval. Batch distillation calculations may also be
integrated into a steady-state process simulation.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the Batch Column may be specified for the unit
as a whole or for selected trays. Batch Column also allows the use of electrolyte
thermodynamic methods.
BATCHFRAC ®
®
This is a batch distillation model obtained from Koch-Glitsch. BATCHFRAC has
been integrated with PRO/II to handle reaction on trays for VLE, VLLE on all the
stages and heat duty specification for trays apart from Batch distillation.
Detailed Information
®
For detailed information about the use of BATCHFRAC and Batch Column unit
operations, consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guid e.
Column, Distillation
General Information
The Column unit operation may be used to simulate any distillation or liquid-liquid
extraction process. Liquid-liquid extraction units are described in the Liquid-
Liquid Extraction Column section of this chapter. A column must contain at least
one equilibrium stage or theoretical tray. For purposes of this discussion, the
term “trays” is used to denote “equilibrium stages”. The trays are considered to
be linked with the vapor from each tray entering the next higher tray and the
liquid from each tray feeding the next lower tray. There is no limit on the number
of trays in a column model.
The condenser, when present, is always numbered as tray one and the reboiler,
when present, is assigned the highest tray number in the model. Any tray may
have a feed, product draw, or duty. The top and bottom trays must have either a
feed or a duty.
Column feeds and products are added during the flowsheet construction in the
PFD main window. Click Column Feeds and roducts… on the Column main data
entry window to open the Column Feeds and Products window.
Feed tray numbers may be added or changed in this window. There is no limit on
the number of feeds a column may have. The feed flash convention to use for all
feeds to the distillation column is selected with radio buttons as:
Flash the feed adiabatically, vapor onto the tray above and liquid onto the
feed tray.
For this option, the vapor is placed on the feed tray when it is the bottom tray of
the column.
For products, the product type, phase, tray number, and flowrate are supplied in
this window. There is no limit on the number of products a distillation column may
have and products may be withdrawn from any tray of the column. Product types
include: Overhead, Bottoms, Fixed Rate Draw, Total Phase Draw, and
Pseudoproduct. Every column must have an overhead product leaving tray one
and a bottoms product leaving the highest numbered tray. The Sure, Inside-Out
(IO) and Enhanced IO algorithms may have a decanted water product from tray
You must supply product rates for all fixed rate draw products in molar, mass, or
liquid volume units. You must also provide an estimated value for either the
overhead or bottoms product. For total draw products, the supplied rate is always
assumed to be an estimate. The estimated value for the overhead or bottoms
rate should be as accurate as possible to enhance convergence. You must use a
Performance
product. Specification to set a desired flow for the overhead or bottoms
Pseudoproducts
Net
Totaltray
trayliquid
liquidororvapor
vaporflow
flow
Pumparound liquid or vapor bypass flow
Thermosiphon reboiler feeds and products
Column Algorithm
Select the solution algorithm from the drop-down list box, on the Column main
data entry window. The available algorithms are: Inside-Out (the default), Sur e,
Chemdist, Liquid-Liquid, Enhanced IO, and Electrolytic. Detailed information
about the column algorithms is available in the online help.
Reactions
Reactions in the column can be modeled by the Chemdist or Liquid-Liquid
extraction algorithms found in the Algorithm drop-down list of the Column
window. Enter pertinent data in the Column – Reaction Selection window
accessible via the Reactions… button on the Column window. In the Column -
Reaction Selection window, you can select and modify column reactions, specify
stage-wise reacting volumes, designate non-condensible components, select
non-volatile catalysts and specify data for user-added subroutines or kinetic
proce-dures. The reactions specified here are limited in scope to the simulation
of reactive distillation and (reactive) liquid-liquid extraction.
To modify reaction sets defined in Reaction Dat a, select the Include Reactions in
Column Calculations check-box. All the reactions defined via Input/Reaction Data
are now available to the column. Reactions can be selected from a drop-down list
under Reaction Set from Reaction Data, and a local set-name and description
can be assigned. Moreover, the individual reactions can be modified in the
Reaction Definitions window by clicking Modify Data.
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch
The selected reaction sets can also be assigned to individual trays (or ranges of
trays) by selecting reaction sets from a drop-down list under Column Reaction
Set and then entering a tray range, i.e., starting tray to ending tray.
Note: Although you can modify a local copy of a reaction set in the column, the
original reaction set specified in the ‘Reaction Data’ section remains unchanged.
Reacting Volumes
The user can specify volume available for reaction (effective volume) per stage
for both liquid and vapor phase reactions in the Column –Tray Effective Reaction
Volumes window accessible from the Reaction Selection window. A tabulation of
tray numbers and the respective volumes is provided for data entry. This
specification is used in calculating the rate of kinetic reaction.
Nonvolatile Catalyst
Components that catalyse a reaction without volatilizing can be selected and the
quantity of their charge specified as an amount or a fraction in the Column - Non-
Volatile Catalyst for Boiling Pot window accessible from the Column - Reaction
Selection window.
Noncondensibles
Subroutine/Procedure Data
Data used for user-added subroutines and kinetic procedures can be specified in
the form of Integer, Real and Supplemental Data entries in the Column - User
Subroutine and Procedure Data window accessible from the Column - Reaction
Selection window via the Subroutine/Procedure Data button. See the Reaction
Data and Procedure Data sections, in this chapter, for detailed information on the
data requirements for these utility modules.
All data pertaining to a reaction (in a specified reaction set) can be modified
except for reaction stoichiometry - in the Column-Reaction Definitions window
accessible via Modify Data… in the Column-Reaction Selection window. The
calculation method for a reaction can be modified to follow a user-added
subroutine, procedure or kinetic power-law expression. The reaction type can
also be changed to Kineti c, Equilibrium or Conversion. All reaction data that
completely specify any of the above reaction types (except stoichiometry) can be
changed in the data entry fields accessible via the Enter Data… button under the
Additional Data column for the respective reaction.
Instructions for entering data for the three types of reactions (Kineti c, Equilibrium
and Conversion) are covered in detail, in the Reaction Data section of this
chapter.
Calculated Phases
Select the appropriate phase system in the drop-down list box on the Column
main data entry window. All distillation algorithms support the default phase
system of vapor/liquid. The Sure and Chemdist algorithms also support the
vapor/liquid/liquid system. In addition, the Sure and Enhanced IO algorithms
support the phase system vapor/liquid/water that allows a free water phase on
any tray of a column.
Number of Trays
Enter the number of trays in the model, in the data entry field provided on the
Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
Number of Iterations
Supply the number of iterations in the data entry field provided on the Column
main data entry window. The number of iterations corresponds to the number of
outer loop trials for the Inside-Out algorithm and the number of trial solutions for
the other algorithms. A nonconvergence is flagged when this number of iterations
is performed and the column equations are not satisfied within the tolerances.
The default values are 15 for the Inside-Out algorithm, 10 for the Sure algorithm
and 20 for the Chemdist algorithm.
Pressure Profile
The pressure for every tray in a column model must be defined. All calculations
are performed at the defined tray pressures. Define the tray pressures in the
Column Pressure Profile window which you may reach by clicking Pressure
Profile… on the Column main data entry window. Tray pressures may be
supplied on an overall or tray-by-tray mode by choosing a radio button in this
window.
For the overall mode, supply the top tray pressure (tray two for columns with
condensers) and either the pressure drop per tray or the total pressure drop
aross the column. A default value of zero is supplied for the pressure drop per
tray and the column pressure drop. All tray pressures are derived by linear
application of the supplied pressure drop.
Individual tray pressures are supplied for the tray by tray mode. Note that the top
and bottom trays must be included when supplying a table of individual tray
pressures. Missing pressures are determined by linear interpolation of supplied
values.
irregularThis method
pressure is useful
profiles forasdefining
such refinerythe pressure
vacuum profile for columns with
units.
Condensers
The condenser is always a heat sink on tray one. It is defined in the Column
Condenser window, which you may access by clicking Condenser… on the
Column main data entry window. The top products from columns with
condensers correspond to the products from the reflux accumulator drum. The
pressure for all types of condensers is supplied in this window.
The condenser type is selected with the appropriate radio button from the
following options:
Partial: This condenser is an equilibrium stage and may or may not have a net
liquid product as well as vapor product. The net liquid product, if present, is
defined as a “Fixed rate liquid draw” from tray one. The condenser temperature is
the dew point of the equilibrium vapor. An optional estimate for the condenser
temperature may be supplied in the Column Condenser window. The condenser
pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Subcooled, Fixed Temperature: The tray two vapor is cooled below its
bubble point as defined by a subcooled temperature provided in this window.
PRO/II ascertains that the product is subcooled, and if, not, signals a
nonconvergence condition with an appropriate diagnostic message. The
subcooled liquid product is designated the “Overhead” product from the column.
The condenser pressure and duty may also be supplied.
Subcooled Reflux Only: This option will be enabled only if you have selected
Partial or Bubble Temperature under Condenser Type. Select the appropriate
Temperature specification namely, Fixed Temperature or Temperature Drop that
needs to be followed in the Subcooled reflux for the chosen condenser type.
Reboilers
Column reboilers are described in the Column Reboiler window which is entered
via the Reboiler button on the Column main data entry window. The reboiler type
is selected with a radio button on this form.
For other algorithms, only default type is made available to the user.
The thermosiphon without baffles type corresponds to the case when the Column
bottom product and reboiler feed are withdrawn from a common sump.
Note: Thermosiphon
the reboiler sump andreboilers with
overflows baffles
to the in which
product sumpthe reboiler
are return
equivalent toflows into
the “no
baffles” type for simulation purposes and should be modeled as such.
Heaters and Coolers
Side heaters and coolers may be supplied via the Column Side Heaters/Coolers
window accessible via the Heaters and Coolers… button on the Column main
data entry window. Side heaters and coolers that are associated with a
pumparound are not entered with this window. A negative duty indicates cooling;
a positive duty is used for heating. There are no limits on the number of side
heaters/coolers.
®
RATEFRAC routines supports heating and cooling for both phases
(Liquid/Vapor).
For each side heater/cooler, the following information must be provided: tray
number, a reference name, and the duty, with the appropriate algebraic sign.
Flash Zones
The Flash Zone calculation models a fired heater added to a tray in an Inside-Out
column. Flash zones are associated with column heaters when a feed stream
entering the column is heated in a separate furnace. The furnace is considered
as an additional theoretical stage. Liquid from the tray above the flash zone or
vapor from the tray below the flash zone could enter the flash zone or they can
bypass it. Data entry fields for flash zones can be accessed through the like-
named button on the Heater data entry window. Specification options include
fired heater efficiency, vapor and liquid by-pass fractions and transfer line
temperature drop.
®
Note: If you are working with RATEFRAC routines, this option is disabled.
• Overall, or,
• By Individual Trays
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RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
For the Overall option, the heat leak duty for all of the trays except the reboiler
and condenser is given on a per tray basis or total column basis. A heat leak may
also be provided for the condenser and the reboiler, if desired.
For the By Individual Trays option, heat leak duties for ranges of trays are
supplied as tabular input. At least two values must be supplied. Heat leaks for
trays not given,
determined but which
by linear lie between trays with defined heat leaks, are
interpolation.
®
Note: If you are working with RATEFRAC routines, this option is disabled.
Rate and Duty: The rate and duty data entry fields are enabled for input. A
reference name may also be supplied for the heater.
Rate without Heater: The rate field only is enabled for input.
Rate and Return Condition: The rate and return condition fields are enabled for
input. The return condition may be the temperature or the temperature
drop or the liquid fraction. A reference name may also be supplied for the
heater.
Duty and Return Condition: The duty and return condition fields are enabled for
input. The return condition may be the temperature or the temperature
drop or the liquid fraction. A reference name may also be supplied for the
heater.
For the Sure algorithm only, the pumparound rate may be designated as
the total fluid leaving the tray. Total liquid pumparounds must pump down the
column and total vapor pumparounds (bypasses) must flow up.
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
Initial Estimates
All column algorithms use an iterative solution technique, starting from an initial
estimate of the tray temperature, flow and composition profiles. The initial
estimate may be produced internally using an initial estimate generator and/or
provided by the user
used to selectively as initial
replace profile
values data. User-supplied
produced profiles
by an estimate may also be
generator.
Click Initial Estimates on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window. To use an initial estimate generator, select the
generator method from the drop-down list box. Methods provided are:
When an initial estimate generator is not used, the minimum data which must be
supplied as input profiles are tray temperatures and flows, either vapor, liquid, or
a combination thereof. Note that the minimum data which may be supplied are
the temperatures and flows for the top and bottom trays for the column. While
these are the minimum data required, they are rarely adequate to produce an
acceptable initial estimate. It may also be desirable to provide solution profiles
from a converged solution to speed future calculations with a column model.
Initial profiles are entered in tables accessed by clicking the following buttons on
the Column Initial Estimates window:
Composition estimates
they are rarely may
needed for be helpful
most for highly non-ideal mixtures; however,
problems.
®
RATEFRAC Initial Estimate:
®
For RATEFRAC routines, Initial Estimate may be used to perform Initial
Estimate. Option is also provided to include design specifications.
By default, the Perform Initial Estimate option is checked to provide the user to
have an estimate on Temperature and Reflux, etc.
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
Performance Specifications
Performance specifications or SPECs may be imposed on a column operation
such that product stream flows or properties, column internal flows, column tray
temperatures, etc., are at desired values in the solution. For each SPE C, a
degree of freedom or VARY must be calculated. For a column, a VARY may be a
feed stream rate, heat duty, or the draw rate for a “fixed rate draw.” Furthermore,
for convergence
by the to be
collective set of achieved,
VARY s. there must be a direct effect on all of the SPECs
SPECs and VARYs use the general form in PRO/II and are discussed more fully
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE
column section
parameters which may of this
be used for chapter.
SPECs andA list of the is
VARYs stream and in
also given
that section.
Convergence Data
Convergence data include Convergence Parameters, Convergence Tolerances,
Homotopy Options for Convergence Specifications and Convergence History
(printout options) for Column iterations. These data are entered in the Column
Convergence Data window accessible via the Convergence Data… button on the
Column main data entry window.
Damping Cutoff: The damping factor cutoff value is used for the Chemdist
algorithm. The damping factor is only applied when the sum of the errors is larger
than this value. A default value of 10-8 is supplied by PRO/II.
Error Increase Factor: This factor limits the increase in the sum of the errors
from iteration to iteration. PRO/II supplies a default value of 1.0 for the Inside-Out
algorithm or 100 for the Chemdist algorithm. This factor does not apply to the
Sure algorithm.
Note: The use of tuning factors usually results in an increase in the time required
to solve a distillation problem.
Convergence Tolerances
Tolerances for the column equations may also be changed although this should
rarely, if ever, be done and never as a means to reach a converged solution.
Tolerances are:
Bubble Point: The maximum bubble point error for each tray.The default is 10 -3 ..
®
Not used for the RATEFRAC routines.
Enthalpy Balance: The maximum heat balance error for each tray. The default
is 10-3 .
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
The homotopy option allows you to solve the simulation with an initial value for
the specification and then automatically move to the desired final value in a set
number of steps. The column is converged at each step.
To use the homotopy option for any specification, you must supply the initial
value of the specification and the number of intervals to use in moving from the
initial value to the final value. You cannot change the final value in this window.
Convergence History
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
Tray Hydraulics
Tray hydraulic calculations may be used to size new columns and to rate existing
tray or packed columns. To perform sizing or rating calculations, click Tray and
Packing Data… on the Column main data entry window. For sizing and rating
purposes, the column is divided into sections of trays or packing on the Column
Tray
ColumnHydraulics window.
Tray/Packing Enter
Rating ortray/packing sizing and Sizing
Column Tray/Packing rating information in the
windows accessible
via the Enter Data… button. The Glitsch valve tray method is used to perform the
tray calculations. The valve tray results are derated by five and twenty percent
respectively, to represent the performance of sieve and bubble cap trays.
For packed columns, random or structured packings are available, as are various
types of metallic and ceramic rings and saddles.
For sizing calculations, column diameter for each tray is sized independently to
meet the specified or default flooding criteria. The largest diameter in each
section
requiredisstandard
then selected and the entire section is rerated using the largest
diameter.
For rating calculations, the percent of flood is calculated for each tray. The
feature of multiple sections of trays is useful in representing existing columns,
which often have a variety of tray and downcomer arrangements.
Linear – This option indicates that there is a linear concentration profile across the
tray.
Critical Surface Tension: Enter the Critical Surface Tension, if you have
selected Random Packing under Internal in the Column - Tray Hydraulics dialog
box.
User needs to enter the above-mentioned data for both Sizing and Rating
calculation.
Heat Transfer
Check Correlation and Select Chilton - Colburn Correlation from the drop-down
list to calculate Heat Transfer.
Mass Transfer
Check Correlation and select the appropriate correlation name from the drop-
down list to calculate Mass Transfer:
• Scheffe & Weiland (Internals - Trays and Sizing calculation type)
• Chan & Fair (Internals - Trays and Rating calculation type)
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
• Rocha 1996 (Internals - Structured Packing and for both Sizing and
Rating calculation type)
• Onda (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
Interfacial Area
Select any of the listed correlation to calculate Interfacial Area:
• Scheffe & Weiland (Internals - Trays and Sizing calculation type)
• Chan & Fair (Internals - Trays and Rating calculation type)
• Rocha 1996 (Internals - Structured Packing and for both Sizing and
Rating calculation type)
• Onda (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
• Bravo (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
Tray Efficiencies
All trays in a column model are treated as equilibrium stages or theoretical trays
unless one of the tray efficiency models is used. This implies that the user must
apply some type of tray efficiency to the actual number of trays in the column, to
determine the number of theoretical trays to use in the model. Engineers typically
use overall tray efficiency factors based on experience to convert actual trays to
theoretical trays. This is almost always the best manner in which to model tray
efficiency, since generalized correlations for overall tray efficiency are
nonexistent in the literature.
For the Inside-Out algorithm, PRO/II provides several tray efficiency models:
• Murphree
• Equilibrium
• Vaporization.
For the Chemdist algorithm, only the Vaporization model may be used.
However, none of these models predicts the overall tray efficiency. All of the
models use an equation or factor to adjust the equilibrium vapor composition
leaving a tray. The models are useful for tuning a tray or a few trays in a Column
model, but their general application to all trays in a column is not recommended.
To use tray efficiencies, click Tray Efficiencies… on the Column main data entry
window to enter the Column Tray Efficiency window.Select the efficiency model
with a radio button and click Efficiency Data… to begin the tabular entry of tray
efficiencies. Tray efficiencies may be given for all components on a tray or
selected components on a tray. An overall scaling factor may also be provided to
be applied to all tray efficiencies. This factor may be adjusted by a Controller unit
to meet a desired SPE C.
Side Columns
A column using the Inside-Out or Sure algorithm may have attached Side
Columns, where a Side Column is a stripper or rectifier. The Side Column draws
feed from the main Column and returns a product to the main Column. A finished
product is withdrawn from the Side Column.
Side Columns are attached as part of the flowsheet construction in the PFD main
window. They may be completed and edited by double-clicking on the side
column icon on the PFD. The side column data entry windows are identical to the
Column main data entry windows with the exception that irrelevant features are
eliminated.
The Inside-Out algorithm merges a side column with the main column, for
calculations. This simultaneous approach means that the SPECs and VARYs for
the main column and side columns need not be balanced provided that the
SPECs and VARYs for the total column configuration are balanced.
The Sure algorithm solves side columns as separate columns in recycle. This
approach is more time consuming, and demands that the SPECs and VARYs for
the main column and every side column are balanced.
The Chemdist algorithm does not permit side columns.
Print Options
Click Print Options… on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results… and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
®
RATEFRAC Software Print Options: Click RateFrac… to bring up Print
Options dialog box. By default, Calculated HETP for each segment option is
checked. Check the other options to make the data available in the generated
report.
Thermodynamic Systems
®
RATEFRAC is a Registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch.
General Information
The Column unit operation may be used to simulate any distillation or liquid-liquid
extraction process. Distillation columns are described in the Distillation Column
section of this chapter. Although liquid-liquid extraction (llex) columns are
generally not trayed, the distillation column nomenclature is used and the term
tray denotes an equilibrium stage. A Liquid–Liquid Extraction Column must
contain at least two trays.
The trays are considered to be linked with the light-liquid phase moving up the
column and the heavy liquid moving down. There is no limit on the number of
trays in a liquid-liquid extraction column model. Any tray may have a feed,
product draw, or duty. There must be a feed to the top and bottom trays.
Note: Side columns may not be used with liquid-liquid extraction columns.
The following distillation column features are not applicable to LLEX columns and
will be disabled:
Column feeds and products are added as part of the flowsheet construction in
the PFD. They may be accessed from the Column Feeds and Products window
accessible via the Feeds and Products… icon on the Column main data entry
window.
Feed tray numbers may be added or changed in this window. There is no limit on
the number of feeds a column may have.
For products, the product type, phase, tray number, and flowrate are supplied in
this window. There is no limit on the number of products a liquid-liquid extraction
column may have and products may be withdrawn from any tray of the column.
Product types include:
Overhead, Bottoms, Fixed Rate Draw, and Pseudoproduct. Every column must
have an overhead product leaving tray one and a bottoms product leaving the
highest numbered tray. The product phase may be Light Liquid (Liquid 1) or
Heavy Liquid (Liquid 2).
Product rates must be supplied for all draw products. Rates may be supplied in
molar, mass, or liquid volume units. An estimated value must also be provided for
either the overhead or bottoms product. The estimated value for the overhead or
bottoms rate should be as accurate as possible to enhance convergence. It is
necessary to use a Performance Specification to set a desired flow for the
overhead or bottoms product.
Pseudoproducts
Column Algorithm
The solution algorithm is selected in the drop-down list box on the Column main
data entry window. The Inside-Out (default), Sur e, and Chemdist algorithms are
for distillation columns. To specify a liquid-liquid extraction column, select the
Liquid-Liquid option.
Calculated Phases
When the Liquid-Liquid algorithm is selected, the phase system will automatically
be set to liquid/liquid.
Number of Trays
The number of trays in the model is entered in the data entry field provided on
the Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
Number of Iterations
The maximum number of trial solutions is supplied in the data entry field provided
on the Column main data entry window. The default value is 30 for the Liquid-
Liquid algorithm.
Pressure Profile
The pressure for every tray in a column model must be defined. All calculations
are performed at the defined tray pressures. The tray pressures are defined in
the Column Pressure Profile window, which is reached by clicking Pressure
Profile… on the Column main data entry window. Tray pressures may be
supplied on an overall or tray by tray mode by choosing a radio button in this
window.
For the overall mode, the top tray pressure must be supplied and either the
pressure drop per tray or the total pressure drop aross the column. A default
value of zero is supplied for the pressure drop per tray and the column pressure
drop. All tray pressures are derived by linear application of the supplied pressure
drop.
Individual tray pressures are supplied for the tray by tray mode. Note that the top
and bottom trays must be included when supplying a table of individual tray
pressures. Missing pressures are determined by linear interpolation of supplied
values.
Initial Estimates
The Liquid-Liquid algorithm uses an iterative solution technique, starting from an
initial estimate of the tray temperature, flow and composition profiles. By default,
the initial estimate is produced internally using the initial estimate generator.
User-supplied profiles may be used to replace some or all of the values produced
by the estimate generator.
Click Initial Estimates… on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window.
When using the initial estimate generator, profiles are determined by a simple
material balance.
compositions. YouTemperatures
may optionallyare determined
provide from estimated
temperature estimatesproduct
for the top and
bottom trays which replace values predicted by the estimate generator, as well
as an estimate of the ratio of the liquid flows on tray 1.
When the initial estimate generator is not used, the data which must be supplied
as input profiles are tray temperatures and flows, either light or heavy liquid, or a
combination thereof. Note that the minimum data which may be supplied are the
temperatures and flows for the top and bottom trays for the column. While these
are the minimum data required, they are rarely adequate to produce an
acceptable initial estimate. It may also be desirable to provide solution profiles
from a converged solution to speed future calculations with a column model.
Initial profiles are entered in tables accessed by clicking the following buttons on
the Column Initial Estimates window: Net Vapor Rate… ,
Vapor Composition… , Tray Temperature… , Liquid Composition…
and Net Liquid Rate… . Composition estimates are rarely needed for
most problems.
Performance Specifications
To supply SPECs and define VARYs, access the Column Specifications and
Variables window via the Performance Specifications… button on the main
Column data entry window. SPECs and VARYs are entered or edited via the
hypertext strings. PRO/II requires that there be an equal number of SPECs and
VARY s. Thus, when a SPEC is added or deleted, you are required to add or
delete a VAR Y.
SPECs and VARYs use the general form in PRO/II and are discussed more fully
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. A list of the stream and
liquid-liquid extraction column parameters which may be used for SPECs and
VARYs is also given in this section.
Convergence Data
Damping Factor: A damping factor of less than unity may be used to improve
convergence when the convergence is oscillating. A default value of 1.0 is
supplied by PRO/II.
Error Increase Factor: This factor limits the increase in the sum of the errors
from iteration to iteration. PRO/II supplies a default value of 100.
Note: The use of tuning factors usually increases the solution time. Tolerances
for the liquid-liquid extraction column equations may also be changed although
this should rarely, if ever, be done and never as a means to reach a converged
solution.
Tolerances are:
Enthalpy Balance: The maximum heat balance error for each tray. The default
is 10-3 .
Print Options
Click Print Options… on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results… and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
Thermodynamic Options
Column, Side
General Information
The Side Column unit operation models side strippers and side rectifiers
associated with a main Column. The Side Column model is currently restricted to
the Inside-Out, Enhanced I/O and Sure algorithms. See Column Algorithm in the
Distillation Column discussion (page 191) for further information on these
methods. Side Columns always use the same distillation algorithm as the main
Column. Multiple Side Columns attached to one main Column are possible and,
in fact, are common practice in the petroleum refining industry.
Solution Methods
Solution methods for Side Columns vary with the algorithm. The Inside-Out (and
Enhanced I/O) algorithm merges the Side Column with the main column and
solves the complex column arrangement simultaneously.
There are three benefits to this approach:
• The simultaneous method results in more precision in the solution.
• The simultaneous solution is more efficient and uses less computing
time.
• The simultaneous solution provides more flexible product specifications.
For example, the last benefit permits the use of both a D86 (5%) and a D86
(95%) specification for a side stripper product. To solve this same set of
specifications with the Sure method requires the use of a Multi-variable Controller
unit wrapped around the main column/side column units.
The Sure method solves each side column separately from the main column and
uses recycle streams to relate the side column and main column. While special
recycle logic is used to converge the column/ side column recycle problem, this
method has three disadvantages when compared to the Inside-Out column
simultaneous treatment:
A variation in side stripper design is the use of a reboiler on the bottom of the
side stripper to "heat strip" the liquid feed. No stripping medium is used for
reboiled side strippers. The advantage of this arrangement is a smaller stripped
vapor return stream to the main column which reduces the vapor loading for the
main column. Reboiled side strippers have higher tray efficiencies than those
which use a stripping medium. Therefore, three to five theoretical trays are
typically used to model these strippers.
Side strippers do not normally have any other items of equipment such as
condensers, pumparounds, side heaters/coolers, etc. Only the Sure method
permits the use of a condenser on a side stripper. This capability may find utility
when modeling some unusual types of column configurations.
The overhead product from the side rectifier is removed as a finished product.
The liquid from the bottom tray is returned to the main column for further
fractionation.
Compressor
General Information
The Compressor simulates a single stage isentropic compression. Outlet
conditions and work requirements may be determined using either an adiabatic
or polytropic efficiency. Optional tabular input may be used to determine
performance from supplied curves for outlet pressure or pressure ratio, head,
work, and/or efficiency. An optional aftercooler calculation may be included. Both
VLE and VLLE calculations are supported. Multistage compressors may be
modeled by linking single stage compressor units.
Compressors may have one or more product streams. The product phase
condition for units with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For
compressors with two or more product streams, the product phases must be
specified in the Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking Product
Phases… on the Compressor main data entry window. Note that for compressors
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified.
Single Polytropic Efficiency Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply a curve
relating volumetric feed rate to polytropic efficiency in the Compressor
Efficiency Curve window.
Multiple Adiabatic Efficiency Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply multiple
curves at designated Compressor inlet or outlet pressures, which relate
volumetric feed rate
Efficiency Curves to adiabatic efficiency in the Compressor Multiple
window.
Multiple Polytropic Efficiency Curve: Click Enter Curve… to supply multiple
curves at designated Compressor inlet or outlet pressures, which relate
volumetric feed rate to polytropic efficiency in the Compressor Multiple
Efficiency Curves window. Selection of an efficiency or temperature
specification is optional, and if none is selected a default value of 100
percent adiabatic efficiency is used. Note that this corresponds to a
perfect isentropic compression.
[
Head = Head ref RPM / RPM reference ]2.0
[
Work = Work ref RPM / RPM reference ]3.0
Efficiency = Efficiency
reference
RPM / RPM
ref
Aftercooler Option
An aftercooler may be added via the Aftercooler… icon on the Compressor main
data entry window and supplying the cooler outlet temperature and pressure drop
in the Compressor Aftercooler window.
Calculation Method
The method used to calculate the Compressor head may be selected by clicking
Calculation Method… on the Compressor main data entry window to access the
Compressor Calculational Mode window. The method may be chosen with the
radio buttons provided, with choices as follows:
GPSA Engineering Data Book: The GPSA Data Book equation is used to
compute head.
ASME Power Test Code 10: The ASME Power Test Code 10 equation is used
to compute head. This method, the default, is the most rigorous.
The compression ratio above which the head equation is used to compute the
isentropic/
only appliespolytropic coefficient
to the GPSA method, may also
with be supplied
a default valueinofthis
1.15window. This
supplied. entry
Below
this compression ratio, the GPSA “temperature equation” is used to compute the
isentropic/polytropic coefficients.
Thermodynamic System
Controller
General Information
Specification
appropriate linked
further details text.
on the See the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE
generalized section of this chapter for
SPEC form used in PRO/II.
Variable
The control variable (VAR Y) is selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable field of the Feedback Controller window. The
Parameter window is used to designate the stream or unit parameter to use for
the VARY in a manner analogous to that used in selecting the SPEC above. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. You will also find tables of the flowsheet variables that may be
Parameters
Several parameters regarding the operation of the Controller may be supplied on
this section of the Feedback Controller window. You may change the maximum
number of iterations from the default value of 10. Use the radio buttons may to
select the action taken when the control variable exceeds the prescribed limits:
• continue
Flowsheet(the default), or
calculations are halted.
Nonconvergence of Controllers
The controller uses a Newton-Rhapson technique to search for the value of the
control variable that meets the specified flowsheet parameter result. Therefore, it
is important that there be a continuous and monotonic relationship between the
control variable and the specification. Control functions with discontinuities or
localized maxima and minima may fail to converge or converge to an undesired
result.
For some cases, the limits and step sizes entries may keep the control function
within a range of feasible solutions.
Controllers always create a recycle loop in the flowsheet, from the downstream
unit at which the specification is evaluated to the first upstream unit affected by
the control variable.
When a controller is located within a recycle loop, PRO/II normally solves the
controller as part of the loop, i.e., the controller iterations and the recycle
iterations are solved simultaneously. Therefore, you must change the calculation
order when it is desired to converge the controller within each iteration of the
overall recycle loop. Note also that it is important that the tolerance for the
controller be tighter than the tolerance for the overall recycle loop to insure
convergence.
Crystallizer
General Information
The Crystallizer unit operation simulates crystallization processes for the
manufacture of organics, inorganics, fertilizers, biochemicals and polymers. The
crystallizer transforms a supersaturated solution into a mixed solid/liquid crystal
slurry.
The formation rate relationships are expressed as power law expressions in the
Crystallizer Growth and Nucleation Rates window. These relationships are
similar to equations for power law kinetics used for chemical reactions. Full
details of the calculation method can be found in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
Unit Specification
A Crystallizer unit operation is specified by filling in the appropriate data variables
for Solute and Solvent, Crystal Shape Factor, Calculation Mod e, Design
Specification (in Design Mode) and Growth and Nucleation Rates in the
appropriate data entry windows that may be accessed through the Crystallizer
main data entry window that is accessed by double-clicking the Crystallizer unit
icon.
The shape factor defaults to 1.0 which indicates cubic crystals. A value of p/6
indicates spherical crystals.
Calculation Mode
Click Calculation Mode… to specify the Design or Rating calculation mode.
In Design mode,
Specification a specification
options are: is required and the vessel volume is calculated.
Magma Density in the Bottom Product: Enter the density of the bottom product
as weight of crystals per unit volume of slurry.
(Xexit-Xsat)/Xsat
where:
Xexit is the liquid phase mole fraction of the solute in the bottom product, and
Xsat is the saturation mole fraction of the solute in the bottom product.
In Rating mode, the vessel volume is defined.
Click Growth and Nucleation Rates… to specify Growth and Nucleation Rates.
Crystal Growth Rate: You must supply the Rate Constant for the rate equation
in ft/sec or m/sec. Growth rates are typically in the range 2.0x10-7 to 2.0x10-8
m/sec. By default, the rate is directly proportional to the Supersaturation Rati o.
You may change this by overriding the default Exponential Factor. Factors are
usually in the range 0.0 to 2.5.
Operating Conditions
Print Options
Check thetables
including Include Crystal Size
of fractions andDistribution box to request
population densities for theadditional
feed andoutput
product
streams as functions of the crystal size distribution.
Cyclone
General Information
The Cyclone unit operation models the separation of particulate solids from a
solid and gas stream. The particulate collection efficiency is determined by the
solids loading, component characteristics, particle size distribution, stream
flowrate, and cyclone geometry. The Cyclone unit operation will calculate the
collection efficiency for every particle size range of each solid component as well
as the pressure drop through the unit. The Cyclone is assumed to operate
isothermally and mechanisms such as agglomeration and crumbling are
discounted.
Unit Specification
A cyclone unit operation is specified by filling in the appropriate real and integer
data variables for operating mode, geometry, pressure drop calculations,
efficiency calculations, and multiple cyclone configuration in the Gas/Solid
Cyclone main data entry window that is accessed by double-clicking the Cyclone
unit icon on the PFD.
Rating Mode
If you select Rating Mod e, you must supply the diameter of the cyclone. The
other dimensions of the cyclone will be generated from the diameter. If you select
User Defined Geometry, you must also enter all of the geometric ratios as
described below. In Rating Mod e, PRO/II will calculate: pressure drop, total
efficiency, component efficiencies, grade efficiencies and weight percent solids in
the overhead stream.
Design Mode
If you select Design Mod e, you need not provide the cyclone diameter. Again, if
you select User Defined Geometry, you must enter all of the geometric ratios as
described below. In addition, you must specify a target for total solids collection
(see entry for RPARM(13) below). You may also wish to override the default
maximum pressure drop of 10 inches of water by entering a value in whatever
input pressure units you prefer (see entry for RPARM(16) below). In addition to
the normal Rating Mode output, Design Mode will calculate the number and size
of identical cyclones that are necessary to meet the specification. There may be
many cyclone systems that meet the specification. In all cases, Design Mode will
return the system requiring the fewest cyclones.
Multiple Cyclones
The Cyclone can model a system of identical cyclones that are arranged either in
parallel or in series. In the case of parallel cyclones, the feed streams are split
evenly among the cyclones. The overhead products from all cyclones merge into
one overhead and the bottoms products from all cyclones merge into one bottom
stream. In the case of series cyclones, the overhead from the first cyclone is the
feed to the second and so on. The overhead product is the overhead product
from the final cyclone while the bottom product is the combined bottom product
from all the cyclones in the system. Both product streams are at the outlet
pressure of the final cyclone in the system. It is not possible to specify recycle
streams inside the unit or to reference intermediate stage data from the
flowsheet. For example, if you wish to set a specification on the second cyclone
in a three-cyclone series or set a recycle from the second cyclone to the first
cyclone, you should model the system as three separate units. Note that while
increasing the number of identical cyclones will increase efficiency and pressure
drop in asystem.
parallel series system, it will decrease the efficiency and pressure drop in a
(the diameter of the particles which are collected with 50% efficiency). The API
method is based on a ratio of particle diameter to critical diameter (the diameter
of particles which would be collected at 100%). The Koch & Licht method is not
based on a particle size ratio.
Pressure Model (IPARM(3)) This input is optional. Options for both Rating and
Design mode are:
1. Koch & Licht (default)
2. API
If the cyclone is inside another vessel, the API method allows values for the Inlet
Width Ratio and the Superficial Gas Velocity (described later in the section titled
Real Data for Unit) to be specified.
If the user-defined geometry is used, values must be specified for the inlet height
ratio, inlet width ratio, cyclone dust outlet diameter ratio, cyclone gas outlet
diameter ratio, gas outlet tube length ratio, height of cylindrical section ratio, and
total cyclone height ratio as appropriate for the calculation method used as
shown.
Inlet Vane Flag (IPARM(5)) This input is optional. Options for both Rating and
Design mode are:
1. No (default)
2. Yes
Shape of Gas Inlet Flag (IPARM(6)) This input is optional. Options for both
Rating and Design mode are:
1. Tangential (default)
2. Scroll or volute
3. Axial
For a value of 2, the Inlet Width Ratio and the Superficial Gas Velocity must be
specified. Dipleg Size is calculated if the value of 2 is entered.
This entry allows changes to be made automatically in the pressure drop model
between the Koch & Licht and API methods based on solids loading.
For example, if a solid with PSD data: 10, 20, 30, 40 (in default input units) is
required to have a weight fraction of 0.20 in size range 20 to 30, the
value for this entry would be 2 (the second size range) and the value for
a DEFINE statement would be 0.20. The default value is 1 (the first size
range).
Real Data for Unit
The cyclone geometry is input as the ratio of length divided by overall cyclone
body diameter, so that an inlet height of 0.1 meters on a cyclone of diameter 0.2
meters would have an inlet height ratio of 0.1/0.2 = 0.5.
optional.
Superficial Gas Velocity (RPARM(10)) This Rating/Design Mode entry is
optional.
Maximum Cyclone Diameter (RPARM(15)) This Design Mode entry is optional.
The default is 0.5 m.
The output values calculated by the Cyclone model are stored in the indicated
locations in the RPARM() array and can be accessed by a Controller, MVC or
Optimizer. All RPARM() outputs are produced in both Rating and Design modes.
Depressuring Unit
General Information
The Depressuring Unit simulates the time-pressure-temperature relationships
that occur when a vessel is depressured through a relief or control valve. Several
different valve models, vessel configurations and models for heat flow into the
unit are available. An optional external makeup stream may also be specified.
The initial phase of the vessel contents may be either a vapor or a vapor-liquid
mixture.
Calculation Options
Calculation options include procedures from API Standard 2000, API
Recommended Practice 520, and other industry standards.
Note: This option is only available if the heat input model type “Fire Relief Model”
is selected.
The default value for the Volume Tolerance per Time Step is 0.0001. The default
value for the Maximum Number of Time Steps allowed in the depressuring
simulation is 100.
The default value for the Time Step size is calculated using default values for the
sizing parameters. User-supplied values for the parameters used in this
calculation may be entered via the appropriate hypertext string. The step size
basis is selected from a pop-up list, which includes
a. total fluid quantity in increments of the amount* (a constant)
b. vapor quantity in increments of the amount* (a constant), or
c. the smaller of (1) or (2).
The default selection for time step size basis is (1). If either (1) or (2) is selected,
a user-supplied value for the constants can be entered in the pop-up float field.
For the time step size basis of (1), the default value of the constant is 0.04. For
(2), the default value of the constant is 0.50.
Valve Data
Data can be entered on the Depressuring Valve Data window to define the flow
characteristics of the relief valve or control valve. This window is brought up by
clicking Valve Data… on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window. A Valve
Model must be selected from the four choices by choosing the appropriate radio
button. The available valve models are Supersonic Flow, Subsonic Flow,
Constant Flow, and User Model. The default is Supersonic Flow. The equation
for the selected model is displayed as an aid to entering the parameters in the
valve equation. The units displayed for the equation are consistent with the
default UOM for the problem and may not be changed.
A Valve Constant (C) must be entered for all models except for the User Model.
For the Supersonic Flow model, the valve constant is the only entry allowed. For
the Subsonic Flow model, an optional back pressure may be entered along with
the required the valve constant. For the Constant Flow model, the only allowable
entry is the valve constant. For the User model, the control valve coefficient must
be entered. The default back pressure value is 0.0, while the default value for the
critical flow factor is 1.0 Different values for the back pressure and critical flow
factor may be entered.
Vessel Data
The Depressuring Vessel Data window is used to define the configuration of the
depressuring unit. This window is accessible via the Vessel Data button on the
Depressuring Unit main data entry window. One of the following,
• Sphere
• Horizontal Cylinder
• Vertical Cylinder
• Unspecified Shape
must be selected by choosing the appropriate radio button.
If Sphere is the selected vessel geometry, a value for the diameter must be
entered. If Horizontal Cylinder is the selected vessel geometry, the diameter and
tangent-to-tangent length must be entered. For the Vertical Cylinder vessel
geometry, the diameter and tangent-to-tangent height must be entered. For
vessels of any of these defined geometries, entering a value for liquid height is
optional. For vessels of the Unspecified Shape geometry, the vessel volume
must be entered. Liquid Holdup is optional only if the geometry is Unspecified
Shape. By default, the holdup liquid is saturated liquid of the combined feed
composition at the initial conditions. The remaining vessel volume contains vapor
in equilibrium with this liquid. The holdup may be on a mole, weight, or actual
volume fraction basis with the default being the mole fraction basis.
The Vessel Weight and the Vessel Specific Heat may be input for any vessel
geometry. If one of these two variables is entered, then both must be entered.
These items are required only if “Blowdown” appears on the Heat Input window,
otherwise they are optional. (See discussion on vessel Heat Input options below.)
The volume correction factor is an optional entry for the Spher e, Horizontal
Cylinder, and Vertical Cylinder vessel geometries only. This entry is used to
correct the vessel volume for pipes, fittings, and end plates and defaults to 1.00 if
not supplied.
Heat Input
Click Heat Input… on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window to open the
Heat Input window. A heat input model may be selected from the drop-down list
box, which includes the following options:
•• API
User-defined
2000
• API 2000 Method with Scaling
• API RP 520 with Scaling
• API RP 520
• Isothermal
• Rigorous Blowdown
• Semirigorous Blowdown
• Fire Relief.
User-Defined is the default as this supplies no heat input to the vessel. The
difference between the Rigorous and Semirigorous Blowdown models is the
physical property calculations. The selected heat transfer equation is displayed,
along with the equation’s units of measure. Depending on the Heat Flow Model
selected, from one to five of the coefficients may be supplied. For the User-
Defined or Semirigorous or Rigorous Blowdown models, values for these
coefficients default to 0.0.
For the Fire Relief Model only, the first two coefficients C1 and C2 are required.
The Initial Wetted Area field is made unavailable when a value has been entered
for Liquid Height on the Vessel Data window. Otherwise, a value for Initial Wetted
Area must be entered for the API 2000, Scaled API 2000, RP 520, Scaled RP
520, and Fire Relief Models. The Area Scaling Factor is an optional entry for
these same heat input models only when the Initial Wetted Area is input. It has a
default value of 1.0.
The Heat Input Scaling Factor may be input for any heating model except the
Semirigorous and Rigorous Blowdown and Isothermal models. It has a default
value of 1.0.
For the heat transfer coefficient used in the Semirigorous or Rigorous Blowdown
calculations,
coefficient, oreither a Calculated
individual Using
phase vapor orScaling Factor
liquid heat coefficent,
transfer an Overall
coefficient may be
used by selecting the appropriate radio button. The default is to use the
Calculated Using Scaling Factor coefficent, with a default value for the scaling
factor of 1.0.
Makeup Stream
names
stream of
may all be
feed streams
selected astoa the depressuring
makeup unit shown
stream. The flow of on
thisthe PFD.will
stream One always
begin at time = 0, regardless of when the depressuring begins. By default, no
makeup stream is included.
The Print Options window allows the user to control the intermediate and final
printed results for the Depressuring Unit. This window can be accessed through
the Output/Report Format/Unit Operations menu option or from the Depressuring
Unit main data entry window..
The default for all stream printout is a molar basis; clicking on the toggle text
allows the user to select weight basis.
By default, component compositions are printed at all steps. The user may opt to
print all steps, or initial, final and relief conditions only by clicking on the
hypertext. The user may suppress all composition printout by deselecting the
box.
Intermediate printout is printed at each calculation step time by default. The user
may select a different interval by clicking on the default time step linked text,
which will bring up the Intermediate Print Interval Options window. On the
Intermediate Print Interval Options window, either the Default Time Step,a User-
defined Time Step,or aUser-defined Pressure Interval can be specified for the
printing frequency of the intermediate results by selecting the appropriate radio
button.
Thermodynamic System
For problems where more than one thermodynamic method has been specified,
a drop-down list box allows the selection of a thermodynamic method set to be
used for the Depressuring Unit.
Dissolver
General Information
The Dissolver unit operation models the dissolution of solids into liquid solutions.
This mass transfer operation is widely used in the chemical industry in both
organic as well as inorganic processes.
Both an overhead and bottoms product must be specified. The default allocation
may be modified in the Dissolver Products window. The bottoms contains the
liquid product along with any remaining crystals. The overhead contains any
vapor generated in the unit.
Calculation Method
The dissolver transforms crystals in solution from the solid to the liquid phase.
PRO/II models the most common type of dissolver which is the stirred tank
dissolver. A feed heat exchanger may be included in the model if required.
The mass transfer coefficient may be specified in the Dissolver Dissolution Rate
window. Alternatively, you may specify that the coefficient should be calculated
from diffusivity data entered in the Thermodynamic Data.
Full details of the calculation method can be found in the PRO/II Reference
Manual.
Excel Unit
General Information
The Excel unit operation can be used to include Microsoft Excel spreadsheet files
as general unit operations in the flowsheet. During calculation, PRO/II transfers
feed stream information to the spreadsheet, invokes a user-defined macro, then
reads the resulting product stream information back into PRO/II.
Before using an Excel unit operation, a user must first create and configure the
Excel spreadsheet file which will be used for calculations.
A developer
macros and/orcan copy and customize
spreadsheet formulas tothe spreadsheet
calculate by adding
the output theconditions
stream required
based on the input feed streams and the unit operation data.
After the spreadsheet has been customized, a user can add it to a PRO/II
flowsheet using the Excel unit operation:
After starting PRO/II, select File/New from the menu. The PFD Icon
palette is displayed.
Scroll to the bottom of the PFD palette, click the Excel button, and click
an empty area of the flowsheet to add a new Excel unit operation.
Connect the required feed and product streams.
Double-click on the Excel icon to display the tabbed dialog box (see next
section Excel Configuration Dialog Box ). This tabbed dialog box is used
to specify the name of the Excel file, the name of the worksheet used as
the data transfer area, and the name of the macro to invoke at
calculation time.
Limitations
The Excel unit operation has the following limitations:
• The Excel macro cannot make any direct function calls back into PRO/II.
All communication with PRO/II is done through the data transfer sheet.
• Use of the PRO/II COM Server functions to access data in the current
flowsheet is not supported.
• The Excel spreadsheet is not included in the .prz file in the current
version.
The Data Entry Window for the Excel unit operation is used to specify the
configuration and general unit operation information. The window is grouped into
five tabs.
Spreadsheet Information: contains Excel configuration information.
Notes: This tab contains two text boxes that can be used to specify the unit
description and the unit notes.
The worksheet used to transfer data between PRO/II and Excel has a specific
format as described in the following table. The Column and Cell identifiers
assume that the spreadsheet has been configured to support five feed streams
and five product streams. If the spreadsheet is modified to increase or decrease
this number,
change then theFor
accordingly. actual cell forif the
example, the rows highlighted
spreadsheet with an asterisk
is modified (*) will
to increase the
number of feed streams to 6, then the column corresponding to the first product
stream will change from column H to column I.
Column *
Contents
or Cell
D2 At calculation time, PRO/II fills this cell with the number of
components in the simulation.
F2 Maximum number of feed streams supported by the
spreadsheet. At calculation time, PRO/II reads this value to
insure that the number of actual feed streams is less than or
equal to the number of columns reserved in the spreadsheet.
PRO/II does not change this value. This value must match the
number of 'blue' columns used to store feed stream
information. If a user customizes the spreadsheet to add one
or more blue columns, then this number must be increased to
match.
H2 Maximum number of product streams supported by the
spreadsheet. At calculation time, PRO/II reads this value to
insure that
or equal to the
the number
number of
of actual
columnsproduct streams
reserved in theis less than
spreadsheet. PRO/II does not change this value. This value
must match the number of 'yellow' columns used to store
product stream information. If a user customizes the
spreadsheet to add one or more yellow columns, then this
number must be increased to match.
J2 Number of rows (starting with row 5) reserved for bulk stream
properties. At calculation time, PRO/II reads this number to
determine in which row to begin writing stream compositions.
PRO/II does not modify this value.
W4 * Number of additional parameters to be included in the text
report. At report time, PRO/II reads this value to determine
how many additional data items in columns V and W will be
written to the output report.
C5:G24 * At calculation time, PRO/II fills this range of cells with feed
Column *
Contents
or Cell
stream information. The number of columns is defined by cell
F2; the maximum number of rows is defined by J2.
C25:Gnn * At calculation time, PRO/II fills this range of cells with
component rate information of the feed streams. The number
of columns is defined by cell F2; the number of rows is defined
by D2. The values are expressed in PRO/II internal units-of-
measure.
H5:L24 * At calculation time, the spreadsheet fills this range of cells with
product stream information. The number of columns is defined
by cell H2; the maximum number of rows is defined by J2.
H25:Lnn * At calculation time, the spreadsheet must fill this range of cells
with component rate information of the product streams. The
number of columns is defined by cell H2; the number of rows is
defined by D2. The values should be expressed in PRO/II
internal units-of-measure.
M, O * At calculation time, PRO/II will write values to columns M and
O. Column M will contain the names of the unit operation
Integer (INT) attributes as defined in the Unit Operation Data
Definition (.ini) file; column O will contain the current values.
After the spreadsheet macro is complete, the updated values
in column O will be returned back to PRO/II.
P, R * At calculation time, PRO/II will write values to these columns.
Column P will contain the names of the unit operation
Parameter (PAR) attributes as defined in the Unit Operation
Data Definition (.ini) file; column R will contain the current
values. After the spreadsheet macro is complete, the updated
values in column R will be returned back to PRO/II. The values
are expressed in the units-of-measure specified in the [UOM]
section of the Data Definition file.
S, U * At calculation time, PRO/II will write values to these columns.
Column S will contain the names of the unit operation double-
precision (DBL) attributes as defined in the Unit Operation
Data Definition (.ini) file; column U will contain the current
values. After the spreadsheet macro is complete, the updated
values in column U will be returned back to PRO/II. The values
are expressed in the units-of-measure specified in the [UOM]
section of the Data Definition file.
V * Contains the description of the attributes that will be included
in the PRO/II default text report. PRO/II does not change these
values. The number of descriptions and values included in the
Column *
Contents
or Cell
PRO/II report is specified by the number in cell W4.
W * Contains the values calculated by the spreadsheet macros
and/or formulas. PRO/II does not change these values. When
generating the default text report, PRO/II will include the
descriptions from column V and values from column W in the
text report. The number of descriptions and values included in
the report is specified by the number in cell W4.
X, Y * Column X contains the list of unit-of-measure classes. Column
Y contains the conversion factor between input and internal
units of measure. Normally this value is not required because
PRO/II writes all values to the spreadsheet in the same units-
of-measure regardless of the units-of-measure selected in the
input file. For details on the unit-of-measure classes, refer to
the PRO/II 8.1 User-Added Subroutines Users' Guide
Additional Customization
The Excel unit operation in PRO/II provides generic data attributes and GUI
capability. It is possible to perform additional customization using the capabilities
of the Modular User-Added Unit Operations. Specifically, the following items can
be customized:
• Custom Data attributes names and full support for units-of-measure.
• Custom tabbed dialog box.
• Custom icon on the PFD palette.
Expander
General Information
The Expander operation may be used to model any isentropic expansion such as
an expander unit in a natural gas processing plant or a steam turbine, etc. An
adiabatic expansion efficiency may be applied to the calculations. Rigorous
calculations may be performed for both VLE and VLLE systems.
An expander operation may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be the lowest feed stream pressure.
An expander may have one or more product streams. The product phase
condition for operations with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II.
For expanders with two or more product streams, the product phases must be
specified in the Expander Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking
Product Phases… on the Expander main data entry window.
Allowable product phases include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed
vapor phaseproducts
and liquid (vapor plus
andliquid). Mixed phase
is not allowed when is mutually
four productexclusive
streams with
are
specified.
The outlet conditions for an expander may be selected with the radio buttons
provided on the Expander main data entry window. A pressure or work
specification is required for every expander. Options are as follows:
Adiabatic Efficiency
An estimate for the outlet temperature may be optionally supplied in the
Expander main data entry window to speed the calculations.
Thermodynamic System
Flash
General Information
The Flash unit may be used to model any equilibrium calculation where two of
the conditions are defined, e.g., temperature and pressure, pressure and
enthalpy, etc. The phase equilibrium is determined and the product may be
separated into product streams corresponding to the phases. The duty required,
if any, to bring the feed to the final conditions is also reported. Both VLE and
VLLE calculations are supported by this unit.
A flash may have one or more product streams. The product phase condition for
flash operations with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For flash
units with two or more product streams, the product phases must be specified in
the Flash Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking Product
Phases… on the Flash main data entry window.
First Specification
Second Specification
This specification is used in conjunction with the First Specification given above
to define the equilibrium calculation desired. The Second Specification may be
either a Unit Specification or a Product Specification as denoted by the radio
buttons on the Flash main data entry window. These two types of specification
are discussed separately below.
Unit Specification
The desired second specification is chosen with the drop-down list box and the
data entry supplied in the field provided. Options are:
Dew Point: The dew point pressure is computed when the temperature is
supplied as the primary specification. The dew point temperature is
determined when the pressure or pressure drop is provided as the
primary specification. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Hydrocarbon Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the hydrocarbon portion of
the stream is computed when the temperature is supplied as the primary
specification. The dew point temperature is determined when the
pressure or pressure drop is provided as the primary specification. This
option is only applicable for thermodynamic systems which support a
free water phase. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Water Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the water portion of the stream is
computed when the temperature is supplied as the primary specification.
supplied as when
determined the primary specification.
the pressure The bubble
or pressure drop ispoint temperature
provided as the is
primary specification. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Upper Dew Point: The Upper dew point pressure is available only when the
temperature is chosen as the primary specification. This option is
applicable for Vapor Liquid Equilibrium phases where a retrograde
condensation region occurs. This option computes the upper dew point
pressure if a temperature above the critical temperature and below the
cricondentherm is supplied. The Duty required to bring the feed to the
specified conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Product Specification
When this radio button is selected, the pressure is computed when the
temperature is provided as the first specification such that a calculated stream
parameter meets a specified value. When the pressure or pressure drop is
supplied as the first specification, the temperature is computed. The Duty
required to bring the feed to the final conditions is also calculated by PRO/II.
Entrainment
Entrainment from one phase to another phase is requested in the Flash Drum
Entrainment window which is accessed by clicking Entrainment… on the Flash
main data entry window. The From and To phases are defined and the quantity
entrained is supplied as a fraction or percent of the donor phase or as an
absolute rate of material. The entrained material is assumed to have the same
composition as the donor phase. Since entrainment calculations are performed
after the flash calculations, the resultant products may be different from the
original flash specifications. Multiple entrainments are permitted.
Pseudostream Flowrate
For Dew and Bubble Point calculations, an optional liquid and vapor product may
be defined which corresponds to the equilibrium liquid or equilibrium vapor,
respectively. The rate for this pseudostream may be supplied in the data entry
field provided on the Flash main data entry window.
Thermodynamic System
General Information
The Flash with Solids unit models a flash drum unit operation with a solid product
stream. If a solids product stream is to be present, you must use the Flash with
Solids unit rather than the conventional Flash unit operation.
A Flash with Solids unit may have multiple feed streams, in which case the inlet
pressure is assumed to be that of the feed stream with the lowest pressure.
The bottoms stream from the flash drum section feeding the solids separator is
internal to the Flash with Solids unit and is not subject to specification by the
user.
The main data entry window for the Flash with Solids unit is identical to that of
the ordinary Flash unit except that no specification of product phases by the user
is required. The phases for the product streams are automatically specified by
PRO/II and may be reviewed in the Flash Product Phases window accessible via
the Product Phases… button on the Flash main data entry window.
Flowsheet Optimizer
General Information
Objective Function
Either you must choose either Maximize or Minimize as the objective function by
selecting the appropriate radio button in the main Optimizer window. Enter the
objective function by clicking the linked text string Parameter in the Objective
Function field to make the Parameter window available selecting the unit or
stream parameter
similar to the SPECtoParameter
use as the window,
Objective Function. This Parameter window is
except that there is no entry allowed for
the parameter value and tolerance. The Objective Function may be a single
flowsheet parameter or a mathematical expression that relates two flowsheet
parameters.
Variables
The optimizer variables (VARY s) are selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variables grid of the Optimizer main data entry window. In the
Parameter window, designate the stream or unit parameter that will be varied,
selecting from the same choices given above for the Objective Function. For unit
or stream variables, you must also input minimum and maximum values. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. The tables in that section list the flowsheet variables that may be
used for SPECs and VARYs for flowsheet optimizer units.
Specifications
SPECifications may be entered for flowsheet parameters other than the control
variables. Click
bring up the Specifications…
standard on the Optimizer main data entry window to
Specifications window. Check the Use Specifications box
to enable the grid which contains the standard specification linked text. Enter the
parameters for each SPECification by clicking the appropriate text strings in each
specification. Click the linked text string Parameter, to open the Parameter
window where you can select the unit or stream parameter to use as the SPE C.
The SPEC may be a single flowsheet parameter or a mathematical expression
that relates two flowsheet parameters. Next, enter the value and the default
tolerance for the SPEC by clicking on the appropriate text strings. See the
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for details on the generalized SPEC
form.
Constraints
CONStraints may also be entered for flowsheet parameters other than the control
variables. Constraints limit a variable to a specified range. Click Constraints… on
the main Optimizer window to open the Constraints window from the
SPEC/VARY system. Check the Use Constraints box to enable the constraint
grid. Enter the parameters for each CONStraint by clicking the appropriate text
strings. Click the hypertext string Parameter to open the Parameter window
where you can select the unit or stream parameter to use as the CONStraint. The
use of this window is analogous to the Parameter window used in selecting the
SPEC above. The Minimum Value, Maximum Value, and the default tolerance
values for the CONStraint are entered by clicking on the appropriate text strings.
Calculation Options
Number of Calculation Cycles
The default
current for the
number number ofAlternatively,
of variables. calculation cycles is set
you may by PRO/II
specify as 18 plus
the number the
of cycles
by selecting the appropriate radio button on the Options window.
If scaling is deselected, the default value for the derivative step size that appears
on the Variable Step Sizes window is increased from 2 percent to 5 percent.
The default value for the overall error in any variable is 10 -7. You may enter a
different value for the overall error in the corresponding data entry field in the
Options window.
The default value for the Minimum Relative Change in the Objective Function
from one calculational cycle to the next is 0.005. You may enter a different value
for the minimum relative change in the box on the Options window.
Normally, the first unit operation in the calculation sequence that is affected by
the control variable is the next unit calculated after the control variable is
updated. Normally, this is determined automatically by the program. However,
you must must specify the next unit calculated whenever any of the optimization
variables or constraint variables are thermodynamic parameters. Specify the
return unit by selecting the desired unit from the drop-down list box on the
Options window.
The PRO/II Optimizer currently supports the use of both Rigorous and Local
Thermodynamic Models during the perturbation steps. Specify the
thermodynamic model by selecting one of the following options in the Type of
Thermodynamic Model drop-down list box:
Rigorous
This option specifies that PRO/II will use rigorous thermodynamic
calculation models. This is the default selection.
Local TP Model
This option specifies that PRO/II will generate local K-value models for T and P
derivatives.
Advanced Options
Click Advanced Options.. to specify additional options for the Optimizer.
The Optimizer Advanced Options are intended for experienced users of PRO/II. If
you are unsure how these features may apply to your simulation, consult SIMSCI
Technical Support or refer to the PRO/II Reference Manual.
This option enables a line search mode method for the optimization calculations.
By default, this feature is Off . The option Specified Number of Trials in the drop-
down list box enables this feature.
When this feature is enabled, you may specify the maximum number of line
search trials for any one optimizer cycle. The number must be a positive integer
no greater than 20.
You may specify the number of independent variables to be eliminated during the
solution of the optimizer calculations.
You may specify the optimization cycle at which Broyden Updating will begin. By
default, this option is Of f. Specify a positive integer greater than 1 to enable this
feature.
Derivative Analysis
By default, this option is Enabled (Yes ). When enabled, this option limits the step
sizes taken by the optimizer to 30, 60, and 90 percent of the upper or lower
bounds during optimization cycles 1, 2, and 3, respectively. This is intended as a
safety feature to prevent the Optimizer from moving too far, particularly when the
derivatives are inaccurate. Selecting No in the drop-down list box disables this
feature.
Once the flowsheet optimization has converged and the appropriate operating
conditions have been determined, the shadow prices or Lagrange multipliers can
be used to assess the sensitivity of the objective function to the specifications,
constraints and bounds.
For maximization problems, a positive shadow price indicates that the constraint
is being pushed against its upper bounds, a negative shadow price indicates that
the lower bound is still active, and a zero shadow price indicates that the
constraint does not affect the solution By default, printout of these values is
disabled (the None option in the Separate Shadow Price Output File drop-down
list box).
The Brief option produces a separate output report with the same file name as
The All option produces a separate output report with the same file name as the
input file (with an .shd extension) containing a detailed summary of the final
Optimizer solution. This summary includes the values of the objective function, all
variables, specifications, and constraints, along with the shadow prices for all
active bounds and constraints.
Complete technical details may be found under the topic Flowsheet Solution
Algorithms in the PRO/II Reference Manual.
General Information
The LNG Heat Exchanger simulates the exchange of heat between any number
of hot and cold streams. The exchanger is divided into cells representing the
individual cross-flow elements. Cells are designated as Hot , where the streams
are cooled or as Cold where they are heated. The unit must contain at least one
hot cell and one cold cell.
The number of cells is initially defined on the LNG Heat Exchanger Configuration
window that appears when the unit is first placed on the PFD. Cells may be
added or deleted in the main LNG Heat Exchanger window.
If a cell has more than one product stream, the phases must be allocated to the
streams in the Product Phases window. This window is accessed via the Cell
Data… button in the main LNG Heat Exchanger window, then via the Product
Phases… button in the now open LNG Heat Exchanger Cell Data window.
Performance Specifications
Any cell may have either a duty or an outlet temperature specification. However,
at least one cell must remain unspecified. The product streams from all
unspecified cells leave the exchanger at the same temperature.
Cell Data
The pressure drop for each cell defaults to zero. Pressure drop values are
entered in the LNG Heat Exchanger Cell Data window. The thermodynamic
system used for the calculations for an individual cell may also be changed in this
window.
Zones Analysis
Zones Analysis may be requested in the LNG Heat Exchanger Zones Analysis
window accessible via the Zones Analysis… button on the main data entry
window. This feature allows internal temperature crossovers and pinch points to
be identified by dividing the exchanger into a number of zones. Warnings are
issued if crossovers or pinch points are found.
The Zones Analysis calculations are normally performed when the exchanger is
calculated. However, if the exchanger is in a recycle, computation time may be
saved by performing the analysis at output time.
Print Options
The Print Options window is opened via the Print Options… button on the main
data entry window.
temperature, A number
duty and ofoptions
UA. The differentare:
Y versus X plots may be generated for
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for LNGHX calculations may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the LNG Heat Exchanger main data entry window.
Note: The thermodynamic system used for the calculations for an individual cell
(specified in the LNG Heat Exchanger Cell data window) overrides this
thermodynamic system for specific cells.
Heat Exchanger, Rigorous
General Information
The exchanger duty, or one of the exit temperatures, may be defined. In this
case, the fouling resistance is calculated.
Each side of the exchanger may have one or more feed streams. If multiple feed
streams are defined, the mixed feed is flashed at the lowest feed stream
pressure.
If either side has more than one product stream, the phases must be allocated to
the streams in the Product Phases window accessed via the Product Phases…
button in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger–Feeds and Products Data window.
Calculation Type
The calculation type is selected from a drop-down list in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger window. The available options are:
Rating: Determine the heat transferred with the defined area and fouling factors.
The default.
Fixed Duty: Determine the fouling factors and exit temperatures from the defined
duty.
Tube Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and shell exit
temperature from the defined tube outlet temperature.
Shell Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and tube exit
temperature from the defined shell outlet temperature. If the selected
calculation type isasnot
exit temperature Rating, a value must be supplied for the duty or
appropriate.
Exchangers may be attached to any tray of a column for which a duty is defined,
either heating or cooling. To attach an exchanger to a column, double-click
Attach to Column… for the shell or tube side on the Rigorous Heat Exchanger–
Feed and Products Data window and supply the appropriate information in the
window provided.
Attached exchangers may be used to represent the condenser or reboiler for the
column, a pumparound, or side heater/cooler. For side heaters and coolers, the
column stream may be the vapor or liquid from the tray to which the exchanger is
attached, the vapor from the tray below, or the liquid from the tray above.
If the Calculation Type does not fix the exchanger duty or one of the outlet
temperatures, the exchanger duty will be fixed by the column heater or cooler. It
is generally best to allow the column operation to determine the duty required to
meet the defined performance. If the duty is fixed by an exchanger specification,
it is considered a “fixed” duty for the column calculations.
Overall Configuration
A value for at least one of these parameters must be supplied. If any of these
parameters is missing, it will be calculated from the others.
Configuration Data
The configuration details are defined in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger
Configuration Data window accessible via Configuration… on the main data entry
window. All data in this window have default values:
Orientation: The exchanger
either Horizontal orientation
or Vertical. Theisdefault
selected from the l.drop-down list as
is Horizonta
TEMA Type: The three characters for the TEMA type (front, shell and rear of the
exchanger) are selected separately from drop-down lists. The default is
AES.
Tube Data
Details of the exchanger tubes are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Tube
Data window which is accessed via Tubes… on the main data entry window. All
tube data have default values.
Length: The nominal tube length includes the thickness of both tube-sheets. For
U-tubes, it includes the thickness of the tubesheet and the last baffle.
The length defaults to 20 ft (6.1 m).
Pattern: The tuber–30
Triangula pattern is selected
Degrees, from
Squar e–90the drop-down
Degrees list. The
(default), options are
Rotated
Triangular–60 Degrees, and Rotated Squar e– 45 Degrees.
Fin Data
The default is not to have finned tubes. If fins are specified, the surface area may
be entered directly or calculated from the fin data.
Extended Surface
finned surfaceisareas.
Area: This
and bare the total surface
A value area of
entered the tubes
here, including
overrides the the
calculated area.
Fins/Inch: This is the number of fins per inch of tube length. (Default is 19).
Thickness: The fin thickness defaults to a value in inches equal to 0.5/(Fins per
Inch).
Height Above Root: The fin height above the root defaults to a value equal to
(Tube Outside Diameter - Root Diameter)/2.
Root Diameter: The root diameter is the tube diameter at the base of the fins
and it defaults to 0.625 inches.
Baffle Data
Details of the exchanger baffles are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger
Baffle Data window accessible via Baffles… on the main data entry window. All
baffle data have default values.
Baffle Type: The type is selected from the drop-down list. The options are No
Doubl s,
Baffle e. Single (default), Single Baffles - No Tubes in Window and
Baffle Geometry Data: The baffle cut is the height of the window divided by the
shell inside diameter and it defaults to 0.2. Alternatively, the Net Free
Area Ratio may be entered instead. This is the area of the window
divided by the cross-sectional area of the shell.
Center Spacing: If a value is not supplied, the baffle center-to-center spacing is
calculated by default to be 0.2*(Shell Inside Diameter). Any value
entered will be ignored if both Inlet Spacing and Outlet Spacing are
defined and the value will be calculated to provide even spacing.
Inlet Spacing: This is the center-to-center spacing between the tubesheet and
the
the inlet
centerbaffle. If the
spacing or,inlet
if nospacing
center is not supplied,
spacing it is itcalculated
is defined, defaults toto5meet
inches (133 mm) for bare tubes or 3 inches (88 mm) for finned tubes.
Overall used
U-value Estimate: This
in the is the
calculation. The initialisvalue
default for the2heat
50 Btu/hr·ft transfer
·°F (244.1 coefficient
kCal/hr·m 2
·°C or 1021.9 kJ/hr·m2 ·K).
Scale Factor: This is a multiplier which is applied to the film coefficient for the
specified side of the exchanger. It defaults to 1.0.
Foulingits
Thickness: The thickness
effect on the pressure of the
drop. Thefouling layer
default may
value be entered to model
is zero.
Material Data
Tube and shell material property data are entered in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Material Data window accessible via Materials… on the main data
entry window.
The default material is carbon steel. A different material may be selected from a
drop-down list which shows the materials in the library.
304 Stainless Steel 304 S.S. 501.1 8027 9.3 13.8 16.1
18Cr, 8Ni
31617Cr,
Stainless
12Ni Steel 316 S.S. 501.1 8027 9.4 14.0 16.3
321 Stainless Steel 321 S.S. 494.2 7916 9.2 13.7 15.9
18Cr, 10Ni
Red Brass 85Cu, 15Zn RED BRAS 546.0 8746 92.0 136.9 159.2
Aluminum Bronze 93Cu, AL BRONZ 510.0 8169 48.0 71.4 83.1
5Al
Inconel 600 76Ni, 16Cr, INCNL600 525.3 8414 8.7 12.9 15.0
8Fe
Pressure drop data are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop
Data window accessible via Pressure Drop… on the main data entry window.
These data provide adjustment factors and override calculated values for the
pressure drops. All data may be defaulted.
By default the pressure drops are calculated for each side of the exchanger. A
scale
drops factor
may bemay be applied to the calculated value for either side or the pressure
overridden.
DP Scale Factor: This is a multiplier which is applied to the pressure drop for the
specified side of the exchanger. It defaults to 1.0.
DP / Shell: If a value is entered, the pressure drop per shell overrides the
calculated pressure drop for the specified side.
DP / Unit: If a value is entered, the pressure drop for the exchanger unit
overrides the calculated pressure drop for the specified side.
Shellside Pressure Drop Method: The method may be selected from Bell
(default) for the Bell-Delaware method or Stream for the stream analysis
technique.
Print Options
Additional output reports are selected in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Print
Options window accessible via Print Options… on the main data entry window.
exchanger. Checking
data sheet with the Extended
information checkproperties,
about stream box produces
heatan additional
exchanger
configuration and hydrodynamics.
Zones: Checking the Zones check box produces an additional table showing the
phase and zone boundaries used to calculate the duty-averaged log-
mean-temperature difference.
Zones Plot: Checking the Zones Plot check box produces a plot showing the
phase and zone boundaries used to calculate the duty-averaged log-
mean-temperature difference.
Nozzle Data
The default nozzle type and sizes can be overridden in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Nozzle Data window accessible via Nozzles… on the main data entry
window.
Use Annular Shell Side Nozzles: If this box is checked, the pressure drop will
be calculated for annular rather than conventional nozzles. In this case,
click Enter Data… to open the Annular Nozzle Data window to enter the
nozzle details. The required data are:
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the rigorous
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Rigorous Heat Exchanger main data entry
window.
General Information
The Simple Heat Exchanger may be used to heat or cool a single process
stream, exchange heat between two process streams, or exchange heat
between a process stream and a utility stream. Rigorous calculations may be
performed for VLLE systems. It is also possible to attach an exchanger to any
tray of a distillation column and exchange heat between a process stream and a
column internal stream, either liquid or vapor.
The product from each side of an exchanger may be phase separated as desired
into multiple product streams, where products may be liquid, vapor, mixed phase,
and decanted water (hydrocarbon systems only). The “water” product stream
may also be used to represent a second liquid phase for systems in which
rigorous modeling of VLLE thermodynamics is considered.
Feed and product streams are accessed via the Heat Exchanger Process
Streams window which is opened by clicking Process Stream… on the Heat
Exchanger main data entry window. The product phase condition for units with
one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For simple heat exchangers
with two or more product streams from a given side, the product phases must be
specified in the Product Phases window accessible by clicking Product Phases…
on the Heat Exchanger Process Streams window.
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified.
Utility Streams
For simple heat exchangers with one process side, a hot or cold utility stream
may be defined. The required utility rate for the specified heat transfer is always
computed. Utility streams may be specified by clicking Utility Stream… on the
Heat Exchanger main data entry window to access the appropriate hot or cold
utility window.
Cold utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Cold Side Utility window.
Options are:
Hot utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Hot Side Utility window.
Options are:
Configuration Data
Configuration data are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Configuration Data
window accessed by clicking Configuration… on the main data entry windo w.
These data only apply to exchangers with two sides and are optional for all
exchangers for which a Performance Specification is provided (see below).
FT Factor: The LMTD correction factor for the exchanger. Note that this entry is
mutually exclusive with the Tube and Shell Passes.
Performance Specifications
Exchanger performance is specified in the Heat Exchanger Specifications
window accessed via Specifications… on the main data entry window.
Exchanger performance may be specified in a varity of ways:
Outlet Temperature: Temperature out for hot or cold process fluid. Temperature
Approach (Two-sided exchangers only)
Outlet Stream Liquid Fraction: The liquid fraction for the hot or cold side exit
fluid where 1.0 indicates bubble point and 0.0 indicates dew point
conditions.
Degrees of Superheat: The degrees of superheat (above the dew point) for the
hot or cold side exit fluid.
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U): The area is calculated from this entry
when not supplied. When both U and Area are given, the heat transfer is
computed to satisfy the U*Area and no other performance specifications
are allowed for the exchanger.
Zones Analysis
Zones analysis is requested by clicking Zones Analysis… on the main data entry
windo
phasew. The duty-weighted
changes LMTDthe
occur by dividing may be computed
exchanger into atforleast
exchangers in which
five zones of equal
duty. More zones may be requested as desired. Zones analysis is automatically
performed for exchangers with MITA specifications. For other types of
specifications, the zones analysis may be performed during exchanger
calculations or at the completion of all calculations, as requested. Warning
messages are given for temperature crossovers.
Exchangers may be attached to any tray of a column for which a duty is defined,
either cooling or heating. To attach an exchanger to a column, click Attach to
Column… on the main data entry window and supply the appropriate information
in the window provided.
An internal column stream is considered as one side of the exchanger; a process
stream or utility stream defined for the exchanger is the other side. Note that for
utility streams, the duty must be determined by the column calculations.
Attached exchangers may be used to represent the condenser or reboiler for the
column, a pumparound cooler, or a side heater or cooler. For side heaters and
coolers, the column stream may be: the vapor or liquid from the tray to which the
exchanger is attached, the vapor from the tray below the tray to which the
exchanger is attached, or the liquid from the tray above the tray to which the
exchanger is attached.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the simple
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Heat Exchanger main data entry window.
Heating/Cooling Curves
General Information
The Heating/Cooling Curve utility module develops heating or cooling curves for
any stream in the flowsheet. The tables are a composite of equilibrium flashes,
and present the data typically required for the design of heat transfer equipment.
Curves may be generated by using equal temperature increments or equal duty
increments. Additional points are included when phase boundaries are crossed.
For the Flash, Heat Exchanger, and Column unit operations, a convenient means
is provided to retrieve the streams involved in heat transfer and generate curves
based on the actual duties for the units. For other flowsheet streams, you may
Stream window.number
type of curves, This window is used
of points to curves,
for the select the
andboundaries
the report for the curves,
options.
A combination of two specifications is used to define the type and boundaries for
the curves. Curves may be at equal temperature increments, equal duty
increments, or may be the dew point or bubble point curve for the fluid. Dew and
bubble points may be calculated at defined pressures or at defined temperatures.
When the temperature and pressure ranges are defined for a curve, the resultant
points are always at equal temperature/pressure intervals. When a temperature,
pressure, or duty increment is defined for a curve, the starting point is always
taken to be the current stream conditions.
The number of points for the curves may be selected on this form by replacing
the default number of 11. When phase boundaries are crossed, additional points
are added to the report which represent the transition points.
A check box may be used to select printout of liquid activity coefficients, vapor
fugacity coefficients, and Poynting correction factors for thermodynamic systems
based on liquid activity coefficients. The equilibrium K-values for the components
may also be selected for printout with a check box.
The appropriate window for the unit operation appears for selection of curve
options. In each case, the user may specify printout options for liquid activity
coefficients, vapor fugacities, and Poynting corrections for thermodynamic
systems based on liquid activity coefficients. The equilibrium K-values for the
components may also be selected for printout.
The number of points for the curves may be selected on this form by replacing
the default number of 11. When phase boundaries are crossed, additional points
are added to the report which represent the transition points.
Standard Reports
Temperature X
Pressure X
Molar Flow X X
Enthalpy X X X
Weight Flow X X
Molar Entropy X X X
Molecular Weight X X
Actual Density X X
Volumetric Flow X X
Compressibility X
Factor
Specific Gravity X
Flowing Entropy X X X
Enthalpy (unit basis) X X X
Latent Heat X X
Heat Capacity X X
Viscosity X X
Thermal Conductivity X X
Surface Tension X
Critical Temperature X X
Critical Pressure X X
Critical X X
Compressibility
API Gravity X X
Watson K Factor X X
Molar Average X X
Boiling Point Temp.
Plots
Refer to Chapter 11, Printing and Plotting, for more information about generating
graphical plots of Heating/Cooling Curve results.
Thermodynamic System
You may select the thermodynamic system of methods to be used for
heating/cooling curves calculations by choosing a method from the
Thermodynamic System drop-down list box on the Heating/Cooling Curves main
data entry window.
Mixer
General Information
The Mixer unit combines two or more streams into a single product stream. The
outlet pressure may be specified if desired. The outlet temperature and phase
condition are always determined with an adiabatic flash from the feed conditions.
This unit supports both VLE and VLLE calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for mixer calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Mixer main data entry window.
Multivariable Controller
General Information
The Multivariable Controller (MVC) is an expanded form of the Controller and
simulates two or more feedback process controllers. The MVC is capable of
adjusting an unlimited number of upstream variables to reach the same number
of specified objectives. Each of the SPECifications may be a stream flowrate or
property, a unit operating condition, or a Calculator result. The control variables
may be stream and unit operation conditions, thermodynamic parameters, and
Calculator results that are otherwise at fixed values in the flowsheet.
For the Multivariable Controller, the number of variables must equal the number
of specifications.
Controller Theentry
main data linked text above
window the Specifications
indicates grid in number
whether the current the Multivariable
of
specifications equals the number of variables. If they are unequal, the hypertext
string “does not equal” will appear in red.
Specifications
Establish the SPECifications by clicking the appropriate linked text in the
Specification grid of the Multivariable Controller window. MVC SPECifications are
established in the same manner as for the simple Controller SPECifications. See
the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for further details on the
generalized SPEC form.
Variables
Establish the control variables (VAR Ys) by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable grid of the Multivariable Controller window. MVC
VAR Ys are established in exactly the same manner as simple Controller VAR Ys.
See the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for more information on the
VARY concept. Tables are also given in that section listing the flowsheet
variables that may be used for SPECs and VARYs for multivariable controller
units.
default percent change of 2.0% of the initial control variable for the second
iteration, the MVC has a default percent change of 10.0%.
Defaults for the scaled variable data are displayed on the Options window which
can be accessed via MVC Options on the Multivariable Controller window. The
same initial value, step sizes and tolerances are applied to all scaled parameters
in the MVC. You may enter your own values here to replace the default values
100, 10, and 10-5 respectively.
The default for the number of calculation cycles is calculated by the program as
18 plus the current number of variables. Alternatively, you may specify the
number of cycles by selecting the appropriate radio button on the Options
window.
By default, the simulation will stop if any variable exceeds the maximum or
minimum limits. You may select the Continue Calculations if Any Variable
Exceeds the Limits check box to continue calculations using the limiting value if
the limit is exceeded.
can be printed after the last cycle or after every cycle by selecting the appropriate
radio button. Select the Include Convergence Diagnostics check box to generate
a plot of the convergence diagnostics. Select the Include Convergence
Diagnostics check box to generate a plot of the convergence diagnostics.
Phase Envelope
General Information
The Phase Envelope utility module generates phase envelopes for
multicomponent streams using the Soave-Redlich-Kwong or Peng-Robinson
equations of state. The module is not available for other thermodynamic systems.
Selection of Streams
You may select feed and product streams from any of the unit Operationsin the
flowsheet for phase envelope generation. Up to five flowsheet streams may be
selected using drop-down list boxes in the Phase Envelope main data entry
window. You may optionally supply a liquid mole fraction for any of the selected
flowsheet streams to generate a curve at a constant liquid mole fraction. This
option is useful for generating liquid fraction curves to be superimposed on the
phase envelope. Normally, you would first select a flowsheet stream with no
liquid fraction entry to generate the phase envelope, followed by one or more
selections with specified
not permissible liquid
to duplicate thefraction entrieswith
same stream to generate
the samea liquid
familymole
of curves. It is
fraction in
a single phase envelope.
Plot Options
Select a plot option for the phase envelope in the Phase Envelope Plot Options
window which you can access by clicking Plot Options on the Phase Envelope
main data entry window.
For each selected stream, a default descriptive label is provided in this window.
The
may default
modify label
each will contain
label. the stream
Duplicate name
labels are notand an L/FAn
allowed. value if specified.
example defaultYou
stream label with a specified L/F is: “S100 - L/F= 0.9".
Individual - Individual generates a plot with only the stream selected.
Comparison All streams with the Comparison option are plotted on the
same graph. The Comparison option is useful for plotting a stream phase
envelope with superimposed curves of constant liquid mole fraction.
When you select the Comparison option for a stream, you will be
prompted to provide a comparison plot symbol to label the data points for
the
onegenerated curve.
through nine. Thedosymbol
If you may be
not provide an integer
a symbol number
is not in the
provided forrange
the
comparison plot, the next available integer between one and nine is used
Thermodynamic System
Select the thermodynamic system of methods to be used for Phase Envelope
calculations by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Phase Envelope main data entry window.
General Information
The PIPEPHASE Unit Operation (PPUOP) encapsulates a PIPEPHASE
simulation enabling it to be solved in sequential modular form within a
conventional PRO/II simulation. The PPUOP allows the user to link PRO/II
simulation streams to PIPEPHASE simulations streams so that stream properties
from a PRO/II simulation is passed to the PIPEPHASE simulation, and back to
PRO/II upon solution of the PIPEPHASE simulation. As with any unit operation in
PRO/II, the PPUOP can be accessed multiple times in calculation loops, and a
PRO/II simulation can have multiple instances of PPUOPs in the flowsheet.
Component mapping
Component mapping is allowed only if the number of components in both PRO/II
and PIPEPHASE are equal. The components can be mapped by either Name or
Index . These two options can be selected from the Component mapping drop-
down list in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window, which can be accessed by double-
clicking the PPUOP.
If the components are mapped by Name, the PRO/II component data is mapped
with the PIPEPHASE component of the same name.
If the components are mapped by Index , then the first component in the PRO/II
component data list is mapped with the first component of the PIPEPHASE
component data list, irrespective of the component names.
Initialization
The PPUOP can be initialized with a PIPEPHASE simulation (.inp for
PIPEPHASE 8.2 and either a .inp or a .ppzip for PIPEPHASE 9.0) by clicking
Initialize from PIPEPHASE simulation… in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window. If the
user reinitializes a PIPEPHASE simulation with another simulation, then all the
information of the previous simulation will be removed.
Note: If PIPEPHASE version 8.2 files are used for initialization, it is necessary
that the GUI database files, (.pp0 and .pp1) be present. Otherwise, the user
needs to generate the PIPEPHASE GUI database files by importing the
corresponding keyword file.
PIPEPHASE GUI
The PIPEPHASE GUI can be launched from within the PRO/II flowsheet. The
user can commit the changes made to the simulation in the GUI, and export the
changes to the keyword input file. The user can launch the PIPEPHASE GUI by
clicking the PIPEPHASE GUI..button in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window.
Export
The user can export a copy of the PIPEPHASE simulation to an external location
by clicking Export to external PIPEPHASE simulation….
PIPEPHASE Reports
The PIPEPHASE Report displays only the results of the PIPEPHASE simulation
and not the PRO/II PIPEPHASE integration flowsheet.
File Handling
When you drag and drop a new PPUOP on the PFD, and initialize it with a
PIPEPHASE simulation, a copy of the PIPEPHASE file along with its database
files is stored
Managed in the
folder andPRO/II Temp
it will be directory.
the working This Temp
directory folder
for that is called
specific the All
PPUOP.
PIPEPHASE related files reside in this folder during the PRO/II simulation run.
The files in the Managed folder are under the control of PRO/II and any changes
made to these files by providing inputs through the PIPEPHASE GUI launched
by clicking PIPEPHASE GUI … are saved to the files in the Managed folder and
not to the PIPEPHASE database files in the original location.
When a PRO/II session is saved, a new zip file “PRZfileanme_UnitID.zip” with all
the PIPEHASE files (.inp, .pp0, .pp1, .out and other intermediate files for version
8.2 and. ppzip for version 9.0) is created by copying all the PIPEPHASE files
from the Managed folder. This zip file will be archived into the PRO/II .prz along
with the conventional PRO/II (.pr1, .pr2, .sfd..) files.
Pipe
General Information
The Pipe unit is used to model single or multiphase pressure drops in pipes
and/or fittings which connect unit operations. This unit may be used in two
modes: Rating Mode where the pressure drop is computed based on a specified
line diameter, and Design Mode where the line diameter is calculated to meet a
specified pressure drop and/ or velocity criteria. Numerous algorithms are
provided for the pressure drop calculations to model a variety of piping
applications. A rigorous heat balance may also be performed for the calculations,
in which heat is transferred through the pipe to or from an ambient medium, or a
duty is uniformly applied to the length of the pipe. The phase equilibrium is
determined forVLE
phases. Both the and
product
VLLEand it may be separated
calculations into by
are supported streams according to the
this unit.
A pipe may have one or more product streams. The product phase condition for
pipe operations with one product is automatically set by PRO/II. For pipe units
with two or more product streams, the product phases must be specified in the
Product Phases
Pipe main window
data entry which is accessed by clicking Product Phases… on the
window.
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified. It is important to note that where two liquid phases are present in
multiphase calculations, all pressure drop methods consider only a single liquid
phase which has fluid properties that are an average of the properties for the two
liquid phases.
Calculation Type
The Calculation Type may be selected with the radio buttons provided on the
Pipe main data entry window. Options are as follows:
The Stop option terminates all flowsheet calculations whenever the pipe unit fails
to reach a solution, or a negative outlet pressure is encountered.
An optional estimated pressure drop may be supplied in this window to reduce
the computing time.
The convergence tolerance default of one percent and the default flow efficiency
of 100 percent may be replaced in this window. The flow efficiency is a linear
adjustment factor that is applied to the calculated pressure drop to better match
actual conditions.
The Moody friction factor for the pressure drop calculations may be supplied
directly in this window, if desired. If no value is entered, the Moody friction factor
is calculated using the modified Colebrook-White equations.
The check box may be used to include or exclude the pressure drop contribution
from acceleration. Under certain high velocity or high pressure drop conditions,
this term becomes unrealistically high for the Beggs-Brill-Moody equation.
Therefore,
reasonableunder these conditions, dropping this term results in a more
answer.
Line/Fitting Data
Line and fitting data are supplied in the Pipe Line/Fitting Data window which is
reached by clicking Line/Fitting Data on the Pipe main data entry window. For
fixed line diameter calculations, radio buttons on this window are used to select
the input mode for the pipe diameter. When the Inside Diameter radio button is
selected, the pipe inside diameter is supplied directly. When the Nominal Pipe
Size radio button is selected, a drop-down list box is used to select the desired
pipe nominal diameter from a table of common pipe sizes. For this option, the
pipe schedule may also be chosen with a drop-down list box. When no schedule
is chosen, schedule 40 pipe is assumed in most cases.
The line length is supplied directly in this window. The maximum allowable line
length is 900,000 feet (274,000 meters).
An elevation change over the line length may be entered in the Pipe Line/Fitting
Data window. A plus value indicates an increase in elevation; a minus sign
indicates a decrease in elevation. The absolute value of the elevation change
must not exceed the line length.
One fitting K-factor may be attached to a pipe unit and supplied in this window.
The K-factor is defined as the total resistance coefficient, and is limited to a
maximum value of 100.0. Note that the supplied K-factor may be used to
represent multiple fittings, valves, and exit losses. When a pipe unit is being used
to represent a fitting or fittings only, a negligible line length should be provided.
Radio buttons are used to select the pipe roughness in this window. The
Absolute roughness may be entered in length units or the Relative roughness
may be supplied. The roughness applies to both the line and the fitting. A default
absolute roughness of 0.0018 inches or equivalent (new steel pipe) is used when
no roughness is supplied.
The number of calculation segments is selected by clicking the text string at the
bottom of this window. A maximum of 50 segments may be used. The pressure
Note: When line sizing calculations are performed, the line/fitting diameter and
fitting K-factor cannot be supplied, and these data entry fields are not available.
Values for the maximum pressure drop or the minimum outlet pressure are
supplied directly in the data entry fields provided.
The Line Inside Diameter Selection Method is chosen with radio buttons as
follows:
• Use Explicitly-defined Inside Diameters
• Use Nominal Pipe Sizes
A default inside pipe diameter table with ten diameters is provided. The default
values may be replaced as desired. Use Clear All to clear the pipe diameter
table. The Restore Defaults button restores the ten default diameters.
Heat transfer data are supplied on the Pipe Heat Transfer window accessible via
the Heat Transfer icon on the Pipe main data entry window. The duty calculation
option is selected via radio buttons:
• Fixed Duty
• Ambient Heat Transfer
• Isothermal Operation
For Fixed Duty calculations, the supplied duty is applied evenly over the entire
length of the line. A positive value is used for heating and a negative value
signifies cooling. This option with a duty of zero is used as the heat transfer
default option. This option may be used for both forward and backward
calculations.
An overall U factor and ambient temperature must be provided for the Ambient
Heat value ofoption.
Transfer
default 6°F is The
usedUfor
factor
the has unitstemperature.
ambient of energy/ (area)(time)(degree).
The heat transfer is A
computed from the pipe segment inlet and outlet temperatures, U factor, pipe
inside area, and the ambient temperature. This option may not be used with
backward calculations.
The Isothermal Operation option performs all pressure drop calculations at the
inlet temperature to the pipe unit. This option is not allowed for backward
calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the pipe calculations may be selected with the
drop-down list box on the Pipe main data entry window. The problem Default
system is used when no other thermodynamic system is selected.
Polymer Reactor
General Information
The Polymer Reactor model simulates either a free radical or stepwise
polymerization process in an ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) or
Plug Flow Reactor (PFR). The polymerization reactions are assumed to take
place in the liquid phase and the system is assumed to be homogeneous. The
reactors may be run in the isothermal or nonisothermal modes and the operating
pressure may be set.
The Polymer Reactor calculation model allows for up to 79 different reaction
mechanisms to be used in copolymer free radical kinetics. Not all are intended to
be used simultaneously, in fact, the fewer mechanisms specified for the polymer
system, the more realistic and reliable the model.
It is assumed that the polymerization reactions occur in the liquid phase. If the
reaction leads to a two phase situation, a warning message is given and the user
must then specify new operating conditions to keep the system in the one phase
region.
The CSTR mass and energy balances are solved to identify a single stable
operating point. The polymer which exists at this operating condition is then
characterized in terms of the method of moments to provide number and weight
average molecular weights.
The PFR mass and energy balances are solved to identify a sequence of stable
operating points along the axial dimension. The polymer which exists at each
point along the axial profile is then characterized in terms of the method of
moments to provide number and weight average molecular weights.
The user must supply the feed component temperature, pressure, and
composition along with an estimate of the temperature of the isothermal reactor
or a temperature estimate for the nonisothermal reactor. Kinetic and thermo-
dynamic data for the reaction between chemical species must also be provided.
Detailed Information
For detailed information regarding operating modes, data requirements, and
range of applicability of the Polymer Reactor model, consult the PRO/II Add-On
Modules User Guid e.
Procedure Data
General Information
Procedures provide a way to calculate the reaction rate based on a user’s own
calculation method. The reaction rate calculation is required by the plug, CSTR,
reactive distillation and batch reactor units. PRO/II’s default method for reaction
rate calculation is based on power law rate expressions. For any other rate,
expression type (such as Langmuir-Hishelwood) or any reaction rate which
deviates from the base rate (such as a reaction with a mass transfer limitation),
Procedures and the alternative User-Added Kinetic Subroutines (see PRO/II
User-Added Subroutines User Guid e) can be used to calculate the proper rate for
reactor simulations.
Procedure Setup
Procedures are entered in the Procedure Data data entry window, which is
accessed through the Input/Procedure Data… menu option or by clicking the
Procedure Data toolbar button . Each Procedure in this window has a
mandatory name and an optional description. As soon as the name for a
Procedure has been entered, its Enter Data… button becomes available. The
button opens the Kinetic Procedure Definition window where you may click
Edit/View Declaration to access the Declarations of variables and parameters.
Procedure Code
Note: The Procedure Code section is required and must terminate with a
RETURN statement.
The actual FORTRAN procedure is entered directly in the Code field on the
Kinetic Procedure Definition data entry window. You may check the procedure as
you compose
provided from itthe
bycalling
clickingreactor
Checkunit:
Code. The following predefined varibles are
Kinetic data: These are the kinetic parameters are provided via K… of
the Reaction Data section, and/or Unit Reaction Definitions… of the
Reactor unit.
Reactor data: These data include the reactor sizing parameters and
operating conditions.
Property data: These data include the thermophysical property data of
the pure components (e.g., molecular weight or critical pressure), and
the property data of the individual components and mixture at the
reaction conditions.
User data: These are the integer, real, and supplemental data provided
by the user via Enter Data… when the procedure name is specified for
rate calculations for a Reactor unit.
Procedure data: These are the defined procedure variables entered
during the Procedure setup. Their values are DEFINEd in the same
window as the User data.
All lines of code except the CODE statement may be preceded by a unique
numeric label from 1 to 99999 (shown as “nn” in this manual).
A dollar sign (“$”) causes all following data on the line to be interpreted as a
comment rather than as code. Unlike in FORTRAN, a “C” in column 1 does not
designate a comment statement.
Predefined Variables
The following variable names are reserved. They are used to pass values
between the procedure and the unit operation that uses the procedure.
The first tables list variables that provide input values to the procedure. They may
not appear on the left side of an assignment statement.
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
REAL Scalar Variables - Supplied in standard problem dimensional units
Temperature RTEMP X X X X
Pressure RPRES X X X X
Total Molecular weight RMW X X X X
Vapor Phase RVMW X
Liquid Phase RLMW X
L1 Phase RL1MW X
L2 Phase RL2MW X
Specific gravity (60/60) RSPGR X X X X
Total Molar Rate RMRATE X X X X
Vapor Phase RVMRAT X
Liquid Phase RLMRAT X
L1 Phase RL1MRA X
L2 Phase RL2MRA X
Weight Rate RWRATE X X X X
Standard Volumetric
RSVRAT X X X
Rate
Actual Volumetric Rate RAVRAT X X X
Vapor Phase RVVRAT X
Liquid Phase RLVRAT X
L1 Phase RL1VRA X
L2 Phase RL2VRA X
Liquid Fraction RLFRAC X X X X
L1 Phase RL1FRA X
L2 Phase RL2FRA X
Vapor PhaseViscosity RVVISC X X X X
Liquid Phase Viscosity RLVISC X X X X
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
REAL Scalar Variables - Supplied in standard problem dimensional units
Vapor Phase
Conductivity RVCOND X X X X
Liquid Phase
RLCOND X X X X
Conductivity
Vapor Phase Sp. heat RVCP X X X X
Liquid Phase Sp. heat RLCP X X X X
Surface tension RSURF X X X X
Absolute Temperature RTABS X X X X
Tube Diameter (fine
TDIAM X
length)
Tube Length TLEN X X
Cumulative Length CUMLEN X
Plug Flow Step Size
DELX X
(fine length)
Total reactor volume
(CSTR & BATCH)
or VOLUME X X X
volume step size of
PLUGFLOW reactor
Vapor Phase Volume RVVOLU X
Liquid Phase Volume RLVOLU X
L1 Phase Volume RL1VOL X
L2 Phase Volume RL2VOL X
Gas Constant RGAS X X X X
1 Volumetric flowrates for CSTR and PLUGFLOW are calculated using bulk compositions
assuming the specified reactor phase, even if the phase is actually mixed. A warning is printed
if the actual phase is mixed.
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Dimension : NOC
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Liquid Phase Activity XLACT X
L1 Phase XL1ACT X
L2 Phase XL2ACT X
Vapor phase Mole
XVAP X X X X
Fractions
Liquid phase Mole
XLIQ X X X X
Fractions
L1 Phase XLIQ1 X
L2 Phase XLIQ2 X
Vapor phase Mass
XVMFRA X
Fractions
Liquid phase Mass
XLMFRA X
Fractions
L1 Phase XL1MFR X
L2 Phase XL2MFR X
Dimension: 70 Real
numbers supplied on RDATA X X X X
RDATA statement
Dimension: 200 Real
numbers supplied on SUPPLE X X X X
SUPPLE statement
Dimension: NOR ACTIVE X X X X
Activation Energy*
PREEXP X X X X
Pre-exponential factor
Temperature Exponent TEXPON X X X X
Dimension: X
(NOC,NOR) STOICH X X X
X
Stoichiometric factor ORDER X X X
Reaction order
thousands of energy units per mole units, whereas, in the case of procedures,
the user-supplied value is used without the above assumption. E.g., for the SI
system, a value of ACTIV=123 kJ/kmol in the RXDATA or local rxnset is used
as 123,000 kJ/kmol in calculations. A procedure using the same variable, say
ACTIV(1), would calculate based on a value of 123 kJ/kmol.
The following variables are the PROCEDURE block results available to PRO/II
after control is returned to the PLUGFLOW, CSTR or Reactive Distillation unit
operation. RRATES must be defined for all reactions.
PROCEDURE Results
Variable
PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Values of solution flag:
0 Default value.
Assumes the
PROCEDURE step
has solved.
1 PROCEDURE solved.
2 PROCEDURE failed, X X X X
continue calculations if
in a recycle or control
loop.
3 PROCEDURE failed,
stop all flowsheet
calculations.
Reaction rates for each
reaction moles/ (liqvol*
time) for OPERATION RRATES
PHASE=L1 , (NOR) X X X X
moles/(vapvol*time) for
OPERATION
PHASE=V1
Temperature derivatives DRDT
X
for each reaction (NOR)2
DRDX
Composition derivatives
(NOC, X
for each reaction 2
NOR)
1 CSTR and PLUGFLOW should not be used when multiphase reactions
are expected. Except for Reactive Distillation and the CSTR boiling pot
model, PRO/II assumes the phase is 100% liquid or vapor as defined on
the OPERATION statement.
2 The use of this is optional.
Pump
General Information
The Pump may be used to compute the energy required to increase the pressure
of a process stream. This quantity of energy is added to the feed enthalpy to
determine the outlet temperature. Only the bulk liquid phase is considered in the
calculations.
Pump Efficiency
A pumping efficiency in percent may be supplied in the data entry field provided
on the Pump main data entry window. This value is used for the work and outlet
temperature calculations. If not supplied, a default value of 100 percent is used.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for pump calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Pump main data entry window.
Reaction Data
General Information
Use the Reaction Data Sets data entry window to supply reaction stoichiometry,
heat of reaction, kinetic and equilibrium data, and to specify the base component
for each reaction. One or more reactions may be saved as separate reaction
data sets and used in all reactor types (conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs free
energy minimization, plug flow, CSTR, and boiling pot reactors). Multiple unit
operations can have common access to the same reaction data.
Note: You may specify the base component of the reaction and provide heat of
reaction and equilibrium and kinetic data in the Reactor data entry window. For
conversion reactors, these data are considered to be local and are entered at the
unit operation level. See the Reactor section later in this chapter.
To access the Reaction Data window:
Note: Any data entered in the Reaction Data window will be passed to the Unit
Reaction Definitions window (a subwindow of the main Reactor window) and
used as default values.
Note: You must define the component list in the Component Selection data entry
window before entering reaction data. This order is important because
components for each reaction must be selected from a previously-defined
component list .
To enter data for each newly-defined reaction data set, or to modify the
data for imported sets:
This opens the Reaction Definitions window for that set. Here, you may enter the
following information for the reaction data set:
The kinetic rate can be calculated from PRO/II’s reaction rate subroutine based
on the power law rate expression, by an inline procedure or by the user’s kinetic
subroutine. The inline procedure must be first defined in the Procedure Data
section and selected from the Procedure Name drop-down list box. When a user-
added kinetic subroutine is used, it can be selected from the Subroutine Name
drop-down list box. The user’s added kinetic subroutine must be named as one
of the five USKIN1, USKIN2, USKIN3, USKIN4 and USKIN5 routines and linked
to PRO/II as described in the PRO/II UAS/PDTS Installation Guid e.
You may define the heat of reaction for any selected reaction in a specific
reaction data set, in the Heat of Reaction Data window. This window appears
when you click H… located beside the selected reaction on the Reaction
Definitions window. In this window, you may choose one of two options:
Note: You must supply heat of reaction data for non-library components that do
not have heat of formation data. You must also specify the base component for
the reaction.
Activation Energy: The activation energy of the power law kinetic rate equation
for the reaction in units of energy/weight. A default of zero is used if a
value is not supplied.
Reactor
General Information
The Reactor unit operation simulates the operation of many chemical reactors
including conversion reactors, equilibrium reactors, Gibbs (Free Energy
Minimization) reactors, Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs), Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactors (CSTRs), and Boiling Pot Reactors.
In addition to the above reactor types, PRO/II contains built-in Shift and
Methanation reaction data sets for either conversion or equilibrium reactors.
If this is more than one product stream, the phases must be allocated to the
streams in the Product Phases window. Access this window by clicking Product
Phases… on the main Reactor data entry window for the particular reactor type.
Reactor Type
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs, or plug flow reactors, select the reactor type
by choosing the appropriate reactor icon from the PFD palette. CSTR and boiling
pot reactors share the CST/Boiling Pot Reactors icon. Select the desired reactor
type from a drop-down list box on the main Reactor data entry window.
Reaction Set
For all reactor types other than the Gibbs reactor, you must select a reaction data
set from the Reaction Set Name drop-down list box (options include a built-in
reaction set, e.g., Shift reaction, or a user-defined set) on the Reactor main data
entry window. For the Gibbs reactor type, either no reaction data set may be
selected (option None), or a user-defined set may be specified. See the Reaction
Data section, earlier in this chapter, for more information on specifying reaction
data sets.
Thermal Specifications
For most reactor types, the fixed operating temperature, the temperature rise
across the reactor, or the fixed reactor duty may be specified by using radio
buttons and entering values in the appropriate data fields. The available options
are:
Fixed Temperature: You may specify the final reactor temperature for all reactor
types.
Fixed Duty: You may specify the reactor duty for all reactor types. A default
value of 0 will be used if a value is not specified. The following additional reactor
information may also be given via the main Reactor window:
Reactor Data
Click Reactor Data… from the main Reactor data entry window to open the
Reactor Data window where you can supply reactor configuration information.
For these
Stop reactor hypertext.
calculations types, you The
mayoptions
chooseare:
an error handling option by clicking the
You must provide the reactor volume for CSTRs in the Reactor Data window.
Optionally, you may also provide estimates of the product flowrate.
Enter the following data for PFRs in the Reactor Data window:
Reactor Length: The total length of the reactor. Data for this field is mandatory.
Tube Inside Diameter: The inside diameter of the PFR tubes. Data for this field
is mandatory.
Number of Points for Profile: The number of equidistant locations along the
reactor length for the temperature profile. Default is 10.
If you have selected Open Pipe under Reactor Type, the first three options
mentioned above will be made available to the user.
If you have selected Packed Pipe under Reactor Type, except Pressure Drop
Method all other options will be made available to the user.
Inlet and Outlet Pressure: Selecting this option will enable the Inlet and Outlet
section. User is prompted to enter data listed under the following section.
• Inlet
• Outlet
Pressure Profile: Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data button. Click
Enter Data to open the Pressure Profile dialog box. Select the
appropriate Location option from the drop-down list and start entering the
data for Location and Pressure.
If you have selected Open Pipe in the Reactor Type section, Pressure Drop
Method will be made available for selection.
In case you have selected Packed Pipe in the Reactor Type section, Packed Bed
Pressure Drop will be made available for selection.
Pressure Drop Method: Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data button.
Click on it to open the Pressure Drop Method dialog box.
Flow Efficiency : This parameter is used for linear adjustment of the calculated
pressure drop to match actual conditions. For given flow conditions,
decreasing this value causes an increase in the calculated pressure
drop. The value may be greater than 100 percent. It is recommended
that data for roughness or Moody friction factor be provided for accurate
calibration of results.
Moody Friction Factor : PRO/II usually calculates the friction factor from reactor
roughness and Reynolds number using the modified Colebrook-White
equations. You can supply a value for this field if desired.
Packed Bed Pressure Drop : Selecting this option will enable the Enter Data
button. Click Enter Data to open the Packed Bed Pressure Drop Method
dialog box.
Diameter of Catalyst : Enter the diameter of the catalyst. Data for this field is
mandatory.
Void Fraction of the Packed Bed : Enter the Void fraction of the packed bed.
Data for this field is mandatory.
Under Shape Factor section, enter data for the shape of the catalyst. Select
either of the two options depending on the catalyst.
Shape of the Catalyst : Selecting this option will make the following option
available to the user. Select either of the two options.
• Spherical
• Cylindrical : If you have selected Cylindrical, enter the Length.
You may supply the following reactor calculation options for the boiling pot
reactor in the Reactor Data window:
Note: If the Fixed Duty option is specified on the main Reactor data entry
window, an estimate of the reactor temperature may optionally be provided in the
Reactor Data window. The minimum and maximum temperature defaults of
- 457.87 F and 4940.33 F may also be overridden.
Maximum Liquid Volume: If a fixed volume is not supplied on the main Reactor
window, you may supply a maximum liquid reactor volume in this
window. A default of 3531.5 ft 3 will be used if a value is not provided.
The number of Broyden trials before the Jacobian matrix is updated may be
specified along with the derivative step size multiplier by clicking on the
appropriate underlined linked text. The defaults are 3 trials and a step size
multiplier of 0.01.
Gibbs Reactor
You may select the product rate estimate option by clicking on the underlined
linked text. The available options are:
PRO/II default: The default generates an initial estimate of the product rates
using the PRO/II method.
Average of all feeds: This uses the average of all feed rates to generate an
initial product rate estimate.
Supplied reacting component rates: This option uses the values given for the
reacting component estimated rates. Supply reacting components and
estimated rates in the Reacting Components window, which is reached
by clicking Reacting Components and Estimates on the Reactor Data
window.
The options to specify the parameters for the free energy minimization phase
calculations are found in the Phase Split Parameters window. This opens by
clicking Phase Split Parameters on the Reactor Data window.
Note: The Phase Split Parameters window is available only if the Reactor
Operation Phase is specified as Calculated on the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. See below for Unit Reaction Definitions.
Keq
C 2 H 4 + Cl 2 ⇔ C 2 H 4 + Cl 2
There are 3 atomic species (C, H, Cl), but C and H always occur in a 1:2 ratio.
Therefore, the number of effective atoms is 2 (Cl and CH2). These two effective
atoms represent
allowed. the three chemical species, so only one chemical reaction is
Initial Phase Estimate: This entry is the phase used for the initial reactor
calculations. The user may select the vapor, liquid, vapor–liquid, liquid–
liquid ,or vapor–liquid–liquid phase. The default is vapor–liquid .
First Phase Evaluation at Iteration: Specify the first iteration where the phase
will be reevaluated. The phase should not be evaluated too early
because the reaction results may still be far from the final solution. The
default is 6.
Atomic groups can be provided in the Atomic Groups window. This window can
be reached
Reactor bywindow.
Data clicking the User-specified Atomic Groups button on the
Note: Any data previously entered in the Reaction Data Category window will be
transferred to the Unit
You can overwrite the Reaction
data for aDefinitions windowinand
particular reactor theused as default values.
Unit Reactions
Definitions window for that reactor.
Equilibrium Reactor
You may supply the operation phase of the reactor in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. By clicking Equilibrium Data… in this window, you gain
access to the fields where you may supply the following:
Units: The temperature, weight, volume and pressure units of measure for the
equilibrium equation can be changed by clicking on the underlined linked
text. Options are restricted to ºR or ºK for the temperature units.
Conversion Reactor
You may overwrite the stoichiometric coefficients for the first reaction in the
selected reaction set by clicking the Define the Stoichiometry for the First
Reaction check box. The values of stoichiometric coefficients are to be
determined from the calculation results of the selected Calculator unit.
Reactor Operation Phase: The options are vapor or liquid phase for the CSTR,
but restricted to liquid phase for the BPR.
Reaction Activity Basis: For vapor phase, the options are Molar Concentration,
Partial Pressure or Fugacity . For liquid phase, the options are Molar
Kinetic Rate Calculation Method: The options are Power Law, User Added
Subroutine or Kinetic Procedur e. If the default is used, the reation rates
are computed
equation. by power
For any lawmethods,
of these kinetics in the form
kinetic dataofcan
thebe
general Arrhenius
entered through
the Kinetic Data… button.
Activation Energy: The activation energy for the kinetic power law rate
equation. The default is 0.
Base Component: A base component must be supplied for the kinetic reaction
rate report.
Reaction Order and Activity Basis: As is done in the Reaction Data section on
a global basis, the default reaction phase, reaction activity bases for both
vapor and liquid phases, component reaction phase and kinetic orders
that are used to define the kinetic rate expression can be entered here
as local data for this reactor. Click Reaction Order and Activity Phase to
specify the kinetic reaction order and activity phase for each component
which appears in the rate expression. The vapor activity basis is used for
all components specified with vapor activity phase while the liquid activity
basis is used for all components specified with liquid activity phase.
Gibbs Reactor
You may specify the phase of the reactor operation in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. The reaction phase options are Calculated (default), Vapor,
Liquid, Vapor–Liquid, Liquid–Liquid or Vapor–Liquid–Liqui d. If Calculated is
selected, PRO/II will determine the phase as part of the free energy minimization
calculation. If a phase is selected, the calculations wil be based on the selected
phase.
Extent of Reaction
To specify the extent of the reaction for a conversion, equilibrium and Gibbs reactors only.
Click Extent of Reaction… on the main Reactor data entry window to open the Extent of
Reaction window.
Conversion Reactor
You may select the base component from which the conversion data were
determined. If the base component is not selected (select “none”), the
stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction will be taken as the absolute moles
reacted. You may supply constants for the second order temperature-dependent
fractional conversion equation in this window. Default values for the constants
are given in the table. Click on the underlined linked text to change the
temperature units of measure for the conversion reaction. If the temperature units
of measure are not specified locally, the problem temperature units are used.
Equilibrium Reactor
The base component for user-supplied reactions must be specified in the Extent
of Reaction window. You may access this window via the Reaction Set window,
which contains a list of the reactions that have earlier been defined for the
flowsheet. Upon choosing the desired equation, the Extent of Reaction window
appears. (The base components of built-in reactions such as Shift and
Methanation are predetermined and need not be supplied by the user.)
Gibbs Reactor
The extent of reaction can be provided on a global basis in the Extent of
Reaction window (as a component percent converted, or as a component
product rate). The extent of reaction can also be specified for each individual
reaction as a temperature approach or a base component product rate.
Amount of Catalyst
For boiling pot reactors only, you can specify the amount of a nonvolatile catalyst
componenton a weight or molar fraction, or total weight or mole basis in the
Catalytic Components window (which may be reached by clicking Catalysts on
the Reactor Data window). Before the button becomes active, the following
conditions must be met:
• You must specify the catalytic component with a reaction
stoichiometry of ‘0.’ (Input/Reaction Data(Enter Data…)/ Reaction
Definitions(Definition)/ Reaction Component s). See the previous section
on Reaction Data for more information on defining reaction data sets.
• You must specify the reaction order for the catalytic component as
any number other than ‘0’ in the Reaction Order & Activity Phase
window. This window may be accessed by clicking on the like-named
button located on the Unit Reaction Definitions/Unit Kinetic Data window
for the boiling pot reactor, or by the following path: Input/Reaction
Data(Enter Data…)/Reaction Definitions/(K…)/Kinetic Reaction
Data(Reaction Order & Activity Phase).
Pressure
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs reactors and CSTRs, click Pressure on the
main Reactor window to enter the following reactor pressure options in the
Pressure data entry window:
Pressure Drop: The pressure drop across the reactor. This defaults to 0 if not
supplied.
For the plug flow reactor, either the inlet and outlet pressure or a pressure profile
along the reactor length (actual length, or percent or fraction of tube length) may
be entered on the Pressure window:
Inlet: Either the pressure drop below feed (the default is 0 psi), or the inlet
pressure may be supplied.
Outlet: Either the pressure drop below inlet (the default is 0 psi), or the outlet
pressure may be supplied.
Print Options
For all reactor types, excepting the Gibbs reactor, the following print option is
available through the Print Options window:
Print Calculation Path for Enthalpy Balance: This option prints the calculation
path for the heat of reaction calculation.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods for the reactor calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the main Reactor window.
Reactor, Batch
General Information
The Batch Reactor unit operation models material production as a result of
simultaneous and/or sequential reactions in the liquid contents of a reactor
vessel. Phase equilibrium analysis during the reaction allows for the tracking or
removal of vapor phase products. The Batch Reactor may be run in a true batch
simulation mode, with the reactants charged to the reactor vessel prior to the
onset of reactions, and product taken from the vessel at the end of reaction
process, or in a semi-batch mode where reactants may be introduced throughout
the reaction process. Batch reactor calculations may also be integrated into a
steady-state
the presenceprocess simulation.
of holding tanks for The unitflow
steady configuration
streams toautomatically considers
provide the time-variant
reactants to the batch unit. Implicit holding tanks are also considered for the
product streams to provide a coupling of the time-variant process to the
continuous process simulation environment. A representation of the product
steady flow stream comes from an overall process time average of the quantity
accumulated into a given product.
Detailed Information
For detailed information about the use of the Batch Reactor unit operation,
consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guid e.
Solid Separator
General Information
The Solid Separator unit models the separation of solid phase material from a
mixture of feed streams. The unit operates adiabatically at the lowest of the
individual feed stream pressures.
The solid separator requires both overhead and bottoms product streams.
Calculation Method
The solid separator provides the option of specifying the fraction of the solid
components in the total feed that is removed in the bottoms stream. The default
fraction of the solid components removed in the bottoms stream is 1.00. An
adiabatic flash calculation is used to determine the product phases and the outlet
temperature based upon the thermal condition of the combined feed.
The solid separator unit supports both VLE (two phase) and VLLE (three phase)
calculations to determine the individual phase compositions. See the online
Technical Information discussion entitled VLE Model and VLLE Model for more
details. To access the main data entry window for VLE and VLLE calculations,
select Tools/Binary VLE from the menu bar.
Splitter
General Information
This unit may be used to split a single feed or mixture of feeds into two or more
products of identical composition and phase condition. The outlet stream
pressure may be specified, if desired, and an adiabatic flash used to determine
the outlet temperature and phase. A choice of options is provided for splits in
which insufficient feed is available to meet the specified product rates.
Specifications use the general specification format and are further described in
the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. Only specifications that are rate
dependent are allowed, e.g., stream or component(s) rate total, stream or
component(s) recovery, stream enthalpy, etc.
When a pressure drop is supplied, the resulting outlet temperature and phase
condition are determined by an adiabatic flash calculation from the composite
feed inlet conditions.
The order of the product streams in the list box may be changed, if desired, by
clicking Change Stream Specification Order… on the Splitter main data entry
window. You can reset a stream specification by clicking Reset Stream
Specification on the Splitter main data entry window.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for splitter calculations may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Splitter main data entry window.
Stream Calculator
General Information
The Stream Calculator unit blends any number of feed streams and splits them
into two product streams with defined compositions and thermal condition. It may
also be used to create a pseudoproduct stream based on the blended feeds or
by defining the amount of each component in the stream.
The stream calculator may have any number of feed streams. Scale factors
(positive or negative)
order to create may
a mixed bewith
feed applied to all feeds
the desired in the Feed
composition. Scaling
If scale window
factors in
other
than 1.0 are used, the unit will not material balance. Multiple feed streams are
flashed at the lowest feed stream pressure.
For stream splitting, both the overhead and bottoms product are required. In
order to create a stream, a pseudoproduct must be defined. The feeds may be
split and a pseudoproduct created in the same stream calculator unit. If there is
no feed to the unit, only a pseudoproduct may be specified.
A multiphase product from the stream calculator may be separated into streams
containing one orwater
liquid, decanted moreand
phase. The
mixed allowable product
(vapor+liquid). stream
A mixed phases
phase areisvapor,
product not
allowed with a vapor or a liquid product. The decanted water product is also used
as the second liquid product phase with rigorous VLLE calculations.
If any product, overheads or bottoms, has more than one stream attached, the
phases must be allocated to the streams in the Product Phases window, which is
accessed by clicking Product Phases in the overhead or bottoms product
windows.
Mode of Operation
The mode of operation is specified by the number of feeds and products attached
to the unit so it is important to connect the streams correctly before entering the
unit data.
Stream Splitting
In order to define the component splits, specifications must be entered in the
Product Specifications window to define how much of each component goes into
either the overhead or the bottoms product. Specifications may be on single
components or on ranges of contiguous components. Several specifications may
be required and some may specify the amount of components in the overhead
and others the amount in the bottoms product. Each component must appear in
one, and only one, specification. The component rates, recovery or composition
in a product may be specified.
The thermal condition of the products may optionally be defined in the Overhead
Product Conditions window and the Bottoms Product Conditions window.
Pressure defaults to the lowest feed pressure. If no temperature specification is
supplied for either product, the product temperatures are set equal at a value
calculated from the enthalpy balance, using the duty entered on the Stream
Calculator window. If one temperature is supplied, the other temperature is
calculated to meet the enthalpy balance. If both temperatures are given, duty is
calculated.
Temperature specifications may be a temperature value, the temperature rise
above the feed, dew or bubble point or an approach to dew or bubble point.
Stream Creation
In order to define the pseudoproduct, specifications must be entered in the
Pseudoproduct Specifications window to define how much of each component is
in the product. Specifications may be on single components or on ranges of
contiguous components and several specifications may be required. At least one
specification
specification must
will bebe defined.
set to zeroAny component
in the which does
pseudoproduct. If the not
unitappear in a
has feeds,
component rates, recovery or composition in the product may be specified,
Otherwise, the component rates must be defined.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for the stream Calculator may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Stream Calculator main data entry window.
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE
General Information
PRO/II has an extensive system of cross-referencing for flowsheet parameters.
Flowsheet parameters include operating conditions for unit operations, calculated
results from unit operations, and stream flows, compositions, and properties. For
example, the supplied outlet pressure for a Pump, the calculated temperature for
a dew point Flash, and the simulated D86 ninety-five percent distilled
temperature for a Column product stream are all flowsheet parameters.
PRO/II uses a common format for the SPECification, VARY, and DEFINE
features. Each feature is discussed separately below. Tables are also presented
with cross-reference availabilities of the flowsheet parameters for streams and
the unit operations.
SPECifications
By definition, a SPECification must always be a calculated flowsheet result. The
following unit operations use the generalized SPEC format to define the
performance of the unit: Flash, Splitter, Column/Side Column, and Controller.
A choice for the Parameter and a numeric entry for the value must be supplied by
clicking on the underlined hypertext strings to gain access to the pertinent data
entry fields. Optionally, the tolerance basis may be changed from the default to
absolute or relative and the default tolerance value of 0.02 replaced by direct
entry.
Select the = sign linked text and select an option from the pop-up
window. Choices are as follows:
No Operator
Primary parameter only (the default)
+ Operator
Primary parameter plus reference parameter
(SUM)
- Operator
Primary parameter minus reference parameter
(DIFFERENCE)
/ Operator
Primary parameter divided by reference parameter (RATIO)
x Operator
Primary parameter times reference parameter (TIMES)
Select the Reference Parameter and click on the Parameter text string,
and select the desired reference parameter from the list which is
displayed.
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for a specification
are available.
Click OK to return to the unit specification window; then click on the
value linked text string to enter the desired numeric value for the SPEC.
Example 1: Reid Vapor Pressure of stream S103 = 6.0
Unit or stream parameter = a value within a relative tolerance of 0.02
| |
| [6.0]
Specification
Unit/Stream Stream Name {Parameter Window}
[Stream] [S103]
Parameter
[Vapor Pressure]
Reference: [/ Parameter =]
Reference Parameter
Unit/Stream Unit Name {Parameter Window}
[Heat Exchanger] [X104]
Parameter
[Duty]
VARYs
For each SPEC in a flowsheet, there must be one VARY or degree of freedom.
The VARY for the Flash unit is implicitly defined, i.e., not defined explicitly by the
user. For Flash units with specifications, the degree of freedom is the
temperature when the pressure or pressure drop is given and the pressure when
the temperature is supplied. Other unit Operations which have VARYs are the
Column/Side Column and the Controller. A VARY is always a flowsheet
parameter that has a fixed versus calculated value in the flowsheet.
For Columns/Side Columns a VARY may be a feed stream rate, product draw
rate, or a heat duty. For example, the lean oil feed rate to a column may be
Controllers have VARYs that are associated with other unit operations. For
example, the supplied outlet pressure for a Compressor may be a VARY for a
Controller. Note that this flowsheet parameter would ordinarily have a fixed or
constant
for a dewvalue
point in the flowsheet.
Flash On be
unit could not theused
otheras
hand, theYcalculated
a VAR , since this temperature
is a flowsheet
parameter that is determined by the flowsheet calculations.
Vary Parameter
To enter a parameter:
Note: Only those unit or stream parameters which are valid for use as a VARY
are available.
DEFINE
The DEFINE is used to dynamically define the value for a flowsheet parameter
that ordinarily has a fixed versus calculated value in the flowsheet. Thus, the
value for a unit operating condition may be set to a value that is based on a
calculated flowsheet parameter. For example, the DEFINE may be used to set
the temperature for an isothermal Flash to the temperature that is calculated for a
flowsheeting outlet
Compressor stream
capability plus 10and,
of PRO/II, degrees. This
in fact, concept
nearly everygreatly enhances
unit operation the
input
parameter may be DEFINEd in PRO/II.
Select the parameter in the appropriate window for the unit operation. At
this point, the Define button on the toolbar is activated if the parameter
may be DEFINEd. Click Define to access the Definition window.
From this window, select the check box to enable the DEFINE options.
Click on the Parameter text string and select the desired parameter from
select theOK
Click the primary parameter.
button in the child windows to return to the unit operation
window.
For a constant:
Valve
Temperature - - Yes Yes
Pressure - - Yes Yes Yes Yes
Delta P - - Yes Yes Yes Yes
General Information
The PRO/II User-added Unit Operation capability enables users to add their own
FORTRAN subroutines to simulate any type of unit operation or to perform
calculations on flowsheet parameters. The subroutine must first be linked into the
PRO/II program and it is then accessed via the graphical user interface in the
same way as any other unit operation.
The User-added Unit Operation has access to the PRO/II physical property data
and may call the PRO/II flash and property calculation subroutines. Other
information, such as input and output dimensional units, is also available. See
The developer of the User-added Unit Operation can also customize the User-
added Unit Operation Data window to request only data which may be required
for the calculations.
Note: If transport properties are required in the User-added Unit Operation, you
must select a suitable method in the Thermodynamic Data.
Stream Reordering
If the User-added Unit Operation has more than one feed or product, they will be
shown in the order in which they were laid down on the PFD. The user may need
to reorder the streams so that they are presented in the correct order to the User-
added Unit Operation. For example, the User-added Unit Operation may always
feed vapor to the first product stream and liquid to the second.
Entering Data
Data are supplied to the User-added Unit Operation in four tables:
• Real Data
• Supplemental Data
• Integer Data
• Heat Balance Data
Data may also be entered into the variables in the Real Data table using the
PRO/II Define feature.
The variables in the Real Data table are also available to other unit operations by
means of SPEC s, VARYs and DEFINE s. The other tables
File UASLIST.INI
This file contains the user-specified names for specific user-added calculation
subroutines that will be displayed in place of the default names US1 - US20,
corresponding to the subroutines USER41 - USER60. Each line in the file has
two entries; the entry number in the list of user-added subroutine names, and the
actual text that is to be displayed for the user-added subroutine. An example of a
typical UASLIST.INI file is shown below:
1. PIPE DP Routine
2. Stream Heating Value
These entries in the UASLIST.INI file will result in the following list of available
user-added calculational subroutines being displayed when a User-added Unit
Operation is laid down on the PFD:
File USERXX.INI
This file contains the variable names and array locations for all of the Real,
Supplemental, Integer, and Heat Balance Data values that the specific user-
added calculation subroutine requires or that can be input by the user. For a
user-added subroutine with a customized data entry window, a user will only be
able to enter values for the data items specified in this file. The “XX” in the name
of the USERXX.INI file corresponds to the respective user-added subroutine
referenced, i.e. the user-added subroutine USER41 with a user-specified name
of “PIPE DP Routine” above would need a “USER41.INI” file to describe the
The first entry on each line indicates to which data array the variable belongs.
The second entry is the array number where the data value entered by the User
will be stored for access by the User-added calculational subroutine.
The third entry is the label to be displayed for the variable in the customized data
entry window. This entry must be enclosed in double quotes (“”).
The fourth entry on each line indicates whether or not data entry for the item is
Optional or is Required. The default is Optional, and this entry is not required.
The entries in the USER41.INI file shown above will result in the following
required data values and variable names being shown in the custom window
displayed for data entry, for any User-added Unit Operation where the user-
selected “PIPE DP Routine” as the user-added subroutine when the unit was laid
down on the PFD as shown below.
The order in which the variable labels appear on the customized User-added Unit
Operation Data window is the same as the order in which they appear in the
USERXX.INI file.
The limits on the number of variables that can be entered for each array are
shown below. These limits are:
• Real Data - up to 500 elements
• Supplemental Data - up to 10,000 elements
• Integer Data - up to 250 elements
• Heat Balance Data - up to 10 elements
Each table shows the name(s) of the variable(s) for which values must be
entered. They will scroll if they contain more than four rows. All data entries
displayed using a customized data entry window are required. No checks on
validity or completeness of the data are carried out until the User-added Unit
Operation is executed.
The developer’s data entry window has no variables names and any number of
variables may be entered up to the limits of each array.
The user must know which elements of each array are used by the User-added
Unit Operation and enter the array element number along with the value. Values
may be entered for any or all of the elements in the arrays. The elements defined
need not be contiguous and may be entered in any order.
Note: Unless the user defines a custom Data Entry Window for a specified User-
added Unit Operation, the data entry for that unit will be via the developers data
entry window.
Detailed Information
Comprehensive discussion of modular user-added subroutines is beyond the
scope of this Guide. Please refer to the “PRO/II User-Added Subroutines User
Guide” .
Electrolyte Module
General Information
The optional Electrolyte Module of PRO/II allows you to handle systems
containing electrolytes. See the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide for more
information. The following unit operations can be used with this electrolyte
version:
• Flash
• Pump
• Valve, Mixer, Splitter
• Pipe
• Simple heat exchanger, LNG heat exchanger
• Conversion reactor, Equilibrium reactor
• Stream calculator
• Heating/Cooling curve
• Calculator
• Controller, Optimizer
• Column (Electrolytic Algorithm, see below)
Thermodynamic Models
Eight built-in electrolyte models in PRO/II simulate aqueous systems in a wide
range of industrial applications. The models apply to fixed component lists with a
predefined set of thermodynamic methods for K-values, enthalpies and densities.
It is not possible to define individual methods for K-value, enthalpy or density
when using electrolyte thermodynamic models.
Note: Electrolyte models may not be used to calculate the following properties:
(1) Nonaqueous electrolyte systems; (2) Free water decant;
(3) Water dew points; (4) Hydrocarbon dew points, (5) Entropy and heat capacity.
The following electrolyte models are available in this release:
• Amine Systems
• Acid Systems
• Mixed Salt Systems
• Sour Water Systems
• Caustic Systems
• Benfield Systems
• Scrubber Systems
• LLE and Hydrate Systems
below:
Temperature: 32-390 F (0-200 C)
Pressure: 0-200 atm
Dissolved gases: 0-30 mole %
Ionic solutes: 0-30 ionic strength
Amine Systems
Pressure: 0-30 atm
LLE Systems
Organic solutes: 0-10 weight %
You may add your own models, specifically suited to your application, by using
the PRO/II and the Electrolyte Utility Package (EUP). If you wish to do this,
contact your nearest SIMSCI support office for more information.
The Electrolytic Column Algorithm is selected from the Column Algorithm drop-
down list box on the Column main data entry window.
Note: Electrolytic thermodynamic models only support VLE and so total phase
draws are not permitted.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Add-on modules
functionality of thecan be obtained
program. Theseinmodules
this version of PRO/II
include to extend
units for thepolymer
modeling
systems, separating solid components from feed streams, blending streams with
different component and refinery inspection properties, as well as Profimatics
hydrotreating and reformer reactor models.
The SIMSCI Polymer CSTR Add-on Model offers you the capability of modeling a
polymerization reactor operating under the following conditions:
This reactor unit has been added to PRO/II as part of the SIMSCI Add-on Models
(Polymer CSTR) and is available from SIMSCI as the SIMSCI Polymer CSTR
module.
For additional information, refer to the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guid e.
stream
selectedwith
fromdifferent component
a drop-down and
list box onrefinery inspection
the SIMSCI Add-onproperties.
Units mainThis unit
data is
entry
window.
The feed streams should have different thermodynamic methods for this unit to
function correctly, but this is not necessary. The unit thermodynamic method
must be different from any of the feed stream thermodynamic methods.
The product stream pressure may also be supplied, but if it is not given, the
pressure will be set to the lowest feed stream pressure.
refinery inspection properties specified and that these properties must use the
same property method and blending basis in order for the unit to work. A check is
done at input time to check that all the methods in the problem have the same
refinery properties, methods and bases specified. You can request this check to
be done, at calculation time, on the methods used in the current unit using the
IPARM entry.
Note: Requesting this check at calculation time should be used with care and is
not recommended.
Note: If you try to import a keyword file that specifies more than one feed or
product stream, PRO/II will produce an input error.
The feed stream pressure is always kept constant and you are required to
specify whether the temperature, enthalpy, dew point, bubble point or vapor
fraction is kept constant. The new product stream conditions will be calculated
based on the option specified. The available calculation options are entered
through the first value in the Integer Data for Unit field and are as follows:
Note: In this version, a warning message will alert you if the thermodynamic
method of the unit operation is different from the thermodynamic method of any
of the feed streams. This warning message applies to all unit operations except
for the RESET unit, the BLEND unit and any Profimatics reactor models.
Valve
General Information
The Valve is used to model the Joule-Thompson effect that occurs
across a pressure restriction such as a valve, orifice plate, etc. The temperature
for the exit fluid is computed by assuming that the operation is adiabatic.
Rigorous calculations may be performed for both VLE and VLLE systems.
A valve may have one or more product streams. The product phase condition for
valve operations with one product stream is automatically set by PRO/II. For
valve units with two or more product streams, the product phases must be
specified in the Valve Product Phases window which is accessed by clicking
Product Phases… on the Valve main data entry window.
Product phases allowable include: vapor, liquid, decanted water, heavy liquid,
and mixed phase (vapor plus liquid). Mixed phase is mutually exclusive with
vapor and liquid products and is not allowed when four product streams are
specified.
Outlet Conditions
The outlet condition for a valve is selected with the appropriate radio button on
the Valve main data entry window as:
• Pressure drop
• Outlet pressure
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for valve calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Valve main data entry window.
General Information
The Wiped Film Evaporator unit operation (WFE) provides the capability to model
the separation of solvents and/or monomers from a polymer melt. A Wiped Film
Evaporator should be used when the removal of volatiles from a viscous polymer
melt is diffusion limited. The blades inside the wiped film evaporator continually
mix and spread a thin film of the melt on the wall of the evaporator. As the melt
moves down the evaporator, the volatiles diffuse out of it and into the vapor
space of the evaporator. The volatiles are pulled out of the evaporator under
vacuum.
Detailed Information
For detailed information regarding operating modes, data requirements, and
range of applicability of the Wiped Film Evaporator model, consult the PRO/II
Add-On Modules User Guid e.
Chapter 10
Running and Viewing a
Flowsheet
This chapter describes how to run a simulation, interactively change the
calculation sequence, use breakpoints, and view calculation history and results.
The palette displays push buttons that execute or access a feature:
Operation Description
Status Displays the global messages for the current
simulation.
Check Data Checks the input data to determine whether there
are any data inconsistencies.
Run Executes the simulation, either from the beginning
or from a breakpoint. irCheck Datalc is
automatically performed, if necessary.
Step Steps through the execution of the simulation by
stopping at each unit operation in the calculation
sequence.
Stop Interrupts or stops the simulation while it is
executing. The program completes its current
calculation before stopping.
Set Breakpoints Selects the units you want to assign as
breakpoints. The program then executes the
simulation, stopping at these breakpoints.
Goto Starts the execution from any specified unit. You
can select the unit by clicking the ihGoto cursorlg
on the desired unit in the flowsheet.
Checking the Simulation Status
Use Status to display the Flowsheet Status window. This window allows you to
view the global status messages for the current simulation. This button is
highlighted as a selectable operation only if Check Data has been previously
invoked either directly from the palette or indirectly from execution of the Run
operation. The following colors around the Status button indicate the Check Data
results:
A black border indicates that no errors were found when Check Data was last
performed.
Choose Status from the Run palette. The Flowsheet Status window
appears. The Check Data results appear in a scrollable window.
Choose Close to exit the Flowsheet Status window.
Correct your simulation errors.
Color Significance
Use Run to begin executing the simulation. The program starts from:
The first unit, if this is the first run;
The unit at which the calculations were stopped;
The unit you selected using the Goto option.
If the run encounters problems, warnings will appear in the Flowsheet Status
window. You have the option to close the window and correct the warnings or
continue the run by clicking Run Simulation.
If the Messages window is open, you can observe that execution ceases after
completion of the current unit.
Using Goto
Use Goto to start execution from a selected unit. This can be invoked at program
initiation or after execution pauses while stepping or stopping.
The selected unit becomes the current unit. When execution completes on this
unit, its Goto status is removed.
Using Breakpoints
You can set a breakpoint on any unit. Breakpoints can be before the unit
operation, after it, or both. You can set breakpoints using the cursor or by utilizing
the Breakpoints window. In addition, you can set breakpoints before and after a
loop using the Breakpoints window.
PRO/II turns units selected as breakpoints purple and updates the values in the
Breakpoints window.
Select the unit. PRO/II will no longer show this unit as purple.
PRO/II updates the values in the Breakpoints window to show that there is no
longer a breakpoint attached to this unit.
The Breakpoints window lists all unit operations in the calculation sequence and
identifies the breakpoint type for each unit: (before, after, both). Units without a
breakpoint are considered “Off.” Breakpoints are for use during the current
session. PRO/II does not save breakpoint information.
The breakpoint for the unit is set based on the breakpoint placement you select.
Note: Closing the Breakpoints window does not turn off Breakpoint mode.
To turn off Breakpoint mode:
Choose Set Breakpoints on the Run palette a second time.
Viewing Results
Use Messages to view the calculation history that has been produced so far. This
can be used while the simulation is executing, after the simulation finally ends, or
when the simulation reaches a breakpoint.
Alternatively, you can view process unit and stream results via the Unit List and
Stream List (Go To) windows:
Click unit or stream to open the Unit List or Stream List window
.
Highlight the desired unit or stream.
Viewing Results in Stream Property Tables
The stream property tables provide a convenient means to display selected
results for a group of streams on the PFD. Four predefined report formats are
supplied. These formats may be modified as desired and/or additional formats
may be defined by the user. In addition to the stream properties selected for
display, the titles and number of decimal places to display for each stream
property may be chosen by the user. A quick check of the material balance for
the problem may be accomplished by displaying the source and sink streams for
the problem.
Double-click the stream properties icon on the PFD to display the Stream
Property Table window.
Choose the method for available stream selection by selecting the
appropriate radio button:
Include All Streams: This is the default. All the streams in the flowsheet are
displayed in the Available Streams list box.
on the Stream Property Table window to access the Group Components window.
This window may be used to define and name component groups, as well as to
edit existing component groups.
The appearance of the steam property table itself may be altered by the user in
the Stream Property Table window. Options include multiple rows per table,
displaying the row grid lines, and setting the widths for the borders, lines, and
property cell characters.
Defining Stream Property Lists (Formats)
Stream property lists are defined and edited via the Define Property List window.
This window is accessed by choosing Options/Stream Property Lists from the
menu bar. PRO/II provides four default lists that may be edited if desired:
based composition.
Stream Summary: Phase, Molar flowrate, Standard liquid flowrate,
Temperature, Pressure, Molecular weight, Enthalpy, Specific enthalpy,
Mole fraction liquid, Reduced temperature, Reduced pressure, Acentric
factor, UOP K-value, Standard liquid density, Vapor and liquid molar
flowrate, Vapor and liquid mass flowrate, Vapor and liquid volumetric
flowrate, Vapor and liquid molecular weight, Vapor and liquid specific
enthalpy, Vapor and liquid CP, Vapor and liquid density, Vapor and liquid
viscosity, Vapor and liquid thermal conductivity, Liquid surface tension.
Use the drop-down list box to select the property list name.
Click New to access the New List window and enter a name for the new
list in this window. This window also allows you to select an existing list
from a drop-down list box to be copied to create the new list.
To add a property to a property list:
Select the property in the Select Properties drop-down list box on the
Define Property List window and click the button to transfer the property
to the Property Description Format list box.
The property that was selected is expanded in this window, with the addition of a
description and a format which may be edited in the data entry fields provided.
The description for the property may be changed from the default value and the
number of decimal places for printout may also be changed if desired.
When editing an existing property list, properties may be selected in the Property
Description Format list box and edited, deleted, or rearranged as desired.
In addition to such properties as temperature, pressure, enthalpy, etc., property
items such as “double line,” “line,” and “text” may be incorporated in a property
list to add blank lines and special headings.
Enable the window by checking the Define Case Study box.
In this window, you can specify the changes you want to make to your input
Parameters and to define the Results you want to examine. You may define as
many parameters and results as you want.
remove astable
Parameters: The many ofrows
parameters initially
as you wish. has one row. You may insert or
Parameter Identifier: The parameter identifier defines the way you want the
output data to be presented after the Case Study has been executed. A
default identifier (here “PARAM1”) is supplied. To change the parameter
identifier, click on the data field and enter a new name.
Start Cycle: The start cycle is the cycle after which the incremental changes are
implemented. Cycles before the start cycle use the value in the base
case. If necessary, enter a new start cycle number. By default, the
starting cycle is one (1).
End Cycle: Cycles after the end cycle use the value in the end cycle. If
necessary, enter a new end cycle number. The end cycle defaults to the
value of the start cycle.
Step Value: Next, define the value of the incremental step change per cycle. The
new step value will be displayed.
Results: The table of results initially has one row. You may insert or remove as
many rows as you wish. You may define a Result as one flowsheet
parameter or as a function of two flowsheet parameters or as a function
of one flowsheet parameter and a constant. See SPEC/ VARY/DEFINE
in Chapter 9 for details on using and changing mathematical operators
and composing specifications.
Result Identifier: The result identifier will be used when you define how you
want the output data to be presented after the Case Study has been
First Parameter: Click on the first (or only) parameter to open the Parameter
window where you select the parameter that you want as a Result or as
the first element of the function you are defining.
Second (Reference)
Parameter you select theon
Parameter: Click
window where second parameter
parameter to open
(or constant) the want
that you
as the second element of the function you are defining.
Execution Options: Select from the Execute: list to execute the base case only
or the base case and the case study. If you do not want to execute all the
cycles of the case study, select Base Case and Specified Cycles and
specify a beginning and ending cycle.
The keyword input file may be one that was created using a text editor or word
processor, or one that was previously created using the Keyword File Export
capability. You can also execute flowsheet simulations that were created using
PRO/II from the GUI, or were created by importing a PRO/II keyword input file.
The batch execution of keyword input files or simulation files generates the
standard PRO/II ASCII output file for each of the selected files.
While executing simulation problems in batch mode, you can continue to work
with other Windows applications. You can terminate the currently executing
problem or the batch execution mode completely by pushing the Terminate
Current Problem or Terminate Batch Run buttons, respectively.
To select a PRO/II keyword input file, simulation file (or group of files), or a
previously stored execution list file:
Initially, there are no keyword input (*.INP) or simulation files (*.PR1) displayed in
the File Sequence window. There are two methods of adding keyword input or
simulation files to the file sequence list:
PRO/II displays a list of available existing keyword input files. The default file
type is keyword files (*.INP). You can change the file type to simulation files
(*.PR1, *.PRZ) using the Files of type drop-down list-box.
Figure 10-6: Run Batch - File Select
Type or select the name of the file that you want to execute. You can
select multiple files within a given directory. Only the keyword input files
highlighted in the currently selected directory will be added to the list of
files to execute when you exit this window.
Click OK to validate your selection and return to the Run Batch - Input
and/or Simulation Files Selection window.
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE1.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE2.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE3.INP
Execution list files may include comment lines (beginning with a semicolon ;),
and include list file directives given by #include followed by the .LST file name.
An example is given below:
;This is a comment
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE1.INP
C:\SIMSCI\PROII_W\USER\CASE2.INP
; The following list file to be loaded
; contains flash problems
#include flash.LST
Note: Theitself
flash.LST #include
coulddirectives may
contain the be nested,
directives e.g., indewpt.LST
#include the example
andabove,
#include
bubpt.LST.
Type or select the name of the execution list file that you want to load.
You can select multiple list files within a given directory. Only the list files
highlighted in the currently selected directory will be used to create the
list of keyword input and simulation files to be executed.
Click OK to validate the selection and exit.
When you return to the Run Batch - Input and/or Simulation Files Selection
window, the contents of the previously selected execution list file(s) will have
been expanded and are now displayed in the File Sequence list box. Selected
files will be added to the bottom of the list of previously selected files displayed in
the File Sequence list box.
PRO/II displays the Run Batch - Save File List As window containing the
execution file list options.
Click OK.
The specified list will be executed in the order shown in the File Sequence box.
When the execution is complete, a message will be displayed to notify you that
the batch mode execution has been completed.
The problem execution will stop after the current unit calculations are complete.
Whatever type of file (keyword input or simulation) was executed in batch mode,
you can always view and edit the corresponding standard ASCII output files with
any ASCII-capable text editor or word processor.
Chapter 11
Printing and Plotting
This chapter describes how to generate, view and print reports, and generate
and print plots. Printer setup is also described.
Choose Output/Report Format from the menu bar. The Report Format
menu appears with options for Units of Measur e, Miscellaneous Dat a,
Stream Properties, and Unit Operations.
To set miscellaneous data options:
Setting Product Stream Scaling
To change the scale stream flowrate:
Choose Product Stream Scaling… from the Miscellaneous Report
Options window. The Report Options - Product Stream Scaling window
appears.
Select the Scale Stream Flowrate checkbox.
Specify the stream to be scaled, the components to be scaled, and the
scaled flowrate.
Figure 11-5: Default Units of Measure for Problem Output Report
Click Initialize from UOM Library… to extract default values from another
set or replace the default values as necessary.
Optionally, click Standard Vapor Conditions… to change the vapor
condition settings for this problem. The Problem Standard Vapor
Condition window appears.
Figure 11-8: Column Print Options
Figure 11-9: Column Plot Options
Click OK in the child windows, then Close to commit the entries and
return to the PFD.
Generating a Report
You can generate a report to a file. Use the Define Format option to define the
format of the report.
As PRO/II generates the report, a window appears, displaying the status of the
report
appearsasdisplaying
it runs. Once
the the reportofhas
contents thebeen generated,
report. the default
PRO/II appends editor window
an .OUT
extension to the current simulation name and saves the file in the USER
directory.
Viewing a Report
To view a previously generated report of the current simulation:
Choose Output/View Report from the menu bar.
Printing a Report
To print the report:
Print from your text editor while viewing the report, or
Choose File/Print from the menu bar.
Select Report in the Print drop-down list box in the Print window.
Click OK .
Plotting
PRO/II generates and displays a variety of plots for input data and tabulated
results. The following plots can be generated:
• Input Data
• Assay stream analysis
• Output Results
• Distillation column profiles (temperature, flowrates, composition, and
• separation factor)
Zones analysis for simple and rigorous heat exchangers
• Phase envelopes
• Heating/Cooling curves
Plots can be displayed using PRO/II’s Plot Viewer or Microsoft Excel. The section
Setting Up the Plot Driver later in this chapter describes how to select and
configure the plot driver.
Generating a Plot
To generate an assay stream analysis plot, select View Curve... on the Stream
Assay Definition window. Three curves will be generated:
By default, the Units for Selection list box displays all the unit Operations in your
flowsheet for which plots are available. If you check the Selected Units option,
only those units you previously selected on the PFD for which plots are available
will be shown.
When you select a unit operation in the Units for Selection list box, the Available
Plots list box displays all plots available for that unit. You may select a plot then
click Plot… to display the plot. If the plot requires additional options to be chosen,
the Plot… button will change to an Options… button. Currently, additional data is
required only for Distillation Column Plots.
Plotting a Column
To obtain a plot of vapor and liquid compositions:
Choose Vapor and Liquid Compositions, then choose Options… to open
the Column Vapor and Liquid Composition Plot window.
The PRO/II Plot Viewer is a built-in utility that also prints plots.
Microsoft Excel provides a complete set of formatting features. With Excel, you
can change plot colors, axis titles, and other attributes to create a presentation-
quality graph.
Figure 11-12: Plot Setup Window
PRO/II’s installation procedure will set up the options in this window. Select the
desired plot driver using the list box. If you need to configure the currently
selected plot driver, press Setup to display the Setup Plot Driver window. You
cannot configure the PRO/II Plot Viewer (option “SIMSCI”).
Driver File: The complete path and filename of the dynamic link library (DLL) for
the plot driver.
Command Line: The full command line to invoke the plotting application.
Options: Additional driver-specific options.
To save a plot:
Choose File/Save As from the Plot window menu.
Enter the desired plot file name and click OK .
You can send a plot from the Plot window to your plotter.
Chapter 12
Customizing
Workplace the PFD
This chapter surveys the customization of PFD appearance. You can control unit
and stream appearance, modify the stream property tables, and set the font style
used on your PFD.
Figure 12-1: Unit Style Window for Classes of Units
You may also choose the starting number for the particular unit. For example, if
the Auto Label Format for the Flash unit operation were “FLASHUNIT%d05,”
subsequent Flashes placed on the PFD would be labeled “FLASHUNIT105,”
“FLASHUNIT205,” “FLASHUNIT305,” and so forth.
You can also modify the type face and type size used in the stream label as
discussed below under the topic Changing the Default Font.
Select an alternative icon from the palette at the top of the window.
Choose OK to confirm the change.
You can also change the type face, type size and color of the unit label by
choosing Select… to access a standard font editing window.
PRO/II automatically
the label for each unitlabels each
without unit you
altering the place it on the
numbering PFD. You can change
sequence.
By default, stream labels have rectangular borders and appear on the stream
line. (Optionally, you may select (1) diamond-shaped or circular label borders, or,
alternatively, no label border at all, and (2) the position of the label relative to the
stream.) Process stream arrows are not filled and appear only on the horizontal
segments of an orthogonal process stream. You can change the appearance of
the arrows and where the arrows appear on the process stream.
Figure 12-5: Default Stream Style
Changing the Label for a Particular Stream
PRO/II automatically labels each stream as it is placed on the PFD. You can
change the number or label for just one stream without altering the ongoing
numbering sequence.
The property list that you have selected will appear on all streams subsequently
drawn on the PFD.
Select a list from the Property List box (Figure 12-9).
You can add or delete properties, modify the property description and
change the numerical format.
The selected properties will be added to the bottom of the property list.
list.
Click OK to commit your selection.
Alternatively, drag a stream label to any of these positions from the PFD itself.
While in the Stream Styles window, you may also choose a text font and
a border style for the labels from the corresponding drop-down lists.
User configured property lists will also be included in the drop-down list of toggle
stream property list and the same can be used to toggle between the existing
stream label and the toggle list.
User should select a particular property list from the tooltip property list box The
selected property list will be displayed as tooltip display, when the user hovers
the mouse pointer on the stream. User can also set this option to OFF so that
stream name will appear as tooltip display.
Changing the Default Font
The Default Font option enables you to set the default font, font style and size
used in PRO/II’s main and data entry windows. This option is useful if the default
font size for your system is too large for PRO/II’s data entry windows. Note that
you cannot
changing change
the thewill
font size fonts
notfor the title,
change themenu,
size ofand statuswindows.
PRO/II’s bar text. Also,
Choose Options/Font from the menu bar to display the Font specification
window.
Choose the desired font, font style, and size.
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Index
Aligning Text, 68 edit text, 68
Basics Entering Text, 58
Simulation, 15 Excel Unit, 219
Boiling Pot Reactor , 299 Expander, 225
Border Handles, 5 Exporting
Bounding Box Drawing to clipboard, 35
Changing the size, 73 keyword file, 33
Moving, 73 stream property table, 35
Button to AutoCAD, 36
PFD Palette, 9 Features
Buttons Run-only mode, 31
Delete, 12 Unsupported, 31
Help, 13 file
Run/Results, 11 import keyword input, 30
Toolbar, 9 Files
Toolbar, customizing, 13 Types in PRO/II, 29
Using
Using Data Entry, 10
Navigation, 11 Fill
Fixedfrom Structures
Properties, , 78
95
View, 12 Flash, 227
VLE tools, 11 Flash With Solids, 231
Calculator Floating Palettes. See
calculator, 141 Flowsheet
cancel Building, 17, 39
Unit placement, 51 Connect Unit Operations, 16
Cancel Define Components, 16
Delete, 51 Draw, 15
Changing Window Size, 4 Flowsheet Optimizer, 233
Column, Side, 187 Gibbs Reactor , 300
Components, 18 Go To Buttons, 11
Define, 16 Heat Exchanger, Lng, 239
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor , 295 Heat Exchanger, Rigorous, 241
Control Menu, 5 Heat Exchanger, Simple, 251
Convergence Heating/Cooling Curves, 255
Test for, 34 Help Button, 13
Conversion and Equilibrium Reactors, Henry’s Law, 106
295 import
Copy Keyword input file, 30
stream property table, 38 Importing a PRO/II keyword input file, 30
to Excel, 38 Linked text, 89
Data Main Window
Default, 21 Using, 14
Miscellaneous, 19 Menus
Data Entry Window Buttons, 10 Using, 6
Default Methods
global override, 40 Thermodynamic, 18
units of measure, 41 Minimize/Maximize Buttons, 4
Depressuring Unit, 211 Mixer, 259
Dissolver, 217 mode
Index i
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