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Fuzzy based Shunt VAR source placement and sizing by Oppositional Crow search algorithm Saurav Raja,
Swetha Shekarappa Gb, Chandan Kumar Shivac , Biplab Bhattacharyyad, B.Vedike aDepartment of Electrical
Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna, India bDepartment of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Alliance University, Bangalore, India c,eDepartment of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, S R Engineering College, Ananthsagar, Hasanparthy, Warangal, Telangana, India
eDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad, India Abstract The proposed
work presents a novel approach for Var planning where fuzzy logic is used to determine capacitor placement
positions. Standard IEEE 30 and IEEE 57 bus power networks are considered for test purpose. Here, fuzzy
membership values of loss-sensitivity of each buses of the test networks are calculated. Then shunt
capacitors placement positions are assigned to buses having higher membership values. Once the capacitor
placement positions are evaluated then crow search algorithm and oppositional crow search algorithm
technique are executed to obtain optimal settings of transformer tap positions, reactive generations of the
generators and magnitudes of shunt capacitors placed at the weak nodes. The results obtained by the
proposed technique is compared with several other established methods of Var planning. From the
comparative analysis of the results obtained by the proposed technique and with the other methods of
optimization, it is found that the proposed method is the best among all other techniques specially to reduce
active power loss and system operating cost. Keywords: Active power loss; fuzzy based Var planning; fuzzy
membership; operating cost; weak nodes. 1Corresponding author. Tel.: 7717761885 E-mail addresses: Saurav
Raj (sauravsonusahu@gmail.com), Swetha Shekarappa G (sg.swethasg88@gmail.com), Chandan Kumar
Shiva (chandankumarshiva@gmail.com), Biplab Bhattacharyya (bhattacharyya.b.ee@ismdhanbad.ac.in),
B.Vedik (b.vedik@gmail.com). 1 List of abbreviations The following are the list of abbreviations used in this
paper in addition to their citation at the appropriate place of use. GA : Genetic algorithm; DE : Differential
evolution PSO : Particle swarm optimization TLBO : Teaching learning based optimization GWO : Grey wolf
optimization CSA : Crow search algorithm OCSA Oppositional Crow search algorithm RPP : Reactive Power
Planning Introduction General Reactive power planning (RPP) problem has been measured as one of the
challenging task for the power system operators in providing efficient, secure and healthy dispatch of reactive
power. The effective and co-ordinated planning of reactive power sources helps in drastic reduction of active
power loss by improving voltage profiles of the power system network. The planning problem involves
determination of location and size of the additional Var sources required at the weak nodes in addition with
the existing Var sources present in the network. Therefore, the problem of reactive power optimization is
getting growing attention among the researchers working in the area of power system. Literature review In
the current scenario of interconnected power network increased transmission loss and congestion of power
lines is due to enhanced power demand, unscheduled power flow and curtailment in extension of
transmission lines. So, to restore stability margins to previously existing circuits and retain efficient power
system operation, reactive power control and planning is extremely crucial. The challenges of RPP involves
the decision of exact location and amount of reactive power sources where the objectives are to reduce the
transmission loss and optimize the cost of Var sources. Thus, optimal reactive power planning encompasses
voltage quality, economic operation and reduction of system losses. Fuzzy based approach for reactive power
control is presented in [1] where fuzzy membership values of loss sensitivity of each buses are determined.
Reactive power compensation at some selected buses on the 2 basis of fuzzy membership values of loss
sensitivity would improve voltage profile of the system as claimed by the authors. Simulated annealing
technique is used for RPP in [2]. Heuristics are also applied in [3] for reactive power optimization. A
methodology for RPP in a large scale distribution system by the allocation of shunt capacitors is proposed in
[4-5] by the authors. Genetic algorithm (GA) are used in [6-7] for the optimal allocation of shunt capacitors in
distribution network. GA based optimal RPP is described in [8-10]. Again in addition to GA, linear programing
approach for Var planning is also discussed in [9-10]. Determination of weak nodes [11] of an interconnected
power network plays key role in optimal Var planning. Modal analysis [12] method is presented for the
evaluation of voltage stability. Weak bus oriented RPP for the improved system security is presented in [13].
GA, differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO) & heuristics based optimization methods
are used by the authors in [14-15] for the optimal planning of reactive power sources which ultimately reduce
active power loss and overall system operating cost. Multi-objective Var dispatch problem is executed by the
authors in [16] using evolutionary algorithm. RPP considering voltage stability problem is addressed by the
authors in [17]. Modified interior point method for optimal reactive power control is presented in [18]. Chance
constrained programming is used by the authors for RPP in [19-20] considering power system securities.
Operation strategy for reducing the system loss and improvement of voltage profile is discussed by the
authors in [21]. Loss sensitivity of buses are used as index for determining weak buses of the system and are
chosen as candidate buses for shunt capacitor allocation in [22]. Optimal planning of these shunt capacitors
along with transformer tap setting positions & reactive generations of generators are made using different
evolutionary algorithms. Reactive power / voltage control problem under uncertain environment has been
discussed in [23]. Covariance matrix is developed by authors and evolutionary programming incorporating
covariance matrix is used in [24] for RPP considering voltage stability. LP based method for the optimal
allocation of reactive power sources is presented in [25]. Iterative solution approaches for optimal planning of
Var sources are presented in [26]. Algorithmic and heuristic approaches are hybridized and a new
methodology for voltage and reactive power control is presented in [27]. PSO and other PSO based
algorithms are tested for RPP in [28]. A recently developed teaching learning based optimization method is
applied for RPP in [29]. Authors have used oppositional based grey wolf optimization technique for the
solution of Var planning problem in [30]. The concept of oppositional based learning is introduced in [31]. The
working procedure of crow search algorithm (CSA) technique is discussed in [32]. 3 Motivations behind the
present work For the proposed work, the crow search algorithm is adopted because of its features like simple
and straightforward to implement, avoids premature convergence and it does not gets trapped in local
minima. In the proposed work, the objective is not only to reduce active power loss by improving voltage
profile of the power network but also to optimize the total system operating cost that includes the cost of the
energy loss due to active power loss and the cost of the newly added Var sources at weak nodes. The method
of determination of weak nodes may be considered as a new technique where the idea of fuzzy logic is
implemented in determining weak nodes. Both trapezoidal and triangular fuzzy membership values of loss
sensitivity of buses are of calculated. Based on the membership values of buses, highly loss sensitive buses
are identified as weak buses and are treated as candidate nodes for shunt Var support. Contributions of this
study The objective of the study is used to determine the capacitor placement positions for the standard IEEE
30 and IEEE 57 bus power networks. For this, a powerful optimization technique has been proposed for the
Var analysis. The work done in this paper has been summarized as followed. A fuzzy logic based novel
approach for Var planning has been studied to determine the capacitor placement positions. The
computational efficiency of CSA and oppositional CSA (OCSA) are studied to obtain the optimal settings of
transformer tap positions, reactive generations of the generators and magnitudes of shunt capacitors placed
at the weak nodes. The simulation results obtained by the proposed technique are compared with state of
the art methods subjected to Var planning. The rest of the paper is documented in the following sequences.
For the optimization task, the mathematical problem formulation is presented in Section 2. A short
description on the fuzzy approach for the present Var problem is stated in Section 3. Section 4 details the
application of CSA. Simulation based results/observations of the present work are discussed in Section 5.
Finally, the resultant pieces of outcomes of the present work are concluded in Section 6. 2.Mathematical
problem formulation The key of RPP is the optimal allocation of reactive power sources considering the
locations. In recent works these locations are rigorous optimization based methods by using the Var sources.
The important 4 role of reactive power is optimization. i.e., to minimize the active power loss of all the Var
sources in the system. Also the optimization has to be done with respect to the operating cost and improve
the voltage deviation in the system. Apart from this, the objective is to reduce the cost of the shunt
capacitors. A) Minimization of Active Power Loss: To Minimize the active power loss in transmission lines it
can be formulated as below: Minimize, m P g V2 V2 2VV Cos x (1) loss k xyxyy
k 1 where P is active power loss; g k is conductance of branch “k” which is connected between xth
loss and yth bus; V x is the voltage magnitude of xth bus; V y is the voltage magnitude of yth bus; x is the
voltage phase angle of xth bus, y are the voltage phase angle of yth bus. B) Minimize operating cost: To
minimize the operating cost in transmission lines it can be formulated as below (2) Total operating cost = S
Energy SCap (2) where SEnergy is the cost due to the loss of energy; SCap is the cost of capacitors installed
at the nodes which are weak and S Energy P Energy rate loss Energy Cost = 0.06 $/Kwh, Cost of Capacitor
/KVar = 3 $, Cost of capacitor installed = 1000 $, some of the cost data is collected from [4-5]. Energy rate =
0.06 100000 8760 The above mentioned problem formulations needed to be optimised by satisfying all
the equality constraints and inequality constraints as mentioned below: (i)Equality constraints The load flow
equation for equality constraints are illustrated as follows: 5 PGx PDx Vx nbVy Gxy Cos x y
Bxy Sin x y 0 ,x 1, 2, 3,....., nb(3) y 1 QGx QDx Vx nbVy Gxy Sin x y
Bxy Cos x y 0 ,x 1, 2, 3,....., nb(4) y 1 where nb is number of buses; PGx is active power
generation at the xth bus; QGx is reactive power generation at the xth bus; PDx is active power demand at the
xth bus; QDx is reactive power demand at the xth bus; Gxy is transfer conductance between xth bus and yth
bus and Bxy is transfer susceptance between xth bus and yth bus. Inequality constraints The inequality
constraints include generator voltage magnitude, Reactive power output by generator buses, shunt
capacitors and transformer tap positions. The boundary limits of these constraints must be satisfied in (5). V
min V V max Gx Gx Gx Q min Q Qmax Gx Gx Gx (5) Q min Q Qmax cx cx cx T min T T max x x
x 3.Fuzzy approach in the present problem Here, the idea of two types of fuzzy membership functions is
implemented. One is trapezoidal and the other is triangular membership function. As the transmission loss is
a function of the node voltage, the incremental transmission loss can be expressed as: P P P
V1 V2 ........ Vn (6) PL L L ......... L V1 V2 Vi Again the transmission loss has
inverse relationship with bus voltage. In the proposed approach, a term loss sensitivity is defined at each
node of the system so that, Si Fi Vi where i 1, 2, 3,....., n and n is the total number of nodes of the power
network; Si is the loss sensitivity of the ith bus and Fi PL Vi 6 Minimization of loss will take place when
Si is as negative as possible which indicates Fi is negative and Vi will attain its maximum possible value.
Hence, it implies more the value of S at a bus more will be the voltage deviation at that bus. This idea is
incorporated to evaluate the membership values of loss sensitivity of all the buses using trapezoidal and
triangular membership function. 4.Application of CSA and OCSA CSA: basic concept CSA is a new optimization
technique for solving optimization problems which are based on crow intelligence in storing and retrieving its
food from hidden locations [32]. Crows are widely distributed genes of birds which are now considered to be
among the intelligent animals. They can memorize faces, use tools, communicate in and sophisticated ways
and hide and retrieve food a cross seasons. In a group of crows or a flock of crows there are many similarities
with an optimization process in their behavior. According to this behavior, crows hide their excess food in
some places of their environment and retrieve the store and food when it is needed. Crows are greedy birds
since they follow each other to obtain better food sources. If a crow finds another one is following it, the crow
tries to fool that crow by going to another position or late of the environment. The environment is search
space. Each position of the environment is corresponding to a feasible. The quality of food source is objective
of food source of the environment is the global solution of the problem. They have unique properties like they
always live in the form of flock, memorize the position of their hiding places, they follow each other to do
thievery and they protect their caches from being pilfered by a probability. The mathematical model of these
behaviors is discussed below: Let us assume that there is a “d” dimensional search space which includes
“N” number of flock size (number of crows) and position of crow is “i” at time which is represented as
equation (7). xiiter x1iterx2iter...xniter (7) Each crow has a memory which is termed as its hiding place.
At each iteration, the position of hiding place of crow is “i” which is represented as miiter . Assume crow
“j” at “iter” visits its hiding place miterj . At this iteration, crow “i” decides to follow crow “j” in order
to approach its hiding place of crow “j”. This results in two conditions: 7 Condition 1: If crow “j” does not
know that crow “i” is following it then crow “i” will approach to the hiding place of crow “j”.
Mathematically, ri is greater than awareness probability of crow “j” then new position of the crow “i” is
obtained as equation (8). Condition 2: If crow “j” knows that crow “i” is following it, then in order to
protect its food from being pilfered crow “j” will try to fool crow “i” by going randomly to another
position of search space. iter iter iter iter r j iter iter 1 xi ri fli mj xi APj (8) xi a
random position Algorithm for implementation of CSA in proposed word is given as follows: Step 1: The
adjustable parameters of CSA like flock size (N), maximum number of iterations (itermax), flight length (fl) and
awareness probability (AP) are defined. Step 2: Initialize population matrix in dimension (d) search space
which contains reactive power generation by generator bus (Qg), transformer tap position (tap) and VAR
sources (Qc). Step 3: The memory of each crow is initialized. At initial iteration, since each crow does not have
any experience so it is assumed that they have hidden at their initial position. Step 4: Evaluate fitness function
using equation (1) and equation (3) while satisfying equality constraints equation (3 - 4) and inequality
constraints equation (5). Step 5: Generate new position of crow in search space using equation (8). Step 6:
Update test system data. Then evaluate fitness function using equation (1) and equation (3) while satisfying
equality constraints equation (3-4) and inequality constraints equation (5). Step 7: Compare current fitness
value with pervious fitness value. Store the minimum fitness value along with its positions. Step 8: Repeat
step 4 to step 7, until it reaches maximum iteration. Step 9: When the termination criterion is met. Display the
best fitness value and best position of control variables of crow. Oppositional based CSA In the present work,
in order to further improve the convergence characteristics of CSA, this CSA algorithm is modified to
oppositional based CSA. The oppositional based [31] concept has been applied in CSA algorithm, the current
population (PN) is divided into two halves, i.e. the first half population 8 (PN1) is created randomly with in the
search space and the remaining half population (PN2) is generated with flipped or opposite side of first half
population (PN1) so as to improve the exploration capability in identifying the optimum solution region. This
characteristic has been incorporated into the basic CSA to obtain OCSA. If X (x1, x2, x3, x4,…..,xd) is a
candidate solution of PN1 generated within interval [xjmin, xjmax], where j=1,2,3,4,….,d. Then opposite
variable (oxj) of each variable in X is calculated in the following manner to obtain candidate solution OX (ox1,
ox2, ox3, ox4,…..,oxd) of population PN2 oxj = xjmin + xjmax - xj j=1,2,3, 4,….,d, (9) where d is the dimension of
the search space Then, finally the population set PN1 and PN2 form the actual population PN i.e. PN = PN1 U
PN2. Further, the steps to implementation of the OCSA remain same as CSA given above in sub-section 4.1.
5.Result and discussions For the purpose of verifying the performance and efficiency of the proposed OCSA
and CSA techniques, tests are carried out on IEEE-30 bus and IEEE-57 bus test system. The description of
these networks can be found in Table-1. All the simulations are carried out by using MATLAB 20013b, and
computed on core (TM) i7-3520M CPU a 2.90GHz with 8 GB RAM. In the proposed work, fuzzy membership
values of loss- sensitivity are applied to determine the weak locations for the placement of shunt capacitors.
OCSA and CSA techniques are employed to ascertain the optimal sizing of shunt capacitor and Var sources
present in the existing transmission system. To indicate the optimization capability of the proposed OCSA
and CSA technique, it has been made to run for 30 independent trail with 500 iterations in each of the given
test system and best results are bold faced in the respective tables. Test system 1:30 bus The IEEE 30-bus
system involves 6 generators, 41 lines, 4 transformers that are located at lines 6–9, 4–12, 9–12 and 27–28.
Initially, the location for the probable voltage collapse point is evaluated by using fuzzy membership values of
loss-sensitivity. Loss sensitivity and fuzzy membership values are present in Table 2. From this table, it can be
observed that bus no. 7, 15, 19 and 24 are the most appropriate location for the placement of reactive source.
Thereafter, shunt capacitors are placed at these locations then OCSA and CSA techniques are applied to find
the optimal sizing of Var sources. Minimum and 9 maximum limit settings for tap setting transformers,
reactive compensators and generators voltages are tabulated in Table 4. Figure 5 shows variation of reactive
power generation by generator buses at each iteration. Figure 6 shows variation of shunt capacitors at each
iteration and Figure 7 shows variation of transformer tap positions at each iteration. From Figures 5 - 7 it can
be observed that all the inequality constraints are satisfied. Figures 8 and 9 illustrates convergence curve of
transmission loss and system operating cost due to energy loss. Table 4 provides best control variable
settings for minimization of real power loss and system operating cost which occur due to energy loss offered
by different optimization techniques. The comparative analysis of results using different methods for IEEE 57
bus system is shown in Table 5. The convergence curve candidly reveals the superiority of the proposed
algorithm and the influence of CSA to avoid premature convergence and yield solution with accuracy. Test
system 2:57 bus The IEEE 57-bus system involves 7 generators, 80 lines, 17 transformers that are located at
lines 6–9, 4– 12, 9–12 and 27–28. Similar to IEEE 30 bus test system, at first, the location of probable voltage
collapse point is evaluated by using fuzzy membership values of loss-sensitivity. The loss sensitivity and fuzzy
membership values of the selected weak buses are shown in Table 3. From this table, it can be observed that
bus no. 35, 38 and 53 are the most appropriate location for the placement of reactive source. Subjected to
this, the shunt capacitors are placed at these locations. After this, CSA and OCSA techniques are applied to
find the optimal sizing of Var sources. Figs. 10-15 showed the variation of reactive power generation by
generator buses at each iteration, the variation of shunt capacitors at each iteration and the variation of
transformer tap positions at each iteration, in order. From these figures, it can be observed that all the
inequality constraints are satisfied. Figures 16 and 17 illustrates the convergence curve of transmission loss
and system operating cost due to energy loss. Table 6 provides best control variable settings for minimization
of real power loss and system operating cost which occur due to energy loss offered by different optimization
techniques. The comparison for Optimal setting of control variables in IEEE 57 bus system is shown in Table 6.
The comparative analysis of results using different methods for IEEE 57 bus system is shown in Table 7. From
these figures and tables, it can also suggest the robustness of the proposed algorithm as it will be able to
handle the complexities of a real time interconnected system. Analysis of convergence behavior Figures 8 and
9 describe the convergence behavior of the real power loss variation and overall operating cost, respectively,
obtained by the proposed CSA and OCSA. It can be observed that the characteristics 10 of both the algorithms
are exponentially decaying till iteration number 200 and decreases further as the number of iterations
increases till iteration number 500. This ensures the satisfactory convergence of both the algorithms. Further,
it can be seen that even though CSA algorithm exponentially decreased faster than OCSA during the initial
stages till iteration number 40, the OCSA exploited the candidate solution region faster than CSA due to
oppositional based population created during each iteration. Thus, due to this behavior OCSA provides best
solution than CSA with less number of iterations. 6.Conclusion A novel fuzzy based approach for RPP has been
in proposed in this work. Loss sensitivity of each buses of the power network are calculated and fuzzy
membership values are assigned to each of the buses. Then weak buses are selected on the basis of higher
membership values. Once the weak nodes are determined, these nodes are treated as the candidate buses for
shunt capacitor placement. Thereafter, CSA and OCSA are made to run for effective co-ordination of these
shunt capacitors with other existing reactive power sources.i.e, transformer tap setting arrangements and
reactive generation of generator buses. The ultimate objective of the algorithm is to determine optimal
setting of all the Var sources while satisfying equality as well as inequality constraints. Finally, the results of
the proposed methods are compared with all other methods, it is seen that in fuzzy based RPP active power
loss is least and system operating cost is also least in both the standard test systems. There is also
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