ALTERNATIVES OF SAND

A Technical Seminar Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

Ronanaki Archana 16031A0148

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NARASARAOPET
NARASARAOPET – 522601, GUNTUR (Dt.), A.P.2019 – 2020
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING –NARASARAOPET

NARASARAOPET – 522601, GUNTUR (Dt.), A.P.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar entitled “ALTERNATIVES OF SAND” is
a bonafide work done by RONANAKI ARCHANA bearing 16031A0148 submitted in partial
fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from
University College of Engineering JNTUK Narasaraopet during the academic year 2019-2020.

SEMINAR SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

i
 DECLARATION

I RONANAKI ARCHANA the student of UCEN – JNTUK, Narasaraopet hereby declare that this

technical seminar report entitled “ALTERNATIVES OF SAND” being submitted to the

Department of ECE, for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Civil Engineering is a
record of bonafide work done by me and it has not been submitted to any other Institute or University
for the award of any other degree or prize.

RONANKI ARCHANA

(16031A0148)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With the immense please I Ms R.Archana with regdno.16031A0148 presenting

“ALTERNATIVES OF SAND” Seminar report as part of the curriculum of academic year
2019-2020.I wish to thank all the people who gave me unending support.
I express my profound thanks to principal DR.VV SUBBARAO and head of department
of civil engineering T.LAXMAN KISHORE
I would thank P.Manikanta for his support to complete my report and all the other faculty of
civil engineering department and all those who have indirectly guided and helped me in
presentation of this seminar

RonankiArchana
16031A0148

iii
 ABSTRACT

Cement, sand and aggregate are basic needs for any construction industry. Sand is a prime
material used for preparation of mortar and concrete and which plays a major role in mix
design. Now a day’s erosion of rivers and considering environmental issues, there is a
scarcity of river sand. The non-availability or shortage of river sand will affect the
construction industry, hence there is a need to find the new alternative material to replace
the river sand, such that excess river erosion and harm to environment is prevented. Many
researchers are finding different materials to replace sand and one of the major materials is
quarry stone dust. Using different proportion of these quarry dust along with sand the
required concrete mix can be obtained. This presents a review of the different alternatives
to natural sand in preparation of mortar and concrete. The emphasize on the physical and
mechanical properties and strength aspect on mortar and concrete. Concrete is the most
undisputable material being used in infrastructure development throughout the world. It is
a globally accepted construction material in all types of Civil Engineering structures.
Natural sand is a prime material used for the preparation of concrete and also plays an
important role in Mix Design. Now a days river erosion and other environmental issues
have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased
need to find new alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is
prevented and high strength concrete is obtained at lower cost. Partial or full replacement
of natural sand by the other alternative materials like quarry dust, foundry sand and others
are being researched from past two decades, in view of conserving the ecological balance.
This paper summarizes conclusions of experiments conducted for the properties like
strength, durability etc. It was observed the results have shown positive changes and
improvement in mechanical properties of the conventional concrete due to the addition or
replacement of fine sand with efficient alternatives.

iv
 CONTENTS
Page no.

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. REASONS AND METHODOLOGY 3
2.1 Methodology 3
2.2 Specific Garavity 3
2.3 Water Absorbtion 3
2.4 Compressive Test 4
3. DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES OF SAND 5
3.1 Copper slag 5
3.2 Granulated blast furnace slag 6
3.3 Washed bottom slag 6
3.4 Quarry dust 7
3.5 Foundry dust 7
3.6 Sheet glass powder 8
3.7 Construction and demolition waste 8
3.8 Crushed spent fire bricks 9
3.9 M.Sand 9
4. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 11
5. BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVES OF SAND 16
6. CONCLUSIONS 17
7. COMPARSION WITH RIVER SAND 19

v
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 Fineness test on copper slag

TABLE 2.2 Physical properties for the quarry dust

TABLE 2.3 Physical properties of the construction and demolition waste

TABLE 2.4 Physical properties of the spent fire bricks

vi
 CHAPTER -1
Introduction:
Sand is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles. The most common constituent of sand is silica usually in the form of quartz
Concrete is that pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a super-strong
building material. Aggregates are the important constituents in the concrete composite that help in
reducing shrinkage and impart economy to concrete production. River Sand used as fine aggregate
in concrete is derived from river banks. River sand has been the most popular choice for the fine
aggregate component of concrete in the past, but overuse of the material has led to environmental
concerns, the depleting of river sand deposits and an increase in the price of the material. The
developing country like India( Authors native land) facing shortage of good quality natural sand
and particularly in India, natural sand deposits are being used up and causing serious threat to
environment as well as the society. The rapid extraction of sand from the river bed causes
problems like deepening of the river beds, loss of vegetation on the bank of rivers, disturbance to
the aquatic life as well as agriculture due to lowering the water table in the well etc. Therefore,
construction industries of developing countries are in stress to identify alternative materials to
replace the demand for river sand. Hence, partial or full replacement of river sand by the other
compatible materials like crushed rock dust, quarry dust, glass powder, recycled concrete dust,
and others are being researched from past two decades, in view of conserving the ecological
balance. The reuse of this waste will help to save cost, conserve limited resources and ultimately
protect the environment. Due to shortage of river sand as well as its high the Madras High Court
restrictions on sand mining in rivers Cauvery and Thamirabarani. The facts like in India is almost
same in others countries also. So therefore the need to find an alternative concrete and mortar
aggregate material to river sand in construction works has Cement, sand and aggregate are
essential needs for any construction industry. Sand is a major material used for preparation of
mortar and concrete and plays a most important role in mix design. In general consumption of
natural sand is high, due to the large use of concrete and mortar. Hence the demand of natural sand
is very high in developing countries to satisfy the rapid infrastructure growth. The developing
country like India facing shortage of good quality natural sand and particularly in India, natural
sand deposits are being used up and causing serious threat to environment as well as the society.
Rapid extraction of sand from river bed causing so many problems like losing water retaining soil
strata, deepening of the river beds and causing bank slides, loss of vegetation on the bank of

1
rivers, disturbs the aquatic life as well as disturbs agriculture due to lowering the water table in the
well etc are some of the examples. The heavy-exploitation of river sand for construction purposes
in Sri Lanka has led to various harmful problems . Options for various river sand alternatives,
such as offshore sand, quarry dust and filtered sand have also been made Physical as well as
chemical properties of fine aggregate affect the durability, workability and also strength of
concrete, so fine aggregate is a most important constituent of concrete and cement mortar.
Generally river sand or pit sand is used as fine aggregate in mortar and concrete. Together fine and
coarse aggregate make about 75- 80 % of total volume of concrete and hence it is very important
to fine suitable type and good quality aggregate nearby site (Hudson 1997). Recently natural sand
is becoming a very costly material because of its demand in the construction industry due to this
condition research began for cheap and easily available alternative material to natural sand. Some
alternatives materials have already been used as a replacement of natural sand such as fly-ash,
quarry dust or limestone and siliceous stone powder, filtered sand, copper slag are used in
concrete and mortar mixtures as a partial or full replacement of natural sand . Even though
offshore sand is actually used in many countries such as the UK, Sri Lanka, Continental Europe,
India and Singapore, most of the records regarding use of this alternative found mainly as a lesser
extent of practice in the construction fielded greater importance now a days

2
 CHAPTER 2
REASONS FOR ALTERNATIVES OF SAND:
1. Due to usage of river sand lead to the scarcity of river sand
2. Increase in the price of sand
3. Lead to environmental concerns
4. Deepening of river beds
5. Loss of vegetation on the bank of river
6. Disturbance to the aquatic life
7. Disturbance to agricultural
8. We still have a long way to go by global consumption levels but we don’t have
enough sand to make concrete and mortar
9. Concrete is the largest consumable material so sand should be their in it
2.1Methodology:
After adding the alternatives to the cement as a fine aggregates to find whether it is
satisfied with the standards of the sand the tests are conducted on the samples .some of
the tests are
 Specific gravity
 Water absorption
 Compressive test
 Fineness test
 Bulk density
2.2Specific gravity: Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a
stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated
temperature. Pycnometer, Electronic weighing machine capable of weighing accurately
up to 0.1g are used to determine the specific gravity.
2.3Water absorption: Water absorption is used to determine the amount of water
absorbed under specified conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of

3
plastic, additives used, temperature and length of exposure. water absorption
test determines the water holding capacity of the coarse and fine aggregates. The main
objective of these test is to determine the water absorption of aggregates.
2.4Compressive test: A compression test is any test in which a material experiences
opposing forces that push inward upon the specimen from opposite sides or is otherwise
compressed, “squashed”, crushed, or flattened.

4
 CHAPTER 3
DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES OF RIVER SAND:
1. Copper slag
2. Granulated blast furnace slag
3. Washed bottom slag
4. Quarry dust
5. Foundry dust
6. Sheet glass powder
7. Construction and demolition waste
8. Crushed spent fire bricks
9. M.Sand
3.1Copper slag:

Copper slag is a by-product of copper extraction by smelting. During smelting, impurities

become slag which floats on the molten metal. At present about 33 million tonnes of copper
slag is generating annually worldwide among that India contributing 6 to 6.5 million tonnes. 50
% copper slag can be used as replacement of natural sand in to obtain mortar and concrete with
required performance, strength and durability. (Khalifa S. Al-Jabri et al 2011). In India a study
has been carried out by the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) shown that copper slag
may be used as a partial replacement for river sand as fine aggregate in concrete up to 50 % in
pavement concrete without any loss of compressive and flexural strength and such concretes
shown about 20 % higher strength than that of conventional cement concrete of the same grade

5
3.2Granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS):

it is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of Iron and steel-making) from a
blast furnace in Water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and
ground into a fine powder. GBFS has been adopted for its superiority in concrete durability,
extending the lifespan of buildings from fifty years to a hundred years. A mix of copper slag
and ferrous slag can yield higher compressive strength of 46.18MPa (100 per cent replacement
of sand) while corresponding strength for normal concrete was just 30.23MPa. Though she
warns that with higher levels of replacements (100 per cent) there might be some bleeding
issues and, therefore, she recommended that up to 80 per cent copper slag and ferrous slag can
be used as replacement of sand (Meenakshi Sudarvizhi )

3.3Washed bottom slag:

The WBA is a waste material that is taken from electric power plant and the source material
is called as bottom ash. Figure 3 show the typical steam generating system that illustrated the
bottom ash dispose at the bottom furnace and fly ash is dispose to atmosphere by very tall
chimney.

6
3.4Quarry dust:
Quarry dust is fine rock particles. When boulders are broken into small pieces quarry
dust is formed. It is grey in colour and it is like fine aggregate. In concrete production it
could be used as a partial or full replacement of natural sand. Besides, the utilization of
quarry waste, which itself is a waste material, will reduce the cost of concrete production.
The quarry dust is the by-product which is formed in the processing of the granite stones
which broken downs into the coarse aggregates of different sizes.

3.5Foundry sand:
Foundry sand is sand which when moistened & compressed or oiled or heated tends
to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting. India ranks
fourth in terms of total foundry production (7.8 million tonnes) according to the 42nd
Census of World Casting Production of 2007. Foundry sand which is very high in silica is
regularly discarded by the metal industry. Currently, there is no mechanism for its
disposal, but international studies say that up to 50 per cent foundry sand can be utilized
for economical and sustainable development of concrete

7
 3.6Construction and Demolition waste:
There is no documented quantification of amount of construction and demolition
(C&D) waste being generated in India. Municipal Corporation of Delhi says it is collecting
4,000 tonnes of C&D waste daily from the city which amounts to almost 1.5 million tonnes of
waste annually in the city of Delhi alone. Even if we discount all the waste which is illegally
dump around the city, 1.5 million of C&D waste if recycled can significantly substitute
demand for natural sand by Delhi.
Recycled sand and aggregate from C&D waste is said to have 10-15 per cent lesser strength
then normal concrete and can be safely used in non-structural applications like flooring and
filling. Delhi already has a recycling unit in place and plans to open more to handle its
disposal problem. Construction and demolition waste generated by the construction industry
and which posed an environmental challenge can only be minimized by the reuse and
recycling of the waste it generates

3.7Sheet glass powder (sgp)

Glass is amorphous material with high silica content, thus making it potentially pozzolanic
when particle size is less than 75μm(Federio.L.M and Chidiac S.E,2001, Jin.W, Meyer.C, and
Baxter.S,2000). The use of recycled glass as aggregate greatly enhances the aesthetic appeal
of the concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) with
SGP. Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and cylinders) and Flexural strength up
to 180 days of age were compared with those of concrete made with natural fine aggregates
Attempts have been made for a long time to use waste glasses as an aggregate in concrete, but
it seems that the concrete with waste glasses always cracks .Very limited work has been
conducted for the use of ground glass as a concrete replacement

8
 3.8Crushed spent fire bricks:
Fire bricks are the products manufactured (as per IS: 6 and IS: 8 specifications) from
refractory grog, plastic, and non plastic clays of high purity. The different raw materials are
properly homogenized and pressed in high capacity presses to get the desired shape and size.
Later, these are fired in oil-fired kiln at a temperature of 1,300°C.

3.9Manufactured sand:

Manufactured sand is an alternative for river sand. Due to fast growing construction industry,
the demand for sand has increased tremendously, causing deficiency of suitable river sand in
most part of the word.Due to the depletion of good quality river sand for the use of
construction, the use of manufactured sand has been increased. Another reason for use of M-
Sand is its availability and transportation cost.Since manufactured sand can be crushed from
hard granite rocks, it can be readily available at the nearby place, reducing the cost of
transportation from far-off river sand bed.\Thus, the cost of construction can be controlled by
the use of manufactured sand as an alternative material for construction. The other advantage
of using M-Sand is, it can be dust free, the sizes of m-sand can be controlled easily so that it
meets the required grading for the given construction. it is well graded in the required
proportion.It does not contain organic and soluble compound that affects the setting time and
properties of cement, thus the required strength of concrete can be maintained.
” It does not have the presence of impurities such as clay, dust and silt coatings, increase water
requirement as in the case of river sand which impair bond between cement paste and
aggregate.

9
Thus, increased quality and durability of concrete. M-Sand is obtained from specific hard rock
(granite) using the state-of-the-art International technology, thus the required property of sand
is obtained.M-Sand is cubical in shape and is manufactured using technology like High
Carbon steel hit rock and then ROCK ON ROCK process which is synonymous to that of
natural process undergoing in river sand information.Modern and imported machines are used
to produce M-Sand to ensure required grading zone for the sand.

10
 CHAPTER –4
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DIFFERENT
ALTERNATIVES:
4.1Copper slag:
It is black glassy particle and granular material in nature and has a similar particle size like
sand. The specific gravity of the slag is 3.91. the bulk density of granulated copper slag varies
from 1.9-2.15 kg/m3 which is almost similar to bulk density of conventional fine aggregate.
Hardness is between 6-7 in mohr scale. This is almost equal to hardness of gypsum.the pH of
aqueous solution extract as per IS 11127 varies from 6.6-7.2. the free moisture content present
in slag is < 0.5%.The presence of silica in slag is about 26% which is desirable because it is
one of the constituents of the natural fine aggregate used in normal concreting operations.
Fineness of slag is 125m2/kg below table shows fineness test of copper slag.

TABLE2.1 FINENESS TEST ON COPPER SLAG

Sieve Weight Cumulative wt Slag retained(n)g Slag passing %
size(mm) retained(g) retained(g) of soil
4.75 4 0.4 0.4 99.6
2.36 17 1.7 2.1 97.9
1.18 225 22.5 24.6 75.4
600 micron 433 43.3 67.9 32.1
300 micron 281 28.1 96 4
150 micron 37 3.7 99.7 0.3
75 micron 3 0.3 100 0
pan 0 0 100 0

The test results of concrete were obtained by adding copper slag to sand in various % ranging
from 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. All specimens were cured for 28 days . the highest
compressive strength obtained was 35.11Mpa (40% replacement) and the corresponding
strength for control mix was 30Mpa. The results showed the effect of copper slag on RCC
elements has a considerable amount of increase in compressive, split tensile , flexural strength
characteristics.

4.2GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG:

GBFS is glassy particle and granular material in nature and has a similar
particle size range like sand. The specific gravity of the slag is 2.63. The bulk density of
granulated slag varies from 1430 kg/m3 which were almost similar to bulk density of

11
convectional fine aggregate. The water absorption of slag was found to be less than 2.56 %.The
presence of silica in slag is about 26% which is desirable since it is one of the constituents of
the natural fine aggregate used in normal concreting operations. The fineness of slag was 2.37.
Investigation was carried out on cement mortar mix 1:3 and GBFS at 0, 25,
50, 75 and 100% replacement to natural sand for constant w/c ratio of 0.5 is considered. The
work is extended to 100% replacements of natural sand with GBFS for w/c ratios of 0.4 and
0.6. From this study it is observed that GBFS could be utilized partially as alternative
construction material for natural sand in mortar applications. Reduction in workability
expressed as flow can be compensated by adding suitable percentage of super plasticizer.
strength characteristics of conventional concrete and slag concrete such as compressive
strength, tensile strength were found. The test results of concrete were obtained by adding of
Copper Slag (CS) and Ferrous Slag (FS) to sand in various percentages ranging from 0%, 20%.
40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. All specimens were cured for 7, 28, 60 & 90 days before
compression strength test and splitting tensile test. The results indicate that workability
increases with increase in CS and FS percentage. The highest compressive strength obtained
was 46MPa (for 100% replacement) and the corresponding strength for control mix was
30MPa. The integrated approach of working on safe disposal and utilization can lead to
advantageous effects on the ecology and environmental also. It has been observed that up to
80% replacement, CS and FS can be effectively used as replacement for fine aggregate.

4.3Washed bottom ash:

The fineness modulus is the summation of the cumulative percentage retained on the sieve
standard series of 150, 300 and 600 μm, 1.18, 2.36, 5.0 mm up to the larger sieve size used.
The calculated fineness modulus of bottom ash was 3.65 which is more than 3.5 and is
considered to be very coarse. For categorization given in BS 822:1992 based on percentage
passing the 600μm sieve between 55% to100% would defined it as fine sand. While WBA
has percentage passing 600 μm of 58.99%. Therefore, the WBA is considered as fine sand .
Different concrete mixes with constant water to cement ratio of 0.55 were prepared with
WBA in different proportions as well as one control mixed proportion. The mechanical
properties of special concrete with 30% WBA replacement by weight of natural sand is found
to be an optimum usage in concrete in order to get a favorable strength and good strength
development pattern over the increment ages .

12
 4.4Quarry Dust:
The results (Table 2) show that there is an increase in the compressive strength of the
concrete which the increment is about 55% to 75% depending on the replacement if the sand
with the quarry dust, for the 100% replacement of the sand the compressive strength is
depending on the quarry dust location from where the quarry dust was taken. The workability
of the concrete is decreasing when the replacement percentage of the quarry dust is increasing
gradually, so as to increase the workability small quantity of the fly-ash is replaced in place
of cement to increase the workability. This show that the fly ash and quarry dust replacement
showed the desirable results which can suggest the usage of the quarry dust as replacement of
sand .

Table2.2- Physical properties for the quarry dust

Natural
Property Quarry Test method
Dust Sand

Specific gravity 2.54 - 2.60 IS2386(Part III)- 1963

2.60
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1720- 1460 IS2386(Part III)- 1963
1810
Absorption (%) 1.20- Nil IS2386(Part III)- 1963
1.50
Moisture Content (%) Nil 1.50 IS2386(Part III)- 1963
Fine particles less than 0.075 mm (%) 12-15 6 IS2386(Part III)- 1963
Sieve analysis Zone-II Zone-II IS 383- 1970

4.4Foundry Sand:
Foundry sand consists primarily of silica sand, coated with a thin film of burnt carbon
residual binder and dust.
The fine aggregate has been replaced by used foundry sand accordingly in the range of 0%,
10%, 30% & 50% by weight for M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were produced,
tested and compared in terms of compressive and flexural strength with the conventional
concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for 7, 14 and 28
days. This research work is to investigate the behaviour of concrete while replacing used
foundry sand in different proportion in concrete. This low cost concrete with good strength is

13
used in rigid pavement for 3000 commercial vehicles per day and Dry Lean Concrete (DLC)
100mm thick for national highway to make it eco-friendly.

4.5Construction and Demolition waste:

The fine aggregate was replaced with crushed waste sandcrete block (CWSB) in various
percentages in the steps of 10 starting from 10% to a maximum of 100%, while 0% represents
the control. The properties of the concrete were evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days curing periods.
Results showed (Table 3) that replacing 50% of CWSB aggregate after 28 days curing
attained the designed compressive strength as the conventional concrete (i.e., the control).
Thus it is concluded that CWSB can be used as a supplementary aggregate material in
concrete.
Table 2.3- Physical Properties of the Construction and Demolition waste

Sl. No. Physical Properties Values

01 Compacted Bulk density, [kg/m3] 1564

02 Porosity, [%] 11.22
03 Specific gravity 2.40
04 Water absorption (%) 28.74
05 Silt content (%) 5.22

4.6Spent Fire Bricks (SFB):

An experimental investigation of strength and durability was undertaken to use “Spent
Fire Bricks” (SFB) (i.e. waste material from foundry bed and walls; and lining of chimney
which is adopted in many industries) for partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete.
The compressive strength of partial replacement of Crushed Spent Fire Bricks (CSFB)
aggregate concrete is marginally higher than that of the river sand aggregate concrete at age
of 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days, respectively. The split tensile strength of partial replacement
of CSFB aggregate concrete is higher than that of the river sand aggregate at all ages. The
modulus of elasticity of partial replacement of CSFB aggregate concrete is marginally higher

14
than that of the river sand aggregate concrete. The partial replacement of GGBS can be used
effectively as fine aggregate in place of conventional river sand concrete production [12].

Table 2.4- Physical Properties of the spent fire bricks

Sl. No. Physical Properties Values

01
Bulk density, [kg/m3] 2,000

02 Porosity, [%] 25 to 30
03 Size tolerance, [%] ±2
04 Working temperature, [°C] 1,300 to 1,400
05 Crushing strength (cold), [N/mm2] 24.5 to 27

4.7Sheet Glass Powder (SGP):

The SGP is suitable for use in concrete making. The fineness modulus, specific
gravity, moisture content, uncompacted bulk density and compacted bulk density at 10%
Sheet glass powder (SGP) were found to be 2.25,3.27,2.57%,1510kg/ m3 and 1620kg/m3.
The compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of the concrete for all mix increases as the
% of SGP increases but decreases as the age of curing increases due to alkali silica reaction.
The Tensile strength of cubes and cylinders of the concrete for all mix increases than that of
conventional concrete age of curing and decreases as the SGP content increases. The Flexural
strength of the beam of concrete for all mix increases with age of curing and decreases as the
SGP content increases. 100% replacement of SGP in concrete showed better results than that
of conventional concrete at 28 days and 45 days curing but later it started to decrease its
strength because of its alkali silica reactions. The density of SGP concrete is more that of
conventional concrete. SGP is available in significant quantities as a waste and can be utilized
for making concrete. This will go a long way to reduce the quantity of waste in our
environment. The optimum replacement level in fine aggregate with SGP is 10%.

15
 CHAPTER 5
BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVES OF SAND:
Size, shape, texture play an important role in workability of concrete. With more surface area
of sand, the demand for cement and water increases to bond the sand with coarse aggregates.
The control over these physical properties of manufacturing sand make the concrete require
less amount of water and provide higher workable concrete. The less use of water also helps in
increasing the strength of concrete, less effort for mixing and placement of concrete, and thus
increases productivity of construction activities at site. Construction defects during placement
and post-concreting such as segregation, bleeding, honeycombing, voids and capillarity in
concrete gets reduced by the use of M-Sand as it has optimum initial and final setting time as
well as excellent fineness.As discussed above, since usage of M-Sand has increased durability,
higher strength, reduction in segregation, permeability, increased work ability, decreased post-
concrete defects, it proves to be economical as a construction material replacing river sand. It
can also save transportation cost of river sand in many cases

16
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION:
6.1COPPER SLAG:
The results of compression & split- tensile test indicated that the strength of concrete
increases with respect to the percentage of copper slag added by weight of fine aggregate.
Addition of slag in concrete increases the density thereby the self weight of the concrete.

GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG:

There is a considerable increase in compressive strength thus GBFS could be utilized partially
as alternative construction material for natural sand in concrete but there is reduction in
workability for all replacement levels. The workability can be increased by adding suitable
dosage of chemical admixture such as super plasticizer.

WASHED BOTTOM ASH:

30% WBA replacement is found to be the optimum amount in order to get a favourable
strength and good strength development pattern over the increment ages. The cost of concrete is
less than conventional concrete and the concrete becomes environment friendly.

QUARRY DUST:
The study suggests that stone dust is quite appropriate to be selected as the substitution of fine
aggregate. Quarry dust has a potential to provide alternative to fine aggregate thus minimizing
waste products and disposal problems associated with it. The only major limitation is the
decrease in workability which can be overcome by the use of fly ash or chemical admixtures
such as super plasticizers which give high workability at the same water contents.

FOUNDRY SAND:
Waste foundry sand can be effectively used as fine aggregate in place of conventional river
sand, in concrete. The maximum compressive strength was achieved with 50% replacement of
fine aggregate with waste foundry sand. Replacement of fine aggregate with waste foundry
sand showed increase in the split tensile strength and flexural strength of plain concrete.

17
SHEET GLASS POWDER:
It is observed that the compressive strength of concrete for all mix increases as the percentage
of SGP increases, but decreases with the age of curing increases because of alkali silica
reaction. The Tensile strength of the concrete for all mix increases than that of conventional
concrete of same age of curing and decreases with increase in SGP content. Similarly the
Flexural strength of the beam of concrete for all mix increases with age of curing and decreases
with increase in SGP content.

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE:

The density of the concrete decreases as the percentage of the CWSB content increases.
Concrete containing up to 50% CWSB as fine aggregate compared favourably with normal
concrete mixture and therefore 50% CWSB content is taken as the optimum for 30N/mm2
design characteristic strength.

CRUSHED SPENT FIRE BRICKS:

The SFB is alocally available, low cost, and inert industrial solid waste whose disposal is a
matter of concern likes construction waste. On an overall, the CSFB can be comparable to the
natural river sand.

18
 CHAPTER 7
COMPARSIONS WITH RIVER SAND
7.1Copper slag :
Cost -23Rs/kg but the cost of river sand is 135 Rs/kg
Advantage: 40% replacement of river sand with copper slag gives highest compressive
strength.80%of cost saving compared to river sand
7.2Granulated blast furnace slag:
Cost 12.5rs/kg
10 billion tones is producing
90% cost saving for one kg
Advantage: For 100% replacement we get good results
Disadvantage: With increase in GBPS workability decreases it can be increased by super
plasticizers
7.3Washed bottom ash:
Cost 500/ton
Adavantage:30%replacement gives good results all concrete with WBA replacement has
increase in strength until long duration
7.4Quarry dust:
Cost 550/ton
Advantage: It is used a partial or fully replacement of sand
Disadvantage: Workability decreases when replacement percentage is increased then small
amount of fly ash is mixed in it .
7.5Foundry sand :
Cost 21 Rs /kg(lumps) and 18 Rs/kg(sand)
Advantage : 50%replacement gives good replacement & 86% cost saving
Disadvantage: Upto 30% gives good results but after that decreases the values with
increase in foundry sand
7.6Sheet glass powder:
Cost Rs 46/kg
Advantage: Compressive strength increases
Disadvantage:
10% replacement is optimum

19
7.7Construction and demolish waste:
It is available at free of cost
Advantage: This is used in building material and road construction also having non
biodegradable such as concrete ,plaster
Disadvantage: Only 50% replacement is used
7.8Crushed spent fire bricks :
Low cost
Has high strength

20