What

do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

OUR DARK
VOIDS

UNIVERSE Prof.-Dr. Benjamin
Gal-Or , 1M citations
by Google

Proof (1) of cosmic dark voids which expand
by dissipating stellar winds thus compacting-merging
galaxies & causing late 2nd expansion of the universe




Organized






1
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

PREFACE

What do we know today about our dark voids universe?

Recently discovered 2nd Expansion of the universe is caused by
galactic-stellar winds, which enter and irreversibly dissipate ("for
good") in each and all observed dark cosmic voids, (aka "RADIATION
CEMETERIES"), of our visible universe, FIG. 1 below.
(a) It was predicted 3 decades earlier [1-5], and published in 1981 by
Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy book, [5], (see below).
(b) The dark, expanding, gigantic, cosmic voids not only compact-
merge galaxies into non-expanding clusters, or filaments, FIG. 1,
(c) but cause the CLUSTERS TO MOVE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER,
thereby giving rise to the observed EXTRA EXPANSION of the
universe, namely, beyond its slowing down (by gravitation) of
the left over inertia expansion of the universe since the big-bang.
(d) But this 2nd (extra) expansion could not start prior to emitters
numbers & intensities becoming high enough, (cover page].
(e) According to the gold-awarded New Astrophysical School of
Relativistic Thermodynamics, [1], this verified cosmic process is
also the root cause of time asymmetries, the 2nd law of
thermodynamics and of induced by gradients (FIG. 2) all stellar
evolution (e.g. supernovae) that have led to life, [5].

2
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

Published Reviews and comments

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds.
Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.
Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.
The New Scientist Magazine

"Evokes a person heart !!

Has generated a large number of responses from around the world,
some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”.
Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country
should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."

Chinese Academy of Sciences

"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound
knowledge of present-day scientific theories. "

Indian Journal of Physics

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS:

“Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.

He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical

prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore,
he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to
an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with

derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to
3
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics,

astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially
the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the
intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay
between symmetry and asymmetry.

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces
in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but
is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future.
Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and
philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of
causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming

domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.
The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and
counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and
perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of
general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.
He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time
asymmetries.
The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for
radiation (aka "World Radiation Cemetery"), which, in turn, permits the
establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis
for the physical process that leads to life.
He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and
the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism,
especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal
asymmetries.

4
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics,

he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic
interpretation of quantum events.
The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which
Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a
review.
[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline
of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss
of both the faculty and the students.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical

School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master
Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical
and biological phenomena!
Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause
of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that
the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of
thermodynamics -- that
microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood
without reference to cosmology.
He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is
expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened
“irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.
Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding
space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing
out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.”
Advancement of Physics

5
 What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking
writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would
serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”
Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Science

"This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and
enlightening." Sir Karl Popper, the Greatest Philosopher of Science

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical
humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily

"We are all Gal-Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics

"Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically
observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind,
a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry
that we always try to reach.”

Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read."
Outstanding Books List

6
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!
Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political
philosophy."
A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University

"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine
provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how
irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is
superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and
made pages of notes on it.
I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the
great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!
Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times
and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and
fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the
philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the
scheme of things – and by so much more!
I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that
expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time.
What an ingenious phrase is your,
“smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!
I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being
two books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with
clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to
testable consequences.
I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such
importance by mixing it in with the other great task.
7
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and

modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to.
I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a package
that I personally have found most thought-provoking.”
Prof. John Wheeler,
Inst. of Advanced Studies,
Princeton University

___________

8
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

FUNDAMENTAL COSMIC DEFINITIONS

Dark cold* SPACE-"2" wraps all

non-expanding galaxies.
Non-expanding SPACE-"3" (red
indicated), harbors interstellar winds
(marked) flowing to SPACE-"2", and
finally dissipating in intergalactic
voids defined as SPACE-"1", (FIG. 2).

Voyagers 1 and 2 exploration of SPACE-"2" is indicated vis-à-vis the various
shocks generated by interstellar winds impacting the solar system.
____
* About 270 degrees C below zero. cf. FIGS 1 and 2.

Images from the author book [5] and Wikipedia

9
 What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

FIG. 1: The "100 MILLION LIGHT YEAR" SCALE is indicated at the top of this
NASA MAP OF THE VISIBLE, EXPANDING UNIVERSE.

Integrated STELLAR-GALACTIC WINDS (YELLOW ARROWS) ENTER EACH

VOID FROM OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, (FIG. 2).

10
 What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

These flow-in and finally dissipate in each void, which, collectively,

become the largest "Thermodynamic Sink in the universe" (aka
''radiation cemetery") of the universe.
The "WINDS" "flow" into each void only from nearby "SUPER-CLUSTERS"
of NON-EXPANDING GALAXIES ("filaments").

Subject to momentum conservation the clash of opposing winds

("adiabatic locations", FIG. 2) generates back thrust that

(a) compact all non-expanding galaxies first into clusters (FIG. 2) next
into superclusters ("filaments" in FIG. 1),

(b) move all non-expanding galactic filaments away from each other,
THUS PROVIDING EXTRA COLLECTIVE EXPANSION of ALL INTERGALACTIC
VOIDS THAT GRADUALLY REVERSES THE SLOWING-BY-GRAVITATION
EXPANSION-OF-THE-UNIVERSE, SINCE THE 'BIG-BANG', INTO A SLIGHTLY
ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE, AS VERIFIED BY THE 1998
DISCOVERY.**, ***, ****

______

** THIS "EXTRA EXPANSION" HAD STARTED TO BE "SIGNIFICANT" ONLY AT A LATER

AGE OF THE UNIVERSE, WHEN THE NUMBER AND INTENSITIES OF "WINDS EMITTERS"
HAS BECOME STRONG ENOUGH TO REVERSE THE INERTIA of the WORLD EXPANSION.

*** THIS SECOND, SIMULTANEOUS EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE WAS PREDICTED IN 1969
[1-4] AND PUBLISHED BY REF. 5 WHICH IS REPRODUCED HREIN AS FIG 2.

**** The "yellow arrows" depicted should be "inserted" into each void to illustrate
"opposing, rocket-type-jet-winds" that compact galaxies from opposing sides of each filament,
("ours" is "VIRGO" (FIG. 1)), while accelerating the expansion of the universe. And the net
result is thrusting away all "filaments" from each other, and merging galaxies in each.

11
 What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

FIG. 2: "CLUSTER I" and "CLUSTR II" represent "mid-compacting stages" during
the "2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe", namely, prior to being further
(+), (++)
compacted into the verified superclusters as filaments (FIG. 1).
______________

(+)
"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW"
as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", which generates energy-density gradients that lead to the
"2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that leads to the emergence of life, [5], and comments cited
above.

(++)

12
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

Figure 3: UNKNOWN IMAGE SOURCE OF

INTERGALACTIC DARK COLD VOIDS -- SPACE 1
– WHICH, BY DISSIPATED WINDS INTO THEM
FROM OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, (FIGS. 1 & 2),
EXPAND, THUS COMPACTING NON-
EXPANDING GALAXIES INTO SHOWN SUPER-
CLUSTERS ALSO PUSHING SOME TO MERGE &
REVERSING THE EARLIER SLOWING DOWN
EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE SINCE GENESIS.

Co

13
What do we know today about our dark voids universe? – By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or

Concluding remarks

(a) A mysterious, "no-show", anti-gravity, "no science", dark energy and
dark matter published by self-appointed REPORTERS causing the
observed accelerated expansion of the universe. and confirms:
(b) The new astrophysical gravitational thermodynamics, [1-5], controls all
stellar evolution, including supernovae explosions evolution in physical
process that leads to life.
(c) Published reviews and comments are provided above.

References

1. Gal-Or Benjamin, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay on the
Einsteinian New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y.
Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972). Gold Medal Award.
2. Gal-Or Benjamin, cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature 230, 1971); 234, 217
(1971);
3. Gal-Or Benjamin, The Origin of Irreversibility in nature, Science, 176, 11 (1972); 178,
119 (1972);
4. Gal-Or Benjamin, On modified Foundations of Physics, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976); 6,
623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977);
5. Gal-Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer
Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987, and reprinted unchanged to present.

14