UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(MICET)

CLB 10703

SUBJECT NAME: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT 1: DETERMINATION OF REACTION HEAT

NAME OF LECTURER : DR AFIFAH BINTI ABD RAHIM

NAME ID STUDENT
MUHAMMAD AZAM BIN ROSLI 55216119175

ALIA ATHIRAH BINTI MAMAT @ RAMLI 55213119168

NUR AFIFAH BINTI KHAIRUR YUSHA 55213119161
SITI IRDINA ISMAHANI BINTI ISHAK 55218119165
TUAN NUR ATHIRAH BINTI TUAN MAHMOOD 55213119160
 TABLE OF CONTENT

BIL CONTENT PAGE

1.0 PRE-LAB JOTTER NOTE
2.0 SUMMARY 1
3.0 INTRODUCTION 2-3
4.0 MATERIAL AND PROCEDURE 3-5
5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 6-10
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 11
7.0 TUTORIAL 12
8.0 REFERENCES 13
2.0 SUMMARY

The objective of the experiment was to determine the enthalpy change of

three exothermic reactions and to relate the three exothermic reactions with Hess’
Law. Once all the data have been collected from the different reactions, the data will
analyse in order to determine the enthalpy change of three exothermic reaction. For
the first part which is part A was to determine the heat of NaOH solution by adding
0.5 g NaOH to the Erlenmeyer flask that contain 25 ml of distilled water. From the
experiment, the initial temperature was 26 oC while final temperature was 29 oC.
Heat (q) absorbed by the water (released by the NaOH) was 0.3138 kJ. The
enthalpy change, ΔH1 was -25.104 kJ/mol. This means that 25.104 kJ of energy is
released when NaOH is produced from its elements, sodium and hydroxide, in their
standard states. Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq). For part B, was to determine heat of NaOH
Neutralization by adding 25 ml of 1 M of NaOH solution into Erlenmeyer flask that
contains 25 ml of 1 M of HCL solution. From the experiment, the change of the
temperature was 5 oC. Initially, the temperature of the reaction mixture in the
Erlenmeyer flask increases as 1 M NaOH (aq) was added. ΔH for a neutralisation
reaction is negative. The enthalpy change, ΔH2 was - 41.84 kJ/mol. For part C, was
to determine the heat of NaOH solution by adding 0.5 g of NaOH into the
Erlenmeyer flask contain 25ml of 0.5 M HCL. The temperature increased to 7 oC.
Heat (q) absorbed by the HCL (released by the NaOH) was - 0.7322 kJ. The
enthalpy change, ΔH3 was -58.756 kJ/mol. Hess’s Law states that the value of
enthalpy change for a given reaction can be determined when the enthalpies of the
individual steps are added together. This is represented by ΔH Target= ΔH1+ ΔH2+
ΔH3 or ΔH Target= Σ ΔH known. To prove Hess’ Law, the enthalpy change was
found for reactions between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
The enthalpy change in reaction three was -58.756 kJ/mol. Thus, the heat of the
reaction ΔH3 could be equal to (ΔH1+ ΔH2) to verify the Hess’s Law.

1
3.0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the experiment of Determination of Reaction Heat was to

determine the enthalpy change, ∆H of three reactions by using sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solid, NaOH solution, hydrochloric acid, HCl acid and distilled water, H 2O.
This experiment also aimed to relates the three exothermic reactions with Hess’
Law.

Basically, the experiment was divided into three which were Part A was about the
heat of NaOH solution by adding solid NaOH and H 2O while Part B was about the heat of
NaOH neutralization by mixing the NaOH solution and HCl solution and Part C was about
the heat of NaOH solution by adding solid NaOH and HCl solution. These parts were related
with the exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions were defined as a chemical reaction that
releases energy in the form of light or heat. It gives the net energy or spread the heat to its
surroundings. The energy needed to initiate the reaction is less than the energy that is
subsequently released. In this experiment, the chemical reaction just released the heat and
the light was not appeared. This was difference with the endothermic reaction which was
about any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. Exothermic reaction
has a negative sign while endothermic reaction has positive sign.

Enthalpy in term of thermodynamics is the measure of energy in a thermodynamic

system and equivalent with the total heat content of a system. From each part of this
experiment, the ∆H will be calculated by using the temperature change, mass of substances
and specific heat capacity value to determine the how much the energy produce from the
exothermic reaction. The formula of ∆H is:

q
∆ H=
n

q = heat produce/ absorbed

n = number of moles

Part A and Part C in this experiment were the heat of solution which means the
change in energy that occurs as one mole of the solute dissolve in water. In this experiment,
solid NaOH as a solutes release energy to the water as they dissolve, the water gets warmer
and that is the reason the exothermic reaction occurred. Part B also exothermic reaction
because it still produced a little heat in term of neutralization reaction between based and
acid solution to form salt and water. ∆H 3 value in the Part C theoretically must be equaled to
value summation of ∆H1 and ∆H2.
Hess’ Law defined as the heat of any reaction for a specific reaction is equal to the
sum of the heats of reaction for any set of reaction which is sum are equivalent to the overall
reaction. This means the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes.
This law is very powerful because the new chemical reactions can be generated by
combination of equation and the enthalpy changes can be calculated rather than directly
measured.

4.0 MATERIAL AND PROCEDURE

Material
 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solid
 1 M NaOH solution
 0.5M and 1M Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)
 Distilled water (H2O)

Equipment & Apparatus

 Analytical Balance
 Pipette 25ml
 Spatula
 Thermometer
 Erlenmeyer Flask 50ml
 Small Beaker
 Glass Rod

3
Procedure

Part A : Heat of NaOH solution (solid NaOH + Distilled Water)

First, pipette 25ml of distilled Second, the temperature of

water into 50ml erlenmeyer the distilled water was
flask and the distilled water measured and record as Ti
was allow to reached the
room temperature

NaOH was added into

Third, the 0.5 g of sodium
Erlenmeyer flask. Stir the
hydroxide (NaOH) was
mixture by using glass rod
weight.
until the Naoh was
completedly dissolved and
the temperature was
observed. The result was The solution was discarding
record as Tf and rinses the thermometer.

Part B: Heat of NaOH Neutralization (NaOH solution + HCL solution)

1M of hydrochloric acid 25ml of 1M of NaOH was

(HCL) was pipette into the added into the flask and the
erlenmeyer flask. The acid mixture was stirred by using
was allowed to reach room glass rod. The temperature
temperature. Record the was observed and record as
temperature as Ti Tf

Lastly, the solution was

discarding and rinses the
thermometer.
Part C: Heat of NaOH Solution ( Solid NaOH + HCL Solution)

0.5M of HCL was added into

50ml erlenmeyer flask. The 0.5g of NaOH was weight
acid was allowed until it and transfer to Erlenmeyer
reach at roo temperature. flask.
The result was recorded as
Ti

The mixture was stirred by

using glass rod until the
The solution was discarding
mixture are completely
and rinses the thermometer.
dissolved. The temperature
was observed while stirring
the mixture. Record the
result as Tf

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5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT
PART Ti(°C) Tf(°C)
Solid NaOH + Distilled water 26 °C 29 °C
NaOH Solution + HCl 24.5 °C 29.5 °C
Solution
Solid NaOH + HCl Solution 25 °C 32 °C

CALCULATION

Part A : Heat of NaOH Solution (Solid NaOH + Distilled water)

1. Find the heat (q) absorbed by the water.

Analyse
a) c = 4.184 J/g. °C
b) ΔT = ( 29 °C – 26 °C)
c) m = p x v

= 1 g/ml x 25 ml
= 25 g

q = mcΔT
= 25 g x 4.184 J/g. °C x ( 29 °C – 26 °C)
= - 313.8 J

2. Find the heat (q) released per gram of NaOH.

Q
Heat (q) released of NaOH =
mass
−313.8 J
=
0.5 g
= -627.6 J
 3. Find the enthalpy change, ΔH1 in kJ/mole.

mass
Num. of mole =
MW
0.5 g
= 39.997 g /mol
= 0.0125 mol

Q
ΔH1 =
numof mole
−313.8 J
=
0.0125 mol
= -25104 J/mol
= -25.104 kJ/mol

Part B : Heat of NaOH Neutralization (NaOH Solution + HCl Solution)

1. Find the heat (q) produced by the reaction of NaOH solution and HCl solution.

Analyse
a) c = 4.184 J/g. °C
b) ΔT = ( 29.5 °C – 24.5 °C)
c) m(NaOH) = p x v

= 1 g/ml x 25 ml
= 25 g
d) m(HCl) =pxv

= 1 g/ml x 25 ml
= 25 g

q = mcΔT
= 50 g x 4.184 J/g. °C x ( 29.5 °C – 24.5°C)
= 1046 J
= 1.046 kJ
2. Find the enthalpy change, ΔH2 in kJ/mole.

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 q
ΔH2 =
numof mole
1.046 J
= 0.025 mol
= - 41.84 kJ/mol
Part C : Heat of NaOH Solution (Solid NaOH + HCl Solution)
1. Find the heat (q) absorbed by the water.

Analyse
a) c = 4.184 J/g. °C
b) ΔT = ( 32 °C – 25 °C)
c) m = p x v

= 1 g/ml x 25 ml
= 25 g

q = mcΔT
= 25 g x 4.184 J/g. °C x ( 32 °C – 25 °C)
= - 732.2 J
= - 0.7322 kJ

2. Find the heat (q) released per gram of NaOH.

Q
Heat (q) released of NaOH =
mass
−0.7322 kJ
=
0.5 g
= - 1.4644 kJ

3. Find the enthalpy change, ΔH1 in kJ/mole.

mass
Num. of mole =
MW
0.5 g
=
39.997 g /mol
= 0.0125 mol
 Q
ΔH1 =
numof mole
−0.7322 kJ
=
0.0125 mol
= -58.756 kJ/mol

9
 DISCUSSION

The Heat of Reaction (also known and Enthalpy of Reaction) is the change
in the enthalpy of a chemical reaction that occurs at a constant pressure. It is a
thermodynamic unit of measurement useful for calculating the amount of energy per
mole either released or produced in a reaction. There were two types of reaction
which is exothermic reaction (heat release) and endothermic reaction (heat
absorbed). Based on this experiment, heat changes can be determined based on
temperature changes in present of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solid, 1M NaOH
solution, 0.5M and 1M hydrochloric Acid (HCL).

In the first reaction (Part A), solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was dissociated
into water (H2O). The heat produced by the reaction ΔH1 was called as heat of
NaOH. The initial temperature (Ti) of the reactants can be determined directly using
a thermometer. This reaction represents the formation of liquid water from its
constituent elements. The enthalpy change for this reaction, symbolized ΔH. Based
on the result, the initial temperature was 26 °C while final temperature was 29 °C.
Heat (q) absorbed by the water that released by NaOH was - 313.8 J by using
formula q=mc ΔT. Heat is released when the solute dissolves and the temperature
of solution increase. So, the reaction is exothermic, q and ΔH is negative. The
enthalpy was -25.104 kJ/mol and these was shown that energy was released when
NaOH is produced from its elements in their standard states, Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq).

Based on the second reaction (Part B) in this experiment, an aqueous

solution of NaOH react with an aqueous solution of HCl which is strong monoprotic
acid react with strong monobasic base. The reaction of HCl (aq), a strong acid, with
NaOH (aq), a strong base, is an exothermic reaction. The big idea for most
calorimetry themed demonstrations is energy is conserved. Energy cannot be
created or destroyed, but it can be exchanged. From the result, the temperature
increased to 29.5 °C when NaOH solution was added into HCL solution and this is
because when the aqueous solution of base is added to an acid, the temperature of
the solution will increases. Although, heat (q) that produced from this reaction of
NaOH solution and HCl solution was 1.046 kJ. Energy (heat) is produced when an
acid reacts with a base in a neutralisation reaction. Neutralisation reactions are
exothermic, so value of ΔH2 in negative which is - 41.84 kJ/mol. The strong acids
and strong alkali are fully ionised in solution and the ions behave independently of
each other which were dilute hydrochloric acid that contains hydrogen ions and
chloride ions in solution. Sodium hydroxide solution consists of sodium ions and
hydroxide ions in solution. The equation for any strong acid being neutralised by a
strong alkali is essentially a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to
make water.
From the third reaction (Part C), solid NaOH reacted with an aqueous
solution of HCl. The initial temperature was 25 °C while the final temperature was
32°C and the difference between initial and final temperature was 7 °C. Other than
that, the value of heat (q) that absorbed by the HCl solution that released by NaOH
was - 1.4644 kJ by using equation q=mc ΔT. Solid NaOH was dissolved in HCl
solution and the ΔH for this reaction is negative same as reaction first and second.
Hess’s Law states that the value of enthalpy change for a given reaction can be
determined when the enthalpies of the individual steps are added together. This is
represented by ΔH Target= ΔH1+ ΔH2+ ΔH3 or ΔH Target= Σ ΔH known. To prove
Hess’ Law, the enthalpy change was found for reactions between hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The enthalpy change in reaction three was
-58.756 kJ/mol.

Based on combination of ΔH1+ ΔH2 was -66.944 kJ/mol. The heat of the
reaction ΔH3 should be -66.944kJ/mol but in this experiment the ΔH3 value was
-58.756kJ/mol. Thus, the heat of the reaction ΔH3 could be equal to (ΔH1+ ΔH2) to
verify the Hess’s Law. The major source of error in the preceding this experiment
was the solution of reaction between NaOH and HCl does not fully dissolved that
can effect value of final temperature. Other than that, another error would have was
the used of the lab thermometers which had small graduations
and a large temperature range providing inaccurate methods in which to measure
temperature changes.

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6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In conclusion, the purpose of the experiment were to determine the enthalpy change
of three exothermic reaction and to relate the three exothermic reactions with Hess’s Law.
Based on the result, it shows that all the reaction in Part A, Part B, and Part C are
exothermic which chemical reaction release energy in the form of heat. This is because all
the result of each parts of experiment show that the temperature rises from its initial
temperature to the final temperature. The value of enthalpy change in Part A is ΔH =
-25.104 kJ/mol. Then, the value enthalpy for Part B is ΔH = -41.84 kJ/mol and for Part C is
ΔH = -58.756kJ/mol. Therefore, it can be conclude that the value of enthalpy change of sum
in Part A and Part B is not equal to the value of enthalpy in Part C. Based on theory stated
that the value of sum Part A and Part B must be equal to the value of Part C. So, the
reaction do not obey to Hess’s Law due to error that can affect the result. There were
several possible error during the experiment which were the solution of reaction does not
fully dissolved which can affect the value of temperature, heat loss during stirring of the
solution which can exposed to air in room temperature and contaminate all of the
glassware.

There was some recommendation in order to overcome error during

conducting the experiment. Firstly, to ensure the solution must be stirred by using
glassrod until it is fully dissolved before recording the final temperature. Other than
that, always to make sure switch off the air conditioner in order to prevent the loss of
heat during the stirring of solution which can expose to air at room temperature.
Lastly, to ensure the temperature changes more accurate the digital thermometer
needed to be used instead of a simple thermometer.
7.0 TUTORIAL

Pre-lab Question
1. Define the term “calorimeter”.

An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat involved in a chemical reaction or

other process.

2. State the units of energy normally used to measure heat.

Heat is measuring in quantities called Joules in the metric system. Heat can also be
measured in calories.

3. Explain the concept of Hess Law.

Hess’ Law or constant heat summation states that regardless at the multiple stages
or steps at a reaction. The total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all
change. This law is manifestation that enthalpy is a state function.

Post-lab Question
1. Write all ionic equations for the three reactions in the experiment.

Part A
NaOH (s) + H2O (l) = Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H2O (l)
Part B

NaOH (l) + HCl (l) = Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)
Part C
NaOH (s) + HCl (l) = Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

2. List down all possible sources of error in the experiment.

i. Sensitivity of equipment – Analytical balance when weight of solid NaOH

ii. Human error – using pipette
iii. Heat loss during stir the solution which can exposed to air in room
temperature.
iv. The solution not fully dilute.
v. Contaminate of glassware.

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8.0 REFERENCES

1. What is Enthalpy - Definition of Enthalpy - Nuclear Power. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-
physics/what-is-enthalpy/

2. Developments in Physical & Theoretical Chemistry. (2018). Physical Chemistry of

Gas-Liquid Interfaces, ii. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textb
ook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermod
ynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hess's_Law

3. Ball, D. W., & Key, J. A. (2014, September 16). Hess's Law. Retrieved from
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/hesss-law-2/

4. Heat of Neutralization: HCl(aq) NaOH(aq). (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://chemdemos.uoregon.edu/demos/Heat-of-Neutralization-HClaq-NaOHaq

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