1) Describe the general background and problem which gave rise to the

development of intelligence system

An intelligent system is a machine with an embedded, Internet-connected computer that

has the capacity to gather and analyze data and communicate with other systems. Other
criteria for intelligent systems include the capacity to learn from experience, security,
connectivity, the ability to adapt according to current data and the capacity for remote
monitoring and management.

In IT, a system is defined as a collection of connected elements or components that are

organized for a common purpose. As such, although they are typically spoken of in terms
of devices, intelligent systems include not just intelligent devices but also interconnected
collections of such devices, including networks and other types of larger systems.
Similarly, intelligent systems can also include sophisticated AI-based software systems,
such as chatbots, expert systems and other types of software.

Essentially, an intelligent device is anything that contains a functional, although not

usually general-purpose, computer with Internet connectivity. An embedded system may
be powerful and capable of complex processing and data analysis, but it is usually
specialized for tasks relevant to the host machine.

 Problems which gave rise to the development of intelligence system

 A developer trains an AI system on how to identify medical issues such as tumors or

fractures using images of relevant examples. These example images must be labeled
by a human being, so that the system identifies what to look for in the future.

 Healthcare companies often struggle to recruit top data scientists. GE Healthcare is

working to address this issue by partnering with colleges to advance science,
technology, engineering and math coursework.

 Some healthcare stakeholders also worry about patient privacy, since an AI system
requires access to patient data to reach a diagnosis. In particular, hospital leaders
might worry about whether companies accessing their medical records have proper
information security protocols in place.

 The quality of diagnosis is totally depends on the physician talent as well as his/her
experiences.
2) Briefly describe MDS(Medical Diagnosis System)

Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx or DS) is the process of determining which disease or

condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is a determination of the nature of a
cause of a disease and a concise technical description of the cause, nature, or
manifestations of a condition, situation, or problem.It is most often referred to as
diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis
is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking
medical care. Medical diagnosis based on information from sources such as findings from
a physical examination, interview with the patient or family or both, medical history of
the patient and family, and clinical findings as reported by laboratory tests and radiologic
studies.
Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as medical tests, are also done during
the process. Sometimes posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis.
Diagnosis is often challenging, because many signs and symptoms are nonspecific.
The first recorded examples of medical diagnosis are found in the writings of Imhotep
(2630–2611 BC) in ancient Egypt (the Edwin Smith Papyrus).[2] A Babylonian medical
textbook, the Diagnostic Handbook written by Esagil-kin-apli (fl.1069–1046 BC),
introduced the use of empiricism, logic and rationality in the diagnosis of an illness or
disease.Traditional Chinese Medicine, as described in the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon
or Huangdi Neijing, specified four diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation-olfaction,
interrogation, and palpation. Hippocrates was known to make diagnoses by tasting his
patients' urine and smelling their sweat.
A diagnostic procedure may be performed by various healthcare professionals such as a
physician, physiotherapist, dentist, podiatrist, optometrist, nurse practitioner, healthcare
scientist or physician assistant. This article uses diagnostician as any of these person
categories.
A diagnostic procedure (as well as the opinion reached thereby) does not necessarily
involve elucidation of the etiology of the diseases or conditions of interest, that is, what
caused the disease or condition. As a conclusion, medical diagnosis system is the
determination of the cause of a patient's illness or suffering by the combined use of
physical examination, patient interview, laboratory tests, review of the patient's medical
records, knowledge of the cause of observed signs and symptoms, and differential
elimination of similar possible causes.

 Justify it is an intelligent system

OBJECTIVES:
Liver disease, the most common disease in Taiwan, is not easily discovered in its initial
stage; early diagnosis of this leading cause of mortality is therefore highly important. The
design of an effective diagnosis model is therefore an important issue in liver disease
treatment. This study accordingly employs classification and regression tree (CART) and
case-based reasoning (CBR) techniques to structure an intelligent diagnosis model aiming
to provide a comprehensive analytic framework to raise the accuracy of liver disease
diagnosis.
METHODS:
Based on the advice and assistance of doctors and medical specialists of liver conditions,
510 outpatient visitors using ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, 9th
Revision) codes at a medical center in Taiwan from 2005 to 2006 were selected as the
cases in the data set for liver disease diagnosis. Data on 340 patients was utilized for the
development of the model and on 170 patients utilized to perform comparative analysis of
the models. This paper accordingly suggests an intelligent model for the diagnosis of
liver diseases which integrates CART and CBR. The major steps in applying the model
include: (1) adopting CART to diagnose whether a patient suffers from liver disease; (2)
for patients diagnosed with liver disease in the first step, employing CBR to diagnose the
types of liver diseases.
RESULTS:
In the first phase, CART is used to extract rules from health examination data to show
whether the patient suffers from liver disease. The results indicate that the CART rate of
accuracy is 92.94%. In the second phase, CBR is developed to diagnose the type of liver
disease, and the new case triggers the CBR system to retrieve the most similar case from
the case base in order to support the treatment of liver disease. The new case is supported
by a similarity ratio, and the CBR diagnostic accuracy rate is 90.00%. Actual
implementation shows that the intelligent diagnosis model is capable of integrating
CART and CBR techniques to examine liver diseases with considerable accuracy. The
model can be used as a supporting system in making decisions regarding liver disease
diagnosis and treatment. The rules extracted from CART are helpful to physicians in
diagnosing liver diseases. CBR can retrieve the most similar case from the case base in
order to solve a new liver disease problem and can be of great assistance to physicians in
identifying the type of liver disease, reducing diagnostic errors and improving the quality
and effectiveness of medical treatment.

3) Illustrate four cases or functions that MDS can perform.

a) A diagnosis, in the sense of diagnostic procedure, can be regarded as an attempt at

classification of an individual's condition into separate and distinct categories that
allow medical decisions about treatment and prognosis to be made. Subsequently, a
 diagnostic opinion is often described in terms of a disease or other condition, but in
the case of a wrong diagnosis, the individual's actual disease or condition is not the
same as the individual's diagnosis. A diagnostic procedure may be performed by
various healthcare professionals such as physician, physiotherapist, dentist,
podiatrist, optometrist, nurse practitioner, healthcare scientist or physician assistant.
This article uses diagnostician as any of these person categories.
A diagnostic procedure (as well as the opinion reached thereby) does not necessarily
involve elucidation of the etiology of the diseases or conditions of interest, that is, what
caused the disease or condition. Such elucidation can be useful to optimize treatment,
further specify the prognosis or prevent recurrence of the disease or condition in the
future.
The initial task is to detect a medical indication to perform a diagnostic procedure.
Indications include:
Detection of any deviation from what is known to be normal, such as can be described in
terms of, for example, anatomy (the structure of the human body), physiology (how the
body works), pathology (what can go wrong with the anatomy and physiology),
psychology (thought and behavior) and human homeostasis (regarding mechanisms to
keep body systems in balance). Knowledge of what is normal and measuring of the
patient's current condition against those norms can assist in determining the patient's
particular departure from homeostasis and the degree of departure, which in turn can
assist in quantifying the indication for further diagnostic processing.Even during an
already ongoing diagnostic procedure, there can be an indication to perform another,
separate, diagnostic procedure for another, potentially concomitant, disease or condition.
This may occur as a result of an incidental finding of a sign unrelated to the parameter of
interest, such as can occur in comprehensive tests such as radiological studies like
magnetic resonance imaging or blood test panels that also include blood tests that are not
relevant for the ongoing diagnosis.

b) Help to limit healthcare spending, a major economic challenge for all countries.

c) protecting interests of patients and contribute to consumer safety

d) The process of determining the unique cause of a patient's illness

4) Three components of intelligent system

 Knowledge base

A knowledge base is a technology used to store complex structured and unstructured

information used by a computer system. The initial use of the term was in connection
with expert systems which were the first knowledge-based systems. The computers have
the ability to study and learn as humans do, the computer still can use the knowledge
provided by human experts. This knowledge is in the form of facts, concepts, theories,
heuristic methods, procedures and relationships. Knowledge is also information that has
been structured and analyzed to make it easy to understand, and can be applied to
problem solving or decision making. This collection of information pertinent to the kind
of problems that used in intelligent systems l called knowledge base. Most of the
knowledge base is limited and often focuses on only one type of domain knowledge.The
successful application of intelligent systems depend on such convergence. With a
knowledge base as well as the ability to make a mess of it, a computer can be used
practically to solve problems and make decisions. Figure 1 illustrates the concept of
intelligent computer system to run the application.By finding the relevant facts and
relationships in the knowledge base, a computer can formulate one or more solutions to a
specific problem.

Figure 1: Applying the concept of intelligence to the computer The knowledge base
contains the information needed to understand, formulate and solve problems. It consists
of two basic elements as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Basic element of knowledge base

(a) Facts such as problem situations and problem areas theory.

(b) Special heuristics or rules that control the use of knowledge to solve specific
problems in a domain. Heuristics describes assessment knowledge in an application field.
A global strategy that can be heuristic as well as part of the problem field theory, usually
integrated into the knowledge base. Knowledge, not just words alone, but is the main
natural ingredient for intelligent systems.The information stored in the knowledge base is
implemented in software by a process known as delegations and knowledge (knowledge
representation).

 Inference engine

Inference engine is a component of the system that applies logical rules to the
knowledge base to deduce new information. The first inference engines were components
of expert systems. The typical expert system consisted of a knowledge base and an
inference engine. The knowledge base stored facts about the world. The inference engine
applies logical rules to the knowledge base and deduced new knowledge. This process
would iterate as each new fact in the knowledge base could trigger additional rules in the
inference engine.

Inference engine system components may be described as the 'brain' to an expert system,
where it is simply a computer program that provides a methodology or procedure for the
process of reasoning (reasoning) knowledge. In summary, this component consists of
three main elements

The engine has three main components as shown in Figure 3

Figure 3: Components of the engine of gravity

(a) Translator (Interpreter) It runs each selected agenda by imposing the relevant
knowledge base requirements.
(b) Scheduling (Scheduler) It controls the agenda. It expects the effects or consequences
of imposing an inference rule based on the priorities or other criteria on the agenda.
(c) Consistency Enforcer
It seeks to control representational consistency for the generated solution. Engraving
engine directs searches in knowledge bases.

This process may involve the application of obscure conditions in pattern matching. This
control software determines which conditions to use, which alternative decision should be
dropped and which attributes need to be matched. The list below demonstrates the
profane engineer's functions more deeply:
(i) Releasing the conditions.
(ii) Ask questions to users.
(iii) Adding answers to the smart system blackboard.
(iv) Get new facts from conditions.
(v) Add facts to the blackboard.
(vi) Match blackboard with conditions.
(vii) If there is a match, launch the conditions.
(viii) If there is more than one match, check and see if the objectives are met.
(ix) Launch the least-rated conditions that have not yet been launched.

 User interface

The user interface (UI), in the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, is
the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this
interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end,
whilst the machine simultaneously feeds back information that aids the operators'
decision-making process. The user interface is hardware and software that helps
communication and interaction between users and computers. User interfaces are the
result of a computer research area called human-computer interaction, which is a study of
human behavior, computer technology, and how they interact. Interfaces are typically
respond to users and involve the exchange of graphics, acoustics, touches, and other
means of communication.

The user interface can be viewed as a surface where data is transmitted from computer to
user and vice versa. As shown in Figure 4, the physical aspects of the user interface
include input devices (such as mice, microphones, or keys) as well as output devices
(such as CRT monitors, printers or speakers)

Figure 4: User Interface

The displayed data provide context for interactions and signals for action from users.
Users then set up responses and take follow-up actions. This cycle process is also shown
in Figure 4 above and it consists of the following elements:
(a) Knowledge is the information or abilities required by the user to operate the computer.
This knowledge may be stored in online help files or user reference books.
(b) Dialog is a series of exchange of information and interactions that can be observed
between users and computers.
(c) Action Language
The user action language can be in various forms, such as selecting an item from the
menu using the mouse, to write a command using the keys. Input devices are usually used
to launch actions.
(d) Computers receives user actions (inputs), performs the task and produces an output.
(e) Presentation Language is the information pointed to the user through the output
device. This information can be in text, window, or menu.
(f) User Reaction
Users will receive a view, process the contents of the display, and plan follow-up actions.

5) Conclusion
From an intelligent system for a computer supported medical diagnosis it is expected to
achieve high accuracy and ability to draw conclusions from a small data sets. Medical
practice could takes many years to generate a large database. A new mathematical method
that is able to learn on a small data set is presented.The process of how a Doctor goes
about her diagnosis of a patient, is the ability of a Doctor to adapt to varying presenting
illnesses of her patients:

 Identify the main complain of a patient

 Gather information about the history of present illness
 List the possible diagnosis & record the differential diagnosis for a patient
 And then perform relevant diagnostic tests to determine the most likely causes for
the presenting complaints
The doctor initiates the process of identifying the most likely cause of the patient’s
presenting illness and then based on the results of the diagnostic tests, proceeds to
confirm a diagnosis and then proceeds towards defining a treatment plan for enabling the
patient to recover from the disease.

In the above simple process defined for a medical diagnosis, the Doctor (based on her
training) makes use of all the “components of intelligence” to arrive at the most likely
treatment plan for a patient. The process obviously gets more involved and complex
depending on the type and nature of diagnosis.

6) References

 https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/intelligent-system
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis

 https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diagnosis§

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base§

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference_engine§

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10724983§

 https://imtinnovation.com/2017/10/25/understanding-the-medical-diagnosis-
processes-to-build-an-ai-solution/