EE 342

Power System Analysis

Lecture 1a
Introduction and Reviews

Awingot Richard Akparibo

FI: Miquilina A.
1
 Mode of Assessment
SN Component Percentage
1 Independent work and Quizzes 20
2 Homework/Assignments & Lab Exercises 10
3 Mid semester 15
4 Final Project 15
5 Final Exam 40

• Homework and Lab due dates will be announced

• There will be about 4-6 quizzes in total, each of which is

closed-book. The duration will be 30-45 mins long.
 Reference Text Books
1. Power Systems Analysis by Arthur, R. B. 2nd Edition

2. Power System Analysis and Design , 5th Edition by

J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma and
Thomas J. Overbye

3
 Introduction

• A power system consists of a few generating plants, situated

close to resources, supplying electric power to various types of
loads
• Thus a power system composes
– Generation system
– Transmission system
– Distribution system
– Loads
Depending on the fuel type used we have Hydro-Electric
Power Plants, Thermal Power Plants and Nuclear Power
Plants
 Introduction
• Power system analysis deals with the analysis of problems associated with
power network.

• Power Flow Analysis, Short Circuit Analysis and Transient Stability Studies are
the main Power System Analysis Problems.

• The purpose of a power system analysis is to understand how the power system
will operate in different configurations and when there are changes to the
system like capacitor switching (transient), a large motor starting (dynamic)

• Electrical engineers are concerned with every step in the process of generation,
transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.

• The electric utility industry is probably the largest and most complex industry in
the world.

• The electrical engineer who works in that industry will encounter challenging
problems in designing future power systems to deliver increasing amounts of
electrical energy in a safe, clean, and economical manner.
 Introduction
• Generated power is usually in the order of 11 kV

• To have greater efficiency, transmission is carried out at high

voltages of order of 230 kV or 400 kV.

• Power transformers are used to setup the voltage levels for

transmission in order to reduce transmission losses.

• Transmission system consists of transformers, transmission

towers and transmission lines
 Introduction

Schematic of Power System Components Structure of a Power System

 Single Line Diagram
• A single line diagram is a diagrammatic representation of a
three phase circuit with a single line with power system
components represented by their symbols

Single Line Diagram of a power System

 The Generation System
• In power system generating stations, synchronous generators
are largely used to convert the mechanical energy from water
turbines and steam engines into electrical energy.

Generation to End User Chain:

• Genset→Unit transformer →

• Transmission lines → Substation Transformer →

• distribution lines → Distribution transformers → domestic

 Ghana Data
• Akosombo unit transformer: 14.4/161kv
• Kpong unit transformer: 13.8/161kV
• Transmission lines in Ghana:
– 69kv in Volta region (also 161kV)
– 225kv on Prestia-Abobo line (towards Cote d’Ivoire)
– Aboadze to Volta (Tema) towards Aflao is 330kV
– Most new lines are 330kV but operated at 161kV
• Distribution:
– 33kV for ECG and large industries
– 11kV for small industries
– 11kv/415 transformers for domestic use
 The Transmission System

• The transmission system consists of transformers,

transmission towers and transmission lines.

• The transmission system is key in power system delivery

because the generating stations are usually located far
distances from the cities.

• An efficient transmission system is therefore required to

transfer the power from their generating stations to the
various consumers in the cities.
• Since the transmission losses in the lines of a power system
are proportional to the square of the current in the lines,

• raising the transmission voltage and reducing the resulting

transmission currents by a factor of 10 with transformers
reduces power transmission losses by a factor of 100.

• Without the transformer, it would simply not be possible to

use electric power in many of the ways it is used today.
Review: Phasor, Complex Power, Network Equations
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
• A sinusoidal voltage or current at constant frequency is
characterized by two parameters: a maximum value and a phase
angle.
The rms is given as

This is a complex number that carries the

amplitude and phase angle of the given
sinusoidal function. This complex number by
definition the conventional circuit theory phasor
representation.

In power system applications, however, a small

modification is always used by using the rms
expression in place of the Vm
• The phasor diagram below can be used for
converting from rectangular to polar

polar form is

polar form is
• Summary of relationships between phasors V
and I for constant R, L, and C elements with
sinusoidal steady-state excitation
Purely Resistive Load
Purely Inductive Load
Purely Capacitive Load
General RLC Load
 Real Power
• Equation (2.2.10) shows that the instantaneous power PR (t)
absorbed by the resistive component of the load is a double-
frequency sinusoid with average value P given by

• The average power P is also called real power or active power. All
three terms indicate the same quantity P given by (2.2.11).
 Power Factor

• The term cos(δ-β) in (2.2.11) is called the power factor. The

phase angle (δ-β), which is the angle between the voltage and
current, is called the power factor angle.

• For dc circuits, the power absorbed by a load is the product of

the dc load voltage and the dc load current;

• for ac circuits, the average power absorbed by a load is the

product of the rms load voltage V, rms load current I, and the
power factor cos(δ-β),
 Reactive Power

• The instantaneous power absorbed by the reactive part of the

load, given by the component PX(t) in (2.2.10), is a double-
frequency sinusoid with zero average value and with amplitude Q
given by

• The term Q is given the name reactive power.

• Although it has the same units as real power, the usual practice is
to define units of reactive power as voltamperes reactive, or var.
Example 2.1
.

Complex Power
• For circuits operating in sinusoidal-steady-state

• Real and reactive power are conveniently calculated

from complex power
• Let the voltage across a circuit element be

V  V and the current into the element be I  I

• Then the complex power S is the product of the voltage

and the conjugate of the current:
• Where   (   ) is the angle between the voltage and
current and is called power factor angle

• The power factor pf is given as pf  Cos (   )  Cos

The power triangle

• The magnitude S = VI of the complex power S is called the
apparent power. Although it has the same units as P and Q, it is
common practice to define the units of apparent power S as
voltamperes or VA.

• The real power P is obtained by multiplying the apparent

power S = VI by the power factor p.f = cos(δ-β).
Example 2.2
 Example 2.3
• A single-phase source delivers 100 kW to a load operating at a
power factor of 0.8 lagging.
a. Calculate the reactive power to be delivered by a capacitor
connected in parallel with the load in order to raise the source
power factor to 0.95 lagging.
b. Also draw the power triangle for the source and load. Assume
that the source voltage is constant, and neglect the line
impedance between the source and load.
 Network Equations (Forming the Ybus Matrices)
• For circuits operating in sinusoidal-steady-state, Kirchhoff’s
current law (KCL) and voltage law (KVL) apply to phasor currents
and voltages.

• Thus the sum of all phasor currents entering any node is zero
and the sum of the phasor-voltage drops around any closed
path is zero.

• Network analysis techniques based on Kirchhoff’s laws,

including nodal analysis, mesh or loop analysis, superposition,
source transformations, and Thevenin’s theorem or Norton’s
theorem, are useful for analyzing such circuits.

• Various computer solutions of power system problems are formulated

from nodal equations, which can be systematically applied to circuits.
Fig 2.8 Fig. 2.9
Circuit diagram for reviewing nodal analysis Circuit of Figure 2.8 with equivalent current
sources replacing voltage sources. Admittance
values are also shown
• For the circuit of Figure 2.9 becomes