Concrete Work in Extreme Weather Conditions:

Work in Extreme Weather Conditions:

Concreting operations done at atmospheric temperature above 400 C, need

special attention. IS 7861(part-1)-1975 gives the recommended practices that
would result in concrete possessing improved characteristics in the fresh as
well as hardened state. Good practices of concreting require special care with
respect to following:

1. Temperature control of concrete ingredients.

1. Aggregates- stored under shade or cooled by water
2. Water- used in the form of ice or in near freezing temperatures.
3. Cement- Temperature restricted to 770 C

2. Mix Design- use low cement content and cements with low heats of
hydration. Use approved admixtures for reducing the water demand or for
retarding the set.

3. Production and Delivery:

1. Temperature of concrete at the time of placement should be below 400 C.

2. The mixing time should be held at minimum, subject to uniform mixing.
3. Period between mixing and delivery should be kept to a minimum.

4. Placement and Curing:

1. Prior to placing concrete formwork, reinforcements and sub grade should

be kept cool by spraying with cold water first. If possible, concreting may be
restricted to evenings and nights.

2. Placement and finishing should be speedy.

3. Immediately after compacting and finishing, concrete should be

protected from evaporation of moisture.
2. Under-water Concreting:

Inspection of concrete during placement under-water is difficult. Therefore, it is

essential to evaluate the proposed mix proportions, inspect the equipment and
review preparation prior to the start of underwater concreting.

Underwater concrete should have a slump of 100 to 180mm. The water cement
ratio should not exceed 0.6 and may need to be smaller, depending upon the
grade of concrete or the type of the chemical attack. For aggregates of 40mm
maximum particle size, the cement shall be atleast 350kg/cubic m of concrete.

Cofferdams or forms shall be sufficiently tight to ensure still water if practicable,

and in any case to reduce the flow of water to 3m/min through the space into
which concrete is to be deposited. Coffer dams or forms in still water shall be
sufficiently tight to prevent loss of mortar through the walls. De-watering by
pumping shall not be made while concrete is being placed or until 24 hours
thereafter, otherwise it may disturb the concrete and may lead to undesirable
results.

Concrete cast under water shall not fall freely through the water. Otherwise it
may be leached and become segregated. Concrete shall be deposited by,
continuously until it is brought to the required height. While depositing, the top
surface shall be kept as nearly level as possible and the formation of seams
avoided.

The methods to be used for depositing concrete under water shall be one of the
following:

1. Termite
2. Direct placement with pumps
3. Drop bottom bucket
4. Bags
5. Grouting

The void content of the coarse aggregates should be kept as low as possible.
The code assumes a maximum void content of 55 percent.
3. Concrete in Sea Water:

In addition to the grade of concrete specified, it will be necessary to control the

minimum cement contents and the maximum water-cement ratio.

Portland slag cement may be used but it will be necessary to seek specialists
advice.

Precast members are to be preferred because then it will be possible to achieve

dense concrete and eliminate those with porous or defective concrete by
inspection before installation. Un reinforced elements should be used if
practicable, as reinforcing steels are susceptible to corrosion caused by chlorides
present in sea water.

Construction joints are potentially weak and the problems of durability are
accentuated in the zone subject to alternate drying and wetting that is, between
upper and lower planes of wave actions.

IS 4082-1977 recommends a coat of cement water over the reinforcing steels

stored in coastal areas.
4. Concrete In Aggressive Soils And Water

This refers to concrete placed in soils and waters, containing sulphates, nitrates
and other salts which may cause deterioration of concrete. Naturally occurring
aggressive chemicals such as sulphates of sodium and magnesium, are
sometimes found in soils and waters. Sea water is mildly aggressive to concrete
because of soluble sulphates it contains. The decomposition of sulphide minerals
contained in colliery waters may cause the formation of F2SO4 which can cause
severe sulphate attract. Durability problems may arise also when concrete is
exposed to acids.

Two types of precautions given in the code:

1. Those in the proper attention to the concrete itself will provide sufficient
immunity.
2. Those in which additional precautions are to be taken to prevent contact
between the aggressive chemicals and the concrete

Note : I am thanks full to my all friends who help me for above work and
Need your suggestion for same.
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Alam