Week 1

➢ Fluid machinery refers to machines that handle fluids in either liquid or gas form.

➢ Fluid mechanics is the study of the behavior of fluids wheter at rest or in motion.

➢ Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion.

➢ Hydraulics is the branch of science concerned with water or other fluids in motion.

➢ Fluids are substances which are capable of flowing and have particles that easily move and
change their relative position without separation of mass.

➢ Fluid statics is the study of fluids at rest or body which could be measured by a weighing scale.

➢ Mass is the absolute quantity of matter.

➢ Weight is the force of gravity of a fluid or body which could be measured by a weighing scale.

Properties of water at 4˚C and 1 atmosphere

Density, 𝝆 = 1 000 kg/m3 = 1 kg/1 = 1.94 slug/ft3

Specific weight, 𝜸 = 9 810 N/m3 = 62.4 lb/ft3
Specific volume, v = 0.001 m3/kg = 0.51546 ft3/slug
Specific gravity, SG = 1.0

➢ Specific weight is the force of gravity in a unit volume of a substance.

➢ Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

➢ Specific Volume is the volume of a unit mass of a substance or the reciprocal of density.

➢ Specific Gravity (SG) is the ratio of the specific weight of any substance to that of water or the
ratio of density of any substance to that of water.

➢ Temperature is the measure of random motion of molecules of a fluid or system. It is the

thermal condition of fluid with reference to its ability to communicate heat from one body to
another body or fluid. It is the measure of hotness and coldness of a fluid. Absolute temperature
is the temperature of a fluid measured with respect to an absolute zero, which is -460˚F or -
273˚C.

➢ Celsius Scale – scale used in the metric or SI system of units

➢ Fahrenheit Scale – scale used in the English system of units

➢ Pressure is basically defined as the normal force per unit area.

➢ Gauge pressure – the pressure of a fluid or system measured by pressure measuring-instruments
like a pressure gauge or manometer

➢ Absolute pressure – the pressure of a fluid or system with reference to an absolute zero pressure

It is the pressure of a fluid or system including the atmospheric pressure.

➢ Negative (–) if pg of the fluid or system is greater than or higher than the atmospheric pressure,
also known as “Vacuum Pressure”
➢ Positive (+) if pg of the fluid or system is lower than the atmospheric pressure
➢ Fluid pressure or hydrostatic pressure of fluid It is the force exerted by the column of fluid per
unit area.
➢ Atmospheric pressure – the force exerted by the column of atmosphere per unit area at the
surface of the earth. It is the intensity of force per unit area due to the weight of the atmosphere.
➢ Standard atmospheric pressure – the pressure of the atmosphere measured at the surface of the
earth near sea level
➢ Surface tension is the force of molecular attraction per unit length of free surface. It is a
function of both the liquid and the surface in contact with the liquid. Surface tension of liquid
decreases as the temperature increases. It is always tangent to the interface.
➢ Wetting liquid. A liquid is said to wet a surface in contact with it if the attraction of the
molecules to the surface exceeds the attraction of the molecules to each other.
➢ Non-wetting liquid. A liquid is said to be non-wetting if the attraction of the other liquid
molecules to each other is greater than their attraction to the surface
➢ Compressibility is the resistance of fluid to change its volume in a confined space.
Compressibility of water usually affects the solution of practical problems in hydraulics only by
changing its unit weight.
➢ Modulus of elasticity or bulk modulus of the fluid is the ratio of the stress (change of
pressure) to the strain (change in volume divided by the original volume).
➢ Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid. It may be defined as the ratio of the
shearing stress or force between adjacent layers of fluid to the rate of change of velocity
perpendicular to the direction of motion. It may also be defined as the property of fluid that
determines the amount of its resistance to a shearing stress.
➢ Absolute viscosity is defined as the unit force required to move one layer of fluid at a unit
velocity to another layer of the fluid which is at unit distance from the first.
➢ Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter used to determine the type of flow of fluid.
 ➢ Laminar flow is the type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move along straight,
parallel paths in layers or laminae. (Re < 2 000 ⟶ low velocity.)
➢ Turbulent flow is the type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move in a haphazard
fashion in all directions. It is impossible to trace the motion of an individual particle because of
its high velocity and variable direction. (Re < 4 000 ⟶ high velocity.)
➢ Critical flow (transitional flow) is combination of laminar and turbulent flow. (Re = 2 000
𝒕𝒐 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎)
➢ Continuity equation is an equation derived from the first law of thermodynamics for a steady
flow, open system. It is used to determine the mass flow rate and volume flow rate of fluid.

Week 2
➢ Total dynamic head (TDH) is head corresponding to the energy input to the energy
consuming systems, such as pumps, blowers, etc.,
➢ Brake power of the pump is the theoretical power divided by the pump efficiency and
obtained by the equation
➢ Fluid machinery is an equipment capable of handling fluid, either moving the fluid or
moved by the fluid.
➢ Hydraulic machine is a machine powered by a motor activated by the confined flow of a
stream of liquid, such as oil or water under pressure.

DIVISIONS OF HYDRAULIC MACHINE

➢ A machine designed to utilize energy for the purpose of moving fluids (pumps)
➢ A machine designed to develop power from hydraulic machine (hydraulic power)
➢ A machine designed to control and transmit energy by hydraulic means (hydraulic
control, hydraulic actuators)
➢ A machine designed to use power for various purposes (hydraulic jack, hydraulic motors)

➢ Hydrometer is a device used to determine the specific gravity of liquids.

➢ Pitot tube is a device used to measure fluid velocity. It is also used to measure the
velocity of fluid inside a pipe.
➢ Continuity equation is an equation used in the conservation of mass.
➢ The continuity equation for an ideal fluid flow states that mass is constant anywhere in
the fluid or in the flow path.
➢ An ideal fluid is a fluid that is frictionless and incompressible.
➢ Cohesion is the property of fluid whereby its own molecules are united or attracted to
each other.
➢ The pressure of a fluid at any point in the line will not be the same in all directions if the
fluid is viscous and in motion
➢ Adhesion is the volumetric change of the fluid caused by a resistance.
➢ Density in terms of viscosity is defined as the absolute viscosity of dynamic viscosity
divided by kinematic viscosity.
➢ The Critical Reynolds number is the demarcation between laminar flow and turbulent
flow
➢ Bernoulli’s equation states that the total energy in the steady flow of a frictionless and
incompressible fluid is constant.
➢ Reynolds number is the ratio of the inertial forces to the viscous forces and is given by
𝛒𝐃𝐯
the equation .
𝛍

➢ Viscosity, 𝜇 , is the property of a fluid by virtue or its resistance to shear. The unit in SI
is Poise or g/cm-s (= 1 Pa-s). At 20.0°C, the absolute viscosity of water is 1 centiPoise
and air is 0.17 centiPoise.
➢ 1 centiPoise is equal to 1/100 Poise.
➢ Steady flow is the flow in which the quantity of fluid per unit time is constant.
➢ Unsteady flow is the flow in which the quantity of fluid per unit time is not constant.
➢ A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear force. It
cannot sustain a shear force at rest.
➢ A fluid may be a gas, a liquid, or a fluidized solid powder and is known to consist of
finite particles.
➢ Ideal fluid is a fluid that is frictionless and incompressible.
➢ Discharge is the volume of the fluid that flows through a section of a channel or pipe per
unit time, expressed in m3/s
➢ Pascal’s law states that “pressure set up in a confined liquid acts equality in all directions
and is always at right angles to the containing surfaces.
 ➢ Path line is a line followed by the fluid particles in motion.
➢ Streamline is the imaginary line tangent to which at any point indicates the direction of
motion at that point.
➢ Streak line is the instantaneous position of all fluid particles that pass-through a given
point.
➢ Uniform flow is the type of fluid in which the velocities of liquid particles at any sections
of the pipe or channel are equal. It is generally referred to as flow in channel.
➢ Non-uniform flow is the flow in which velocities of liquid particles at all sections of the
pipe or channel are not equal.

Week 3
➢ Major head losses are head losses due to fluid friction because of viscosity and pipe
roughness.
➢ Minor losses are head losses or turbulence losses due to pipe fittings and valves.
a. Entrance loss is the flow of fluid from tank to pipe. It is a head loss because
velocity is being created.
b. Sudden contraction is the flow of fluid in a suddenly decreasing pipe diameter. It
is a head loss due to the sudden increase in velocity.
c. Bends (elbows), fittings, and valves are head losses due to the change in
magnitude and direction of velocity.
d. Gradual expansion and gradual contraction are head losses due to the gradual
increase or gradual decrease in fluid velocity
e. A nozzle at the end is a head loss due to the very high velocity at the nozzle outlet.

Week 4
➢ Pumps are used to transport water around municipal water systems and in homes, pumps
and turbines are also essential in the transportation of fuel oil and gas around pipe
networks.
➢ Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work absorbing
turbomachinery. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of
 rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational
energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters the pump
impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing
radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits. Common
uses include water, sewage, agriculture, petroleum and petrochemical pumping.
Centrifugal pumps are often chosen for their high flow rate capabilities, abrasive solution
compatibility, mixing potential, as well as their relatively simple engineering. A
centrifugal fan is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. The reverse function
of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water pressure
into mechanical rotational energy.

➢ Vertical Centrifugal Pumps are also referred to as cantilever pumps. They utilize a
unique shaft and bearing support configuration that allows the volute to hang in the sump
while the bearings are outside the sump. This style of pump uses no stuffing box to seal
the shaft but instead utilizes a "throttle bushing". A common application for this style of
pump is in a parts washer.

➢ Froth Pumps in the mineral industry, or in the extraction of oilsand, froth is generated to
separate the rich minerals or bitumen from the sand and clays. Froth contains air that
tends to block conventional pumps and cause loss of prime.

➢ Multistage centrifugal pumps a centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is

called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or
on different shafts. At each stage, the fluid is directed to the center before making its way
to the discharge on the outer diameter. Velocity Triangle Efficiency Factor Vertical
centrifugal pumps Froth pumps Multistage centrifugal pumps For higher pressures at the
outlet, impellers can be connected in series. For higher flow output, impellers can be
connected in parallel.