5

Lecture 5
January 31, 2006

In this Lecture
 Impulsive and convective base shear
 Critical direction of seismic loading
 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 5/ Slide 2
Base shear
 Previous lectures have covered
 Procedure to find impulsive and convective
liquid masses
 This was done through a mechanical analog model
 Procedure to obtain base shear coefficients in
impulsive and convective modes
 This requires time period, damping, zone factor, importance
factor and response reduction factor
 Now, we proceed with seismic force or base
shear calculations
Base shear
 Seismic force in impulsive mode (impulsive base

shear)
Vi = (Ah)i x impulsive weight
 Seismic force in convective mode (convective
base shear)
Vc = (Ah)c x convective weight
 (Ah)i = impulsive base shear coefficient
 (Ah)c = convective base shear coefficient
 These are described in earlier lectures
Base shear
 Now, we evaluate impulsive and convective

weights
 Or, impulsive and convective masses
 Earlier we have obtained impulsive and
convective liquid mass
 Now, we consider structural mass also
Base shear : Ground supported tanks
 Impulsive liquid mass is rigidly attached to
container wall
 Hence, wall, roof and impulsive liquid vibrate
together
 In ground supported tanks, total impulsive mass
comprises of
 Mass of impulsive liquid
 Mass of wall
 Mass of roof
 Hence, base shear in impulsive mode
Vi = ( A h )i (mi + mw + mt ) g
 mi = mass of impulsive liquid

 mw = mass of container wall
 mt = mass of container roof
 g = acceleration due to gravity
 This is base shear at the bottom of wall

 Base shear at the bottom of base slab is :
Vi’ = Vi + (Ah)i x mb
 mb is mass of base slab
 Base shear at the bottom of base slab may be
required to check safety against sliding
 Base shear in convective mode
Vc = ( A h )c mc g
 mc = mass of convective liquid
 Total base shear, V is obtained as:
V = Vi 2 + Vc2
 Impulsive and convective base shear are

combined using Square Root of Sum of Square
(SRSS) rule
 Except Eurocode 8, all international codes use
SRSS rule
 Eurocode 8 uses absolute summation rule
 i.e, V = Vi + Vc
 In the latest NEHRP recommendations (FEMA

450), SRSS rule is suggested
 Earlier version of NEHRP recommendations (FEMA
368) was using absolute summation rule
 FEMA 450, 2003, “NEHRP recommended provisions for
seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures”,
Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building
Sciences,, USA.
 FEMA 368, 2000, “NEHRP recommended provisions for
seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures”,
Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building
Sciences,, USA.
Bending moment:Ground supported tanks
 Next, we evaluate bending or overturning

effects due to base shear
 Impulsive base shear comprises of three parts
 (Ah)i x mig
 (Ah)i x mwg
 (Ah)i x mtg
 mw acts at CG of wall
 mt acts at CG of roof
 mi acts at height hi from bottom of wall
 If base pressure effect is not included
 mi acts at hi*
 If base pressure effect is included
 Recall hi and hi* from Lecture 1
 Bending moment at the bottom of wall

 Due to impulsive base shear
M i = ( A h )i (mi hi + mw hw + mt ht ) g
 Due to convective base shear

M c = ( A h )c (mc hc ) g
 hi = location of mi from bottom of wall

 hc = location of mc from bottom of wall
 hw = height of CG of wall
 ht = height of CG of roof
 For bending moment at the bottom of wall,

effect of base pressure is not included
 Hence, hi and hc are used
 Bending moment at the bottom of wall

(Ah)imt
(Ah)cmc
(Ah)imw
hc
ht
hi (Ah)imi hw
Ground level
M i = ( A h )i (mi hi + mw hw + mt ht ) g
M c = ( A h )c (mc hc ) g
 Total bending moment at the bottom of wall
M = M i2 + M c2
 SRSS rule used to combine impulsive and
convective responses
Overturning moment:Ground supported tanks
 Overturning moment
 This is at the bottom of base slab
 Hence, must include effect of base pressure
 hi* and hc* will be used
Ground level
Overturning moment:Ground supported tanks
 Overturning moment in impulsive mode
 mi ( hi + tb ) + mw (hw + tb ) + 
*
M i = ( Ah )i 
*
g
mt (ht + tb ) + mb tb / 2 
 Overturning moment in convective mode
= ( Ah ) c mc (hc + tb ) g
* *
M c
 tb = thickness of base slab
 Overturning moment is at the bottom of base

slab
 Hence, lever arm is from bottom of base slab
 Hence, base slab thickness, tb is added to
heights measured from top of the base slab
 Total overturning moment
*2 *2
M = M *
i +M c
Example
 Example: A ground-supported circular tank is shown
below along with some relevant data. Find base shear
and bending moment at the bottom of wall. Also find
base shear and overturning moment at the bottom of
base slab.
Roof slab 150 mm thick mi = 141.4 t; mc = 163.4 t

10 m mw = 65.3 t, mt =33.1 t,
4m Wall 200 mb = 55.2 t,

mm thick hi =1.5 m, hi* = 3.95 m,
hc = 2.3 m, hc* = 3.63 m
Base slab 250 mm thick
(Ah)i = 0.225, (Ah)c = 0.08
Example
Solution:
Impulsive base shear at the bottom of wall is
Vi = (Ah)i (mi + mw + mt) g
= 0.225 x (141.4 + 65.3 + 33.1) x 9.81
= 529.3 kN
Convective base shear at the bottom of wall is

Vc = (Ah)c mc g
= 0.08 x 163.4 x 9.81
= 128.2 kN
Total base shear at the bottom of wall is

V = Vi2 + Vc2 = (529.3) + (128.2)
2 2
= 544.6kN
Example
For obtaining bending moment, we need height of CG of roof slab

from bottom of wall, ht.
ht = 4.0 + 0.075 = 4.075 m
Impulsive bending moment at the bottom of wall is
Mi = (Ah)i (mihi + mwhw + mtht) g
= 0.225 x (141.4 x 1.5 + 65.3 x 2.0 + 33.1 x 4.075) x 9.81
= 1054 kN-m
Convective bending moment at the bottom of wall is

Mc = (Ah)c mc hc g
= 0.08 x 163.4 x 2.3 x 9.81
= 295 kN-m
Total bending moment at bottom of wall is
M = Mi2 + M2c = (1054 )2 + (295)2 = 1095kN - m
Example
Now, we obtain base shear at the bottom of base slab
Impulsive base shear at the bottom of base slab is

Vi = (Ah)i (mi + mw + mt + mb) g
= 0.225 x (141.4 + 65.3 + 33.1 + 55.2) x 9.81
= 651.1 kN
Convective base shear at the bottom of base slab is

Vc = (Ah)c mc g
= 0.08 x 163.4 x 9.81
= 128.2 kN
Total base shear at the bottom of base slab is
V = Vi2 + Vc2 = (651.1) + (128.2)

2 2
= 663.6kN
Example
Impulsive overturning moment at the bottom of base slab

Mi* = (Ah)i [mi (hi* + tb) + mw(hw + tb) + mt(ht +tb) + mb tb/2]g
= 0.225 x [141.4(3.95 + 0.25) + 65.3(2.0 + 0.25) +
33.1(4.075 + 0.25) + 55.2 x 0.25/2] x 9.81
= 1966 kN-m
Convective overturning moment at the bottom of base slab
Mc* = (Ah)c mc (hc* + tb) g
= 0.08 x 163.4 x (3.63 + 0.25) x 9.81
= 498 kN-m
Total overturning moment at bottom of base slab
*
M = (M ) + (M )
* 2
i
* 2
c = (1966 ) 2
+ (498 ) = 2028 kN - m
2
Notice that this value is substantially larger that the value at the
bottom of wall (85%)
Base shear : Elevated tanks
 In elevated tanks, base shear at the bottom of
staging is of interest
 Ms is structural mass
 Base shear in impulsive mode
Vi = ( A h )i (mi + ms ) g
 Base shear in convective mode

Vc = ( A h )c mc g
 Total base shear
V = Vi 2 + Vc2
Bending moment:Elevated tanks
 Bending moment at the bottom of staging

 Bottom of staging refers to footing top
 Impulsive base shear comprises of two parts
 (Ah)i x mig
 Ah)i x msg
 Convective base shear has only one part
 (Ah)c x mcg
 mi acts at hi*
 mc acts at hc*
 Bending moment at bottom of staging is being
obtained
 Hence, effect of base pressure included and hi*
and hc* are used
 Structural mass, ms comprises of mass of empty

container and 1/3rd mass of staging
 ms is assumed to act at CG of empty container
 CG of empty container shall be obtained by
considering roof, wall, floor slab and floor beams
[ (
M i = ( Ah )i mi hi + hs + ms hcg
* *
) ]g
M c
*
= ( Ah )c mc h ( c
*
+ hs g)
 hs = staging height
 Measured from top of footing to bottom of wall
 hcg = distance of CG of empty container from
bottom of staging

(Ah)i mig (Ah)c mcg
hi* hc *
(Ah)i msg
hcg
hs hs
Top of footing
[ (
M i = ( Ah )i mi hi + hs + ms hcg g
* *
) ] (
M c = ( Ah )c mc hc + hs g
* *
)
 Total bending moment
*2 *2
M = *
M i +M c
 For shaft supported tanks, M* will be the design

moment for shaft
 For analysis of frame staging, two approaches

are possible
 Approach 1: Perform analysis in two steps
 Step 1:
 Analyze frame for (Ah)imig + (Ah)imsg
 Obtain forces in columns and braces
 Step 2:
 Analyze the frame for (Ah)cmcg
 Obtain forces in columns and braces
 Use SRSS rule to combine the member forces
obtained in Step 1 and Step 2
 Approach 2:
 Apply horizontal force V at height h1 such that
 V x h1 = M*
 V and M* are obtained using SRSS rule as
described in slide nos. 26 and 32
 In this approach, analysis is done in single step
 Simpler and faster than Approach 1
Example
 Example: An elevated tank on frame staging is shown

below along with some relevant data. Find base shear
and bending moment at the bottom of staging.
A is CG of empty container
A
2.8 m
mi = 100t; mc = 180 t
Mass of container = 160 t
Mass of staging = 120 t
hi* = 3 m, hc* = 4.2 m
hs = 15 m
(Ah)i = 0.08, (Ah)c = 0.04
GL
Example
Structural mass, ms = mass of container + 1/3rd mass of staging

= 160 + 1/3 x 120 = 200 t
Base shear in impulsive mode
Vi = ( A h )i (mi + ms ) g
= 0.08x (100 + 200 ) x 9.81
= 78.5 + 157 = 235.5 kN
Base shear in convective mode

Vc = ( A h ) c mc g
= 0.04 x180 x 9.81 = 70.6kN
Example
Total base shear V = Vi 2 + Vc2
= 235.52 + 70.6 2 = 245.8kN
Now, we proceed to obtain bending moment at the bottom staging
Distance of CG of empty container from bottom of staging,

hcg = 2.8 + 15 = 17.8 m
Example
Base moment in impulsive mode
[ (
M i = ( Ah )i mi hi + hs + ms hcg
* *
) ] g
= 0.08[100 x (3.0 + 15) + 200 x 17.8]x 9.81
= 78.5 x 18 + 157 x 17.8
= 4207 kNm
Note: 78.5 kN of force will act at 18.0m and 157 kN of force will act at
17.8 m from top of footing.
Example
Base moment in convective mode
M c = ( Ah )c mc hc + hs g
*
( *
)
= 0.04 x180 x (4.2 + 15)x 9.81
= 70.6 x 19.2
= 1356 kNm
Note: 70.6 kN of force will act at 19.2 m from top of footing.
Total base moment

2 2
M* = M *i + M *c
= 4207 2 + 1356 2
= 4420kNm
Example
 Now, for staging analysis, seismic forces are to be

applied at suitable heights
 There are two approaches
 Refer slide no 33
 Approach 1:
 Step 1: Apply force of 78.5 kN at 18 m and 157 kN at 17.8
m from top of footing and analyze the frame
 Step 2: Apply 70.6 kN at 19.2 m from top of footing and
analyze the frame
 Member forces (i.e., BM, SF etc. in columns and braces) of
Steps 1 and 2 shall be combined using SRSS
Example
 Approach 2:
 Total base shear, V = 245.8 kN will be applied at height h1,
such that
V x h1 = M*
245.8 x h1 = 4420
∴ h1 = 17.98 m
 Thus, apply force of 245.8 kN at 17.98 m from top of footing
and get member forces (i.e., BM, SF in columns and
braces).
Elevated tanks:Empty condition
 Elevated tanks shall be analysed for tank full as
well as tank empty conditions
 Design shall be done for the critical condition
 In empty condition, no convective liquid mass
 Hence, tank will be modeled using single
degree of freedom system
 Mass of empty container and 1/3rd staging mass
shall be considered
Elevated tanks:Empty condition
 Lateral stiffness of staging, Ks will remain same

in full and empty conditions
 In full condition, mass is more
 In empty condition mass is less
 Hence, time period of empty tank will be less
 Recall, T = 2Π M
K
 Hence, Sa/g will be more
 Usually, tank full condition is critical
 However, for tanks of low capacity, empty
condition may become critical
Direction of seismic force
 Let us a consider a vertical cantilever with
rectangular cross section
 Horizontal load P is applied
 First in X-Direction
 Then in Y-direction (see Figure below)
 More deflection, when force in Y-direction
 Hence, direction of lateral loading is important !!
Y
X P
 On the other hand, if cantilever is circular

 Direction is not of concern
 Same deflection for any direction of loading
 Hence, it is important to ascertain the most critical
direction of lateral seismic force
 Direction of force, which will produce maximum
response is the most critical direction
 In the rectangular cantilever problem, Y-direction is the most
critical direction for deflection
 For frame stagings consisting of columns and braces, IS

11682:1985 suggests that horizontal seismic loads shall be
applied in the critical direction
 IS 11682:1985, “Criteria for Design of RCC Staging for Overhead
Water Tanks”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
Clause 7.1.1.2 Horizontal forces – Actual forces and moments resulting

from horizontal forces may be calculated for critical direction and used
in the design of the structures. Analysis may be done by any of the
accepted methods including considering as space frame.
Clause 7.2.2 Bending moments in horizontal braces due to horizontal

loads shall be calculated when horizontal forces act in a critical
direction. The moments in braces shall be the sum of moments in the
upper and lower columns at the joint resolved in the direction of
horizontal braces.
 Section 4.8 of IITK-GSDMA Guidelines contains

provisions on critical direction of seismic force for
tanks
 Ground-supported circular tanks need to be

analyzed for only one direction of seismic loads
 These are axisymmetric
 Hence, analysis in any one direction is sufficient
 Ground-supported rectangular tanks shall be

analyzed for two directions
 Parallel to length of the tank
 Parallel to width of the tank
Stresses in a particular wall shall be obtained
for seismic loads perpendicular to that wall
 RC circular shafts of elevated tanks are also

axisymmetric
 Hence, analysis in one direction is sufficient
 If circular shaft supports rectangular container

 Then, analysis in two directions will be necessary
 For elevated tanks on frame staging

 Critical direction of seismic loading for columns
and braces shall be properly ascertained
 Braces and columns may have different critical
directions of loading
 For example, in a 4 - column staging
 Seismic loading along the length of the brace is
critical for braces
 Seismic loading in diagonal direction gives
maximum axial force in columns
 See next slide
 Critical directions for 4 - column staging
Bending Axis
Critical direction for Critical direction for

shear force in brace axial force in column
 For 6 – column and 8 – column staging, critical

directions are given in Figure C-6 of the
Guideline
 See next two slides
 More information available in Sameer and Jain
(1994)
 Sameer, S. U., and Jain, S. K., 1994, “Lateral load analysis
of frame staging for elevated water tanks”, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol.120, No.5, 1375-1393.
(http:/ / w w w .nicee.org/ ecourse/ Tank_ASCE.pdf)
Bending Axis
Critical direction for shear Critical direction for shear force and
force and bending moment bending moment in braces and axial
in columns force in columns
Bending Axis
Critical direction for Critical direction for shear force,

shear force and bending bending moment and axial force
moment in braces in columns
 As an alternative to analysis in the critical

directions, following two load combinations can
be used
 100 % + 30% rule
 Also used in IS 1893(Part 1) for buildings
 SRSS rule
 100%+30% rule implies following combinations

 ELx + 0.3 ELY
 ELY + 0.3 ELx
 ELx is response quantity when seismic loads are
applied in X-direction
 ELY is response quantity when seismic loads are
applied in Y-direction
 100%+30% rule requires

 Analyze tank with seismic force in X-direction;
obtain response quantity, ELX
 Response quantity means BM in column, SF in brace, etc.
 Analyze tank with seismic force in Y-direction;
obtain response quantity, ELY
 Combine response quantity as per 100%+30%
rule
 Combination is on response quantity and not
on seismic loads
 Important to note that the earthquake

directions are reversible
 Hence, in 100%+30% rule, there are total eight
load combinations
 SRSS rule implies following combination
EL2x + EL2y
 Note:
 ELx is response quantity when seismic loads are
applied in X-direction
 ELY is response quantity when seismic loads are
applied in Y-direction
 Hence, analyze tank in two directions and use
SRSS combination of response quantity
At the end of Lecture 5
 This completes seismic force evaluation on tanks
 There are two main steps
 Evaluation of impulsive and convective masses
 Evaluation of base shear coefficients for
impulsive and convective modes
 SRSS rule is used to combine impulsive and
convective responses
 Critical direction of seismic loading shall be
properly ascertained
 Else, 100%+30% or SRSS rule be used

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Lecture 5

January 31, 2006

 Seismic force in impulsive mode (impulsive base

 Now, we evaluate impulsive and convective

 Hence, base shear in impulsive mode

 mi = mass of impulsive liquid

 mt = mass of container roof

 g = acceleration due to gravity

 This is base shear at the bottom of wall

 Base shear in convective mode

 Total base shear, V is obtained as:

 Impulsive and convective base shear are

 In the latest NEHRP recommendations (FEMA

 Next, we evaluate bending or overturning

 Bending moment at the bottom of wall

 Due to convective base shear

 hi = location of mi from bottom of wall

 For bending moment at the bottom of wall,

 Bending moment at the bottom of wall

 Total bending moment at the bottom of wall

 Overturning moment in impulsive mode

 tb = thickness of base slab

 Overturning moment is at the bottom of base

 Total overturning moment

Roof slab 150 mm thick mi = 141.4 t; mc = 163.4 t

4m Wall 200 mb = 55.2 t,

Convective base shear at the bottom of wall is

Total base shear at the bottom of wall is

For obtaining bending moment, we need height of CG of roof slab

Convective bending moment at the bottom of wall is

Now, we obtain base shear at the bottom of base slab

Impulsive base shear at the bottom of base slab is

Convective base shear at the bottom of base slab is

Total base shear at the bottom of base slab is

V = Vi2 + Vc2 = (651.1) + (128.2)

Impulsive overturning moment at the bottom of base slab

 Base shear in convective mode

 Bending moment at the bottom of staging

 Structural mass, ms comprises of mass of empty

 Bending moment at the bottom of staging

 Bending moment at the bottom of staging

 Total bending moment

 For shaft supported tanks, M* will be the design

 For analysis of frame staging, two approaches

 Example: An elevated tank on frame staging is shown

Structural mass, ms = mass of container + 1/3rd mass of staging

Base shear in impulsive mode

Base shear in convective mode

Total base shear V = Vi 2 + Vc2

= 235.52 + 70.6 2 = 245.8kN

Now, we proceed to obtain bending moment at the bottom staging

Distance of CG of empty container from bottom of staging,

Base moment in impulsive mode

Base moment in convective mode

Total base moment

 Now, for staging analysis, seismic forces are to be

 Lateral stiffness of staging, Ks will remain same

 On the other hand, if cantilever is circular

 For frame stagings consisting of columns and braces, IS

Clause 7.1.1.2 Horizontal forces – Actual forces and moments resulting

Clause 7.2.2 Bending moments in horizontal braces due to horizontal

 Section 4.8 of IITK-GSDMA Guidelines contains

 Ground-supported circular tanks need to be

 Ground-supported rectangular tanks shall be