UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Assignment 2

Academic Session 2019/2020

EET 306 – Electrical Machine

This question paper has TEN (10) questions. Answer ALL TEN questions.

Name Muhammad Fahmi Bin Mohd Fuad Teoh

Student ID Number 171071287

Programme/Group RK23/G1

Lecturer Dr Muzaidi Bin Othman @ Marzuki

Marks

82
1. AC induction motors are the most common motors used in industrial motion
control systems, also considered as the workhouse in the industry. There are two
different types of induction motors, which are single phase induction motor and
three phase induction motor. State and explain the main difference between single
phase and three phase induction motors. (8 marks)

 A single phase induction motor works on single phase supply while 3 phase on 3.
 Single phase Induction motors (SPIM) aren’t self-starting. A starting mechanism
like resistor or capacitor split phase is required. Though capacitor split phase is
preferred. Three phase Induction Motors (TPIM) are self-starting
 SPIM has two slips, forward slip s and backward slip (2-s). It is because of the
oscillating single phase stator mmf that two slips are there. Three phase IM have
only forward slip.
 Sum of forward slip speed and backward slip speed in SPIM is equal to twice the
synchronous speed, that is speed of stator flux.
 Three phase IM generate more power compared to the single phase counterparts.
 Single phase motors used in many household appliances like fan, AC, refrigerator
etc. 3 phase IM have use in industries, traction, paper mill etc. Escalators use single
or 3 phase IM as per load.
 In single-phase, electric power, the voltages of the supply vary in unison. However,
in three-phase electric power, the function alternates between electricity generation,
transmission, and distribution.
 In comparison, single-phase electric power is rarely used for large areas or projects.
2. What are the two main components of an induction motor? Explain in details
about these two main components. (6 marks)

Stator - A stator is the stationary part of a machine in the form of a hollow cylinder inside
which the rotor will be placed with a narrow air gap between them.

The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several
decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap
between rotor and stator.

The main electrical elements of our motors are the stator, in which the exciter winding is
included, and the rotor.

A stator is the stationary part of a machine in the form of a hollow cylinder inside which the
rotor will be placed with a narrow air gap between them.

Rotor - The rotor is the central component of the motor, and is fixed to the shaft. The rotor
is generally constructed of copper or aluminum strips attached at each end to a circular
fixture. This configuration is called a "squirrel cage rotor" because of its appearance. The
magnetic field generated by the stator induces a current in the rotor, which then creates its
own magnetic field. The interaction of the magnetic fields in the stator and rotor results in a
mechanical torque of the rotor. In some induction motors, the copper bars are replaced with
slip rings and copper windings that behave in the same way.
3. Describe the working principle of a three phase induction motor. (6 marks)
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of
120o. When we connect the primary winding, or the stator to a 3 phase AC source, it
establishes rotating magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed.
According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are
either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the
stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this
emf a current flow through the rotor conductor.
Thus the three phase induction motor is:
• Self-starting.
• Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators
and brushes that may cause sparks.
• Robust in construction.
• Economical.
• Easier to maintain.

4. There are two types of rotors used in three phase induction motor. Name both
types of rotors and state the difference between the two types of rotors. (8 marks)

Squirrel Cage Rotor in this type of rotor, the rotor winding consists of conductors, in form
of copper or aluminum bars embedded in semi-closed slots of a laminated rotor core. To
facilitate a closed path in the rotor circuit, both sides of the rotor bars are short-circuited by
end rings.

A wound rotor motor is a variation of the three-phase induction motor, designed to provide
high starting torque for loads with high inertia, while requiring very low current. Wound
rotor motors are also referred to as “slip ring motors.” The stator of a wound rotor motor is
the same as a typical induction motor, but the rotor has a three-phase winding, with each of
the winding terminals connected to separate slip rings. In contrast, a traditional induction
motor (aka “squirrel cage motor”) has windings that are permanently short-circuited by an
end ring. The slip rings on the wound rotor motor contain brushes that form an external,
secondary circuit into which impedance (resistance) can be inserted. During starting, this
resistance is placed in series with the rotor windings. This added resistance causes the rotor
current to run more in phase with the stator current, which increases the torque that is
developed. But added resistance also decreases the current in the secondary circuit, so a
very high starting torque can be produced with low starting current.
Key Differences Between Slip Ring & Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
1. The motor whose rotor is wound type such type of motor is called slip ring
induction motor, whereas the squirrel cage motor, has a squirrel cage type rotor.
2. The rotor of the slip ring motor has a cylindrical core with parallel slots, and each
slot consists each bar. The slot of the squirrel cage motor is not parallel to each
other.
3. The slip ring motor is also called phase wound rotor. The another name of the
squirrel cage motor is cage motor.
4. The construction of the slip-ring motor is complicated because it consists slip ring
and brushes whereas the construction of the squirrel cage motor is simple.
5. The phase wound motor consists external resistance circuit, whereas in squirrel cage
motor it is not possible to add any external resistance circuit because their rotor bars
are permanently slotted.
6. For starting the slip ring motor the rotor resistance starter is used, whereas the slip
ring motor does not require any starter.

5. With the aid of diagram, explain the losses and power flow of three phase
induction motor.

The first losses encountered in the machine are I2R losses in the stator windings (stator
copper loss, P). Then some amount of power is lost as hysteresis and eddy currents in the
stator (PCORE). The power remaining at this point in transferred to the rotor across the air
gap (between stator & rotor). This power is called air gap power, PAG

P AG=P ¿−P SCL−P Core

PCONV =P AG −PRCL

After the power is transferred to the rotor, some of it lost as I2R losses (rotor copper loss,
PRCL), the rest is converted from electrical to mechanical form (P CONV). Finally, friction and
wind age losses (PF&W) and stray losses (PMISC) are subtracted. The remaining power is the
output (Pout) of the motor.
POUT =P CONV −PF ∧W −P misc
6. List the most important ratings presented on the nameplate of induction motor. (8
marks)

• Voltage

This data tells you at which voltage the motor is made to operate. Nameplate-defined
parameters for the motor such as power factor, efficiency, torque and current are at rated
voltage and frequency. When the motor is used at other voltages than the voltage indicated
on the nameplate, its performance will be affected.

• Frequency

Usually for motors, the input frequency is 50 or 60 Hz. If more than one frequency is
marked on the nameplate, then other parameters that will differ at different input
frequencies have to be indicated on the nameplate as well.
 • Current

Current indicated on the nameplate corresponds to the rated power output together with
voltage and frequency. Current may deviate from the nameplate amperes if the phases are
unbalanced or if the voltage turns out to be lower than indicated.

• Power Factor
Power factor is indicated on the nameplate as either “PF” or “P .F” or cos φ . Power factor
is an expression of the ratio of active power (W) to apparent power (VA) expressed as a
percentage. The motor’s nameplate provides you with the power factor for the motor at
full-load.

• NEMA Code (Letter code)

A letter code defines the locked rotor current kVA on a per horsepower basis. The letter
code consists of letters from A to V. The farther away from the letter code A, the higher the
inrush current per horsepower.

• NEMA Code (Design Letter)

Design letter covers the characteristics of torque and current of the motor. Design letter (A,
B, C or D) defines the different categories. Most motors are design A or B motors. So, when
replacing a motor in an application, it is important to check the design letter, because some
manufacturers assign their products with letters that are not considered industry standard which
may lead to starting problems.

• NEMA Code (Service Factor)

A motor designed to operate at its nameplate power rating has a service factor of 1.0. This
means that the motor can operate at 100% of its rated power. However, any motor that
operates continuously at a service factor that exceeds 1 will have reduced life expectancy
compared to operating it at its rated power.
7. An induction motor has a starting current, which is many times the rated current
of the motor, and this cause problem for the power systems that the motors are
connected to. Explain the solution to reduce the starting current of the motor. (6
marks)

During the transient condition associated with acceleration of an AC machine started as an

inductive load, current is drawn from the source that can be several times the full-load
rating of the machine winding. To handle this current, the protective device (e.g. circuit
breaker) located at the juncture of the distribution bus and the feeder to the rotating load
should have an instantaneous setting and short time setting that will adequately protect the
downstream equipment but will also avoid nuisance tripping during the acceleration
transient.
The conductor(s) used to carry the current from the protective device to the rotating load
are typically well within their limits if sized according to the local electrical code. In North
America and Europe (and probably elsewhere), the cable must be able to carry something
more than the rated load current on a continuous basis - typically this translates into a 1.25x
ampacity rating.
Both the motor stator winding and rotor winding are designed to accommodate the starting
current without excessive thermal stress, provided rotation actually takes place (i.e. the
motor does not sit at "stall").
All connecting joints - bolted terminations, crimped connections, brazed or welded
connections, etc - should also be sized for full rated current consistent with the actual cable
ampacity rating. The additional heating resulting from the high current transient condition
will not adversely affect the joint over the long term, as long as the motor actually rotates.
Some of the techniques used to reduce the starting current of a squirrel induction motor:

 Soft starting (voltage control)

 Variable Frequency Drives (Voltage and frequency control)
 Star/Delta Starting
 Stator impedance and/or resistance starting
 Autotransformer Starting