Chemical Reaction,

Mole C o n c e p t and Stoichiometry

Chemical Equation
A condensed shorthand statement which expresses
a chemical reaction in terms of formulas and
symbols.
Indicates the reactants and the product/s of a
chemical reaction
A balanced equation gives a quantitative
relationship of reactants and products.
Chemical Reactions
(based on the way a substances arangged)

1. Combination
2. Decomposition
3. Displacement
4. Replacement
Compare it to:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWJQpuv9ElE
 Combination
 Simplest conceivable reaction
 a reaction in which 2 or more substances unite to form a
single compound
 ex. Fe + S  FeS
H2O + SO3  H2SO4
H2O + Na2O  2NaOH
CaO + SiO2  CaSiO3
2FeCl2 + Cl2  2FeCl3

One product
Decomposition
reverse of combination reaction
a reaction in which a substances yields two or more
products.
breaking up of binary compounds into its elements
ex.
2HgO  2Hg + O2
2KClO3  2 KCl + 3O2
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
One reactant
Displacement
 a reaction in which compounds combine freeing one
of its constituent element
 ex. Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu
Cl2 + 2NaBr  2NaCl + Br2
CaCO3 + SiO2  CaSiO3 + CO2

What element can displace another one? [see its

metal reactivity)
Reactivity series of metals and nonmetals

Key point: More active element displaces the less one

Replacement
 a reaction in which there is substitution or interchange
of elements (or radicals) between two compound
 ex.
AgF + NaCl  AgCl + NaF
AgNO3 + NH4Cl  AgCl + NH4NO3
3Ca(NO3)2 + 2Na3PO4  Ca3(PO4)2 + 6NaNO3
BaCl2 + NaSO4  BaSO4 + 2NaCl

Double displacement

Exchange of ions
Other Types
(based on what a substance react or something
follows)

 Combustion
 Neutralization
 Endothermic/Exothermic
 Oxidation/ Reduction
 Precipitation
Reduction and Oxidation Rx.
What about an

Exploti o n ?
Sudden decomposition
Exothermic Rx
Redox Rx
Memorize the type of reaction
Stoichiometry
Greek for “measuring elements”
Calculations of quantities in chemical
reactions based on a balanced equation.
 2H2 + O2  2H2O
Two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen
form two molecules of water.
2 Al2O3  4Al + 3O2
2 formula units Al2O3 form 4 atoms Al
and 3 molecules O2
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
 2 atom H + 1 atom O 1 molecul H2O
 2 dozen H + 1 dozen O 1 dozen mlcl H2O

Ratio 2 : 1

AVOGADRO
Introducing MOLE in quantifying number unit

1 mole = number of partikel that as much as C-12

atom of 12 g

1 mole = 6.02 . 1023 particles

(Avogadro Number)
 mole H : mole O = 2 : 1
Eqivalence: 1 mole H2O  2 mole H

CONSIDER:
How moles of O do combine with 8 mole of H in H2O?

Here it is.
In H2O, mole of O = ½ x 8 moles
= 4 moles
Look at it differently !
 2H2 + O2  2H2O
2 dozen molecules of hydrogen and 1 dozen
molecules of oxygen form 2 dozen molecules
of water.

2 x (6.02 x 1023) molecules of hydrogen and 1

x (6.02 x 1023) molecules of oxygen form 2 x
(6.02 x 1023) molecules of water.

2 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of oxygen

form 2 moles of water.
 In terms of Moles
 2 Al2O3  4Al + 3O2
 2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

The coefficients tell us how many moles of

each kind
Application
 Calculating mass or mole of element within
molecule
Mass of X 
 X . Ar X . mass of substance
Mr

number of X (in mole) 

 X . Ar X . mole of substance
Mr

 Calculating the composition percentages

 Calculating reaction stoichiometry
 Evaluating empirical formula
 Determining molecular formula
Reaction Equation
 Equilibrating reaction equatuion?
 Reaction Coeff. mean
 Molar ratio
 Volume ratio (gas phase reaction)
 Gay-Lussac Law
At same temperature and pressure gas
involved in reactions are in proportional
simple and even number
Avogadro`s Hypothesis
 At same P and T gasses with equal volume
are in equal molecular number as

n1 vol1

n2 vol2
 In terms of mass
 The law of conservation of mass applies
 We can check using moles

2H2 + O2  2H2O

2.02 g H2
2 moles H2 = 4.04 g H2
1 moles H2

32.00 g O2
1 moles O2 = 32.00 g O2
1 moles O2 36.04 g H2O
36.04 g H2 + O2
 In terms of mass
2H2 + O2  2H2O

18.02 g H2O
2 moles H2O = 36.04 g H2O
1 mole H2O

2H2 + O2  2H2O

36.04 g (2H2 + O2) = 36.04 g H2O

Your turn, please
Show that the following equation
follows the Law of conservation of
mass.
2 Al2O3  4Al + 3O2
Mole to Mole conversions
How many moles of O2 are produced when
3.34 moles of Al2O3 decompose?
Reaction:
2 Al2O3  4Al + 3O2
3.34 moles Al2O3 3 mole O2
2 moles Al2O3

= 5.01 moles O2
 For example...
 If 10.1 g of Fe are added to a solution of Copper (II) Sulfate,
how much solid copper would form?
 Balancing: Fe + CuSO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + Cu
2Fe + 3CuSO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
We find
1 mole Fe
10.1 g Fe . = 0.181 moles Fe
55.85 g Fe
 2Fe + 3CuSO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Cu

3 moles Cu
0.181 mole Fe = 0.2715 moles Cu
2 moles Fe

63.55 g Cu
0.2715 mole Cu = 17.25 g Cu
1 mole Cu
Another way

10.1 g Fe 1 mol Fe 3 mol Cu 63.55 g Cu

55.85 g Fe 2 mol Fe 1 mol Cu

= 17.24 g Cu
Examples
To make silicon for computer chips they use
this reaction
SiCl4 + 2Mg  2MgCl2 + Si

 How many grams of Mg are needed to make 9.3 g of Si?

 How many grams of SiCl4 are needed to make 9.3 g of Si?
 How many grams of MgCl2 are produced along with 9.3 g of
silicon?
Another example
If 6.45 moles of water are
decomposed, how many liters of
oxygen gas will be produced at
STP?
Solution:
 If 6.45 grams of water are decomposed, how many liters of
oxygen will be produced at STP?
 Reaction: 2H2O  2H2 + O2

1 mol H2O 1 mol O2 22.42 L O2

6.45 g H2O
18.02 g H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol O2

= 4.01 L O2
 Quiz
How many liters of CH4 at STP are required
to completely react with 17.5 L of O2 ?
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

1 mol O2 1 mol CH4 22.4 L CH4

17.5 L O2
22.4 L O2 2 mol O2 1 mol CH4

= 8.75 L CH4
 Avogadro, again told us
Equal volumes of gas, at the same
temperature and pressure contain the same
number of particles.
Moles are numbers of particles
You can treat reactions as if they happen
liters at a time, as long as you keep the
temperature and pressure the same.
Limiting Reagent
The limiting reagent is the reactant you run out of
first.
The excess reagent is the one you have left over.
The limiting reagent determines how much
product you can make
 How do you find out?
Do two stoichiometry problems.
The one that makes the least product is the
limiting reagent.
For example
Copper reacts with sulfur to form copper (I)
sulfide. If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S
how much product will be formed?
If 10.6 g of copper reacts with 3.83 g S. How many grams
of product will be formed?
2Cu + S Cu2S

1 mol Cu 1 mol Cu2S 159.16 g Cu2S

10.6 g Cu
63.55g Cu 2 mol Cu 1 mol Cu2S
= 13.3 g Cu2S
1 mol S 1 mol Cu2S 159.16 g Cu2S
3.83 g S
32.06g S 1 mol S 1 mol Cu2S
= 19.0 g Cu2S
See U by