Why do we study Statistics? (thoughtco.

com)

How many calories did each of us eat for breakfast? How far from home did everyone
travel today? How big is the place that we call home? How many other people call it home?
To make sense of all of this information, certain tools and ways of thinking are necessary.
The mathematical science called statistics is what helps us to deal with this information
overload.

Statistics is the study of numerical information, called data. Statisticians acquire,

organize, and analyze data. Each part of this process is also scrutinized. The techniques of
statistics are applied to a multitude of other areas of knowledge. Below is an introduction
to some of the main topics throughout statistics.

• Populations and Samples- example of this, suppose we wanted to know the average
height of people living in the United States.
• Acquiring Data -The way that we sample a population to obtain this data should
always be scrutinized. Which kind of sample we use depends on what question we’re
asking about the population.
• Organizing the Data- we can literally get lost in all of the details. Careful
organization and graphical displays of the data help us to spot patterns and trends
before we actually do any calculations.

Collection of Data

Presentation of Data (slideshare.net)

Common data collection methods •Survey •Case study •Interview •Observation •Group
assessment •Expert or peer reviews •Portfolio reviews •Testimonials •Tests •Photographs,
videotapes, slides •Diaries, journals, logs •Document review and analysis

• Qualitative data :- (characterized by words) when the data is collected on the basis of
attributes or qualities like sex, malocclusions, cavity etc.
• 8. • Quantitative data :- (characterized by numbers) when the data is collected through
measurement, like arch length, fluoride concentration etc. • Discrete data :- when the
variable under observation takes only fixed values like whole numbers. • Continuous data
:- if the variable can take any value in a given range, decimal or fractional.

Presenting data:- 1) Tabulation 2) Diagrams

 • Presentation of quantitative data is through graphs, the common graphs in use are:- 1.
Histogram 2. Frequency polygon 3. Frequency curve 4. Line graph 5. Scatter or dot
diagram
• . Presentation of qualitative data is through diagrams, the common diagrams in use are:-
1. Bar diagram 2. Pie/sector diagram 3. Pictogram or picture diagram 4. Map diagram or
spot map

mean median and mode of grouped data : (onlinemath4all.com)

Arithmetic mean = ∑fx / N

x f fx
5 50
10
12 240
20 14 350
25 15 450
30 10 370
4 220
37
N = 60 ∑fx = 1680
55
Arithmetic mean = ∑fx / N = 1680 / 60 = 28=

Median :

x f Cumulative frequency
10 5 5
20 12 5 + 12 = 17
25 14 17 + 14 = 31
30 -Mode 15 31 + 15 = 46
37 10 46 + 10 = 56
55 4 56 + 4 = 60
Here, the total frequency, N = ∑f = 60 N/2 = 60 / 2 = 30

The median is (N/2)th value = 30th value.

Now, 30th value occurs in the cumulative frequency 31, whose corresponding x value is 25.

Hence, the median = 25.

Mode : By observing the given data set, the number 30 occurs more number of times. That is 15 times.

Hence the mode is 30.

UNGROUPED DATA

mean = (sum of all data) / (total number of data)

Therefore,
mean = (4 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 2)/10
= 42/10 = 4.2
for median we need to sort input data in assendig order.
input data (in assending order) = 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 7 8
Since, we have even number of data.
Therefore median = [(n/2)th element + (n + 2)/2th element]/2
= (10/2 th + 11/2 th)/2
= (5th + 6th)/2
= (4 + 4)/2
= 4

we can see from the data that 4 has maximum number of frequency in the input data.
Therefore, Mode = 4