T E C H N I C A L A N D T R A D E

I N F O R M AT I O N

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Mathematical Symbols

Frustum of a Right Cone Pythagoras Theorem

Apex Height = H, H = D x h a = √c2 - b2
D-d b = √c2 - a2
Side Height = SH, c = √a2 + b2
SH = √R2 + h2
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Frustum of an Oblique Cone Square Plate from

Apex Height = H, Circular Plate
For the area of the
H=Dxh largest square plate
D-d that can be cut
from a circular plate
Horizontal
Distance = Y, A = D2
Y=DxS 2
Length of side of largest square plate.
D-d S = 0.7071 x D, D = 1.4142 x S 367
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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Geometric Shapes - Perimeters and Areas

Perimeter = P Area = A
A=SxS
Square P=4xS or
A = S2

Rectangle P = 2 (B + H) A=BxH

A=BxH
Triangle P = Sum of 3 sides 2

A = √S (S - a) (S - b) (S - c)
Scalene Triangle P=a+b+c
S=a+b+c

Equilateral Triangle P=3xS A = 0.433 x S2

2

P=πxD A = π x D2
4
Circle or
D D=P
π A = π R2

A = H x (L + B)
Trapezium P = Sum of 4 Sides 2
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

Hexagon P=6xS A = 0.866 x B2

A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Octagon P=8xS A = 0.828 x L2

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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Geometric Shapes - Surface Area, Length of Welding and Volumes

Surface Area = SA Volume = V

Length of Welding = LW

Rectangular &
Square Tanks SA = 2 (L x B) + 2 (L x H) + 2 (B x H)
V=LxBxH
LW = 4L + 4B + 4H

Cylinder V = π x R2 x H
SA = π x D x H + 2 x π x D2
4 or
LW = 2 x π x D + H
V = 0.7854 x D2 x H

Cone SA = π x D x SH + π x D2 V = π x R2 x H
2 4 3
SH = √H2 + R2 or
LW = π x D = SH V = 0.2618 x D2 x H

Sphere
V = π x D3
SA = π x D2 6
or
V = 0.5236 x D3

Annulus SA = π x MD x W
or
SA = π (D2 - d2)
or 4
SA = 0.7854 (D2 - d2)

Hollow Cylinder V = π x H (D2 - d2)

or
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

V = 0.7854 x H (D2 - d2)

A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Triangular Prism
V=HxBxL
2

1 m3 contains 1000 litres.

1 litre of water has a mass of 1kg.
1 m3 of water has a mass of 1000 kg N.B. π = 3.1416 369
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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Common Welding Conversion Data
Electrode Sizes Pack Weights Pack Weights Lengths
Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Metric Imperial Imperial Metric
Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit
.025” 0.6mm 1lb .45kg 1kg 2.20lb 2” 50.8mm
.030” 0.8mm 2lb .91kg 2.5kg 5.50lb 4” 101.6mm
.035” 0.9mm 5lb 2.27kg 5kg 11.02lb 6” 152.4mm
.040” 1.0mm 10lb 4.54kg 10kg 22.05lb 8” 203.4mm
.045” 1.2mm 16lb 7.26kg 15kg 33.07lb 10” 254mm
.052” 1.3mm 20lb 9.07kg 17kg 37.48lb 12” 304.8mm
1/16” 1.6mm 25lb 11.34kg 25kg 55.11lb 14” 355.6mm
5/64” 2.0mm 30lb 13.61kg 30kg 66.14lb 15” 381mm
3/32” 2.4mm 33lb 14.97kg 50kg 110.23lb 16” 406.4mm
7/64” 2.8mm 40lb 18.14kg 60kg 132.27lb 17” 431.8mm
.120” 3.0mm 45lb 21.77kg 70kg 154.32lb 18” 457.2mm
1/8” 3.2mm 50lb 22.68kg 100kg 220.46lb 20” 508mm
5/32” 4.0mm 250lb 113.40kg 250kg 551.15lb 22” 558.8mm
3/16” 4.8mm 400lb 181.44kg 300kg 661.37lb 26” 660.4mm
7/32” 5.6mm 500lb 226.80kg 500kg 1102.29lb 30” 762mm
1/4” 6.4mm 600lb 272.16kg 810kg 1785.71lb 36” 914.4mm
5/16” 8.0mm 700lb 317.52kg 918kg 2023.81lb 39” 990.6mm
3/8” 9.5mm 1000lb 453.60kg 1000kg 2204.58lb 40” 1016mm

Conversion Data
Imperial to Metric Metric to Imperial Imperial to Metric Metric to Imperial
Length Weight & Gas Flow
inch x 25.4 = mm mm x 0.0394 = inch oz x 28.349 = grams grams x 0.035 = oz
inch x 2.54 = cm cm x 0.394 = inch stones x 6.350 = kg kg x 0.157 = stones
feet x 0.3048 = metre metre x 3.281 = feet lb x 0.4536 = kg kg x 2.2045 = lb
mile x 1.609 = km km x 0.621 = miles cft/hr x 0.4719 = L/min L/min x 2.119 = cft/hr
Energy & Speed Pressure & Stress
ft.lb x 1.35582 = joules joules x 0.73756 = ft.lb psi x 6.895 = kPa kPa x 0.14504 = psi
ft/min x 0.305 = m/min m/min x 3.281 = ft/min psi x 0.006895 = MPa MPa x 145.04 = psi
in/sec x 2.54 = cm/sec cm/sec x 0.394 = in/sec psi x 0.006895 = N/mm2 N/mm2 x 145.04 = psi
in/min x 0.423 = mm/sec mm/sec x 0.394 = in/min psi x 0.0703 = kg/cm2 kg/cm2 x 14.223 = psi
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

in/min x 0.0254 = m/min m/min x 393.78 = in/min ksi x 6.895 = MPa MPa x 0.14504 = ksi
Deposition Rate Heat Input = Joules (Volts x Amps x 60 ÷ WFS)
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

lb/hr x 0.4536 = kg/hr kg/hr x 2.2045 = lb/hr J/inch x 39.37 = J/metre J/metre x .0254 = J/inch

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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Inch to Millimetre Conversion
INCHES mm INCHES mm
1/64 .0156 .40 .5118 13
.0197 .5 33/64 .5156 13.10
1/32 .0313 .79 17/32 .5313 13.49
.0394 1 .5315 13.5
3/64 .0469 1.19 35/64 .5469 13.89
.0591 1.5 .5512 14
1/16 .0625 1.59 9/16 .5625 14.29
5/64 .0781 1.98 .5709 14.5
.0787 2 37/64 .5781 14.68
3/32 .0938 2.38 .5906 15
.0984 2.5 19/32 .5938 15.08
7/64 .1094 2.78 39/64 .6094 15.48
.1181 3 .6102 15.5
1/8 .1250 3.18 5/8 .6250 15.88
.1378 3.5 .6299 16
9/64 .1406 3.57 41/64 .6406 16.27
5/32 .1563 3.97 .6496 16.5
.1575 4 21/32 .6563 16.67
11/64 .1719 4.37 .6693 17
.1772 4.5 43/64 .6719 17.07
3/16 .1875 4.76 11/16 .6875 17.46
.1969 5 .6890 17.5
13/64 .1969 5.16 45/64 .7031 17.86
.2031 5.5 .7087 18
7/32 .2188 5.56 23/32 .7188 18.26
15/64 .2344 5.95 .7283 18.5
.2362 6 47/64 .7344 18.65
1/4 .2500 6.35 .7480 19
.2559 6.5 3/4 .7500 19.05
17/64 .2656 6.75 49/64 .7656 19.45
.2756 7 .7677 19.5
9/32 .2813 7.14 25/32 .7813 19.84
.2953 7.5 .7874 20
19/64 .2969 7.54 51/64 .7969 20.24
5/16 .3125 7.94 .8071 20.5
.3150 8 13/16 .8125 20.64
21/64 .3281 8.33 .8268 21
.3346 8.5 53/64 .8281 21.03
11/32 .3438 8.73 27/32 .8438 21. 43
.3543 9 .8465 21.5
23/64 .3594 9.13 55/64 .8594 21.83
.3740 9.5 .8661 22
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

3/8 .3750 9.53 7/8 .8750 22.23

25/64 .3906 9.92 .8858 22.5
.3937 10 57/64 .8906 22.62
13/32 .4063 10.32 .9055 23
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

.4134 10.5 29/32 .9063 23.02

27/64 .4219 10.72 59/64 .9219 23.42
.4331 11 .9252 23.5
7/16 .4375 11.11 15/16 .9375 23.81
.4528 11.5 .9449 24
29/64 .4531 11.51 61/64 .9531 24.21
15/32 .4688 11.91 .9646 24.5
.4724 12 31/32 .9688 24.61
31/64 .4844 12.30 .9843 25
.4921 12.5 63/64 .9844 25
1/2 .5000 12.7 1.0000 25.4 371
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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Conversion Tables - Travel and Wire Feed Speeds

Inches Feet mm cm Metres Metres

per min per hour per min per min per min per hour
3 15 75 7.5 .075 4.5
4 20 100 10.0 .100 6.0
5 25 125 12.5 .125 7.5
6 30 150 15.0 .150 9.0
8 40 205 20.5 .205 12.3
10 50 255 25.5 .255 15.3
12 60 305 30.5 .305 18.3
14 70 355 35.5 .355 21.3
16 80 405 40.5 .405 24.3
18 90 455 45.5 .455 27.3
20 100 510 51.0 .510 30.6
22 110 560 56.0 .560 33.6
24 120 610 61.0 .610 36.6
26 130 660 66.0 .660 39.6
28 140 710 71.0 .710 42.6
30 150 760 76.0 .760 45.6
32 160 810 81.0 .810 48.6
34 170 865 86.5 .865 51.9
36 180 915 91.5 .915 54.9
38 190 965 96.5 .965 57.9
40 200 1015 101.5 1.015 60.9
45 225 1150 115.0 1.150 69.0
50 250 1275 127.5 1.275 76.5
55 276 1400 140.0 1.400 84.0
60 300 1525 152.5 1.525 91.5
65 325 1650 165.0 1.650 99.0
70 350 1775 177.5 1.775 107.0
75 375 1900 190.0 1.900 114.0
80 400 2030 203.0 2.03 122.0
85 425 2160 216.0 2.16 129.5
90 450 2285 228.5 2.29 137.5
95 475 2410 241.0 2.41 144.5
100 500 2540 254.0 2.54 152.5

Inches/ Metres/ Inches/ Metres/ Inches/ Metres/

min. min. min. min. min. min.
110 2.80 200 5.10 425 10.80
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

120 3.05 225 5.70 450 11.45

130 3.30 250 6.35 475 12.10
140 3.55 275 7.00 500 12.70
150 3.80 300 7.60 525 13.30
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

160 4.05 325 8.25 550 13.95

170 4.30 350 8.90 575 14.60
180 4.55 375 9.50 600 15.25
190 4.90 400 10.15 625 15.90

Some of the above figures are “rounded”.

Conversion: Inches/min. x 5 = Feet/Hour

mm/min. x .6 = Metres/Hour
372 Inches/min. x 25.4 = mm/min.
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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Metric Multiplying Factors
Name Prefix Symbol Value
Mega M x106
Kilo k x103
Hecto h x102
Deca da x10
deci d x10-1
centi c x10-2
milli m x10-3
micro µ x10-6

Symbols for Elements

Ac Actinium Ge Germanium Pr Praseodymium
Ag Silver H Hydrogen Pt Platinum
Al Aluminium He Helium Pu Plutonium
Am Americium Hf Hafnium Ra Radium
Ar Argon Hg Mercury Rb Rubidium
As Arsenic Ho Holmium Re Rhenium
At Astatine I Iodine Rh Rhodium
Au Gold In Indium Rn Radon
B Boron Ir Iridium Ru Ruthenium
Ba Barium K Potassium S Sulphur
Be Beryllium Kr Krypton Sb Antimony
Bi Bismuth La Lanthanum Sc Scandium
Bk Berkelium Li Lithium Se Selenium
Br Bromine Lr Lawrencium Si Silicon
C Carbon Lu Lutetium Sm Samarium
Ca Calcium Md Mendelevium Sn Tin
Cd Cadmium Mg Magnesium Sr Strontium
Ce Cerium Mn Manganese Ta Tantalum
Cf Californium Mo Molybdenum Tb Terbium
Cl Chlorine N Nitrogen Tc Technetium
Cm Curium Na Sodium Te Tellurium
Co Cobalt Nb Niobium Th Thorium
Cr Chromium Nd Neodymium Ti Titanium
Cs Caesium Ne Neon Tl Thallium
Cu Copper Ni Nickel Tm Thulium
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

Dy Dysprosium No Nobelium U Uranium

Er Erbium Np Neptunium V Vanadium
Es Einsteinium O Oxygen W Tungsten
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Eu Europium Os Osmium Xe Xenon

F Fluorine Ph Phosphorus Y Yttrium
Fe Iron Pa Protactinium Yb Ytterbium
Fm Fermium Pb Lead Zn Zinc
Fr Francium Pd Palladium Zr Zirconium
Ga Gallium Pm Promethium
Gd Gadolinium Po Polonium

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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Comweld Rods per kg.
Diameter Steel Copper and Aluminium Cast Iron
mm (750 mm) Bronze (750 mm) (1 metre) (700 mm)
1.6 84 68 185 -
2.4 37 34 82 -
3.2 21 19 46 -
5.0 9 8 19 8
6.3 5.5 5 12 4.3

Chart shows approximate number of COMWELD welding rods per kg.

Physical Properties of Metals

Element and Atomic Melting *Specific Density
Symbol
Aluminium (Al)
Weight
26.97
Point C
660
˚ Heat
0.211
gms/cm3
2.78
Antimony (Sb) 121.76 630 0.050 6.68
Barium (Ba) 137.36 704 0.068 3.75
Bismuth (Bi) 209.00 271 0.030 9.80
Cadmium (Cd) 112.41 321 0.056 8.64
Caesium (Cs) 132.91 30 0.054 1.87
Calcium (Ca) 40.08 850 0.158 1.55
Cerium (Ce) 140.13 804 0.045 6.92
Chromium (Cr) 52.01 1800 0.111 7.1
Cobalt (Cp) 58.94 1492 0.103 8.6
Copper (Cu) 63.54 1083 0.093 8.93
Gold (Au) 197.0 1063 0.031 19.32
Iridium (Ir) 192.2 2443 0.031 22.65
Iron, Wrought (Fe) 55.85 1535 0.109 7.87
Lead (Pb) 207.21 327 0.031 11.37
Magnesium (Mg) 24.32 650 0.245 1.74
Manganese (Mn) 54.94 1240 0.107 7.44
Mercury (Hg) 200.61 -39 0.033 13.56
Molybdenum (Mo) 95.95 2625 0.065 10.0
Nickel (Ni) 58.69 1453 0.109 8.9
Platinium (Pt) 195.09 1769 0.032 21.45
Potassium (K) 39.1 63 0.177 0.862
Rhodium (Rh) 102.91 1960 0.058 12.41
Silver (Ag) 107.88 961 0.056 10.5
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

Sodium (Na) 22.991 98 0.296 0.971

Strontium (Sr) 87.63 770 - 2.6
Tellerium (Te) 127.61 452 0.048 6.24
Tin (Sn) 118.70 232 0.056 7.29
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Titanium (Ti) 47.90 1660 0.126 4.5

Tungsten (W) 183.92 3380 0.034 19.3
Uranium (U) 238.07 1132 0.028 18.7
Vanadium (V) 50.95 1730 0.115 6.0
Zinc (Zn) 65.38 419 0.094 7.1

*In cal / gm / ˚C

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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Comparison of Hardness Scales

Vickers hardness Brinell (steel ball HB) Rockwell hardness Approx. Tensile
(diamond pyramid) 3000 kg load (direct reading test) Strength MPa
H.V. 30 kg load HRc

100 95 - 327
120 115 - 393
140 135 - 455
160 150 - 527
180 170 - 598
200 190 - 658
220 210 - 723
240 230 20 780
260 250 24 850
280 265 27 923
300 285 30 972
320 305 32 1041
340 320 34 1102
360 340 37 1166
380 360 39 1231
400 380 41 1290
420 395 43 1355
440 415 45 1417
460 435 46 1481
480 450 48 1546
500 470 49 1610
520 485 51 1674
540 505 52 1739
560 520 53 1802
580 535 54 1868
600 520 55 1922
620 535 56 1984
640 550 57 2015
660 565 58 2069
680 580 59 2108
700 590 60 2150
725 605 61 -
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

750 615 62 -
800 625 64 -
850 640 66 -
900 - 67 -
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

950 - 68 -
1000 - 69 -
1100 - 71 -
1200 - 72 -

NOTE: Figures quoted are only approximate.

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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

MASSES OF COMMON METALS
Specific Gravity kg / m3 gms / cm3
Cast Iron 7.68 7688 7.67
Steel 7.85 7849 7.85
Copper 8.94 8938 8.91
Tin Bronze 8.89 8899 8.9
Brass 8.41 8441 8.44
Zinc 7.14 6887 6.86
Aluminium 2.69 2691 2.7
Lead 11.34 11373 11.37
Magnesium 1.74 1746 1.74
Titanium 4.51 4517 4.51
Tin 7.30 7304 7.30
Stainless Steel (18/8) 7.93 7929 7.93
Stainless Steel (16%Cr) 7.75 7720 7.72
Stainless Steel (27%Cr) 7.61 7576 7.58
Aluminium bronze 8.15 8089 8.11
Phosphor bronze 8.85 8842 8.82
Manganese bronze 8.35 8329 8.30
Cupro-nickel 8.95 8970 8.94
Nickel Silver 8.75 8730 8.71
Everdur 8.55 8521 8.52
Cusilman 8.55 8521 8.52
Nickel 8.91 8858 8.85
Monel 8.85 8810 8.80
Inconel 8.55 8521 8.52
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES
TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
To find a temperature conversion, read the centre column (the bold numbers) and read to the left side
˚ ˚ ˚
for degrees Celsius ( C) or the right side for degrees Fahrenheit ( F). eg. 10 F, reading the bold number,
˚ ˚ ˚
equals -12.2 C in the left column, or 10 C reading the bold number, equals 50 F in the right column.

˚ C
˚˚ F
C
˚ F ˚ C
˚˚ F
C
˚ F
-101 -150 -238 5.00 41 105.8
-95.6 -140 -220 5.56 42 107.6
-90.0 -130 -202 6.11 43 109.4
-84.4 -120 -184 6.67 44 111.2
-78.9 -110 -166 7.22 45 113.0
-73.3 -100 -148 7.78 46 114.8
-67.8 -90 -130 8.33 47 116.6
-62.2 -80 -112 8.89 48 118.4
-56.7 -70 -94 9.44 49 120.2
-51.1 -60 -76 10.0 50 122.0
-45.6 -50 -58 10.6 51 123.8
-40.0 -40 -40 11.1 52 125.6
-34.4 -30 -22 11.7 53 127.4
-28.9 -20 -4 12.2 54 129.2
-23.3 -10 14 12.8 55 131.0
-17.8 0 32 13.3 56 132.8
-17.2 1 33.8 13.9 57 134.6
-16.7 2 35.6 14.4 58 136.4
-16.1 3 37.4 15.0 59 138.2
-15.6 4 39.2 15.6 60 140.0
-15.0 5 41.0 16.1 61 141.8
-14.4 6 42.8 16.7 62 143.6
-13.9 7 44.6 17.2 63 145.4
-13.3 8 46.4 17.8 64 147.2
-12.8 9 48.2 18.3 65 149.0
-12.2 10 50 18.9 66 150.8
-11.7 11 51.8 19.4 67 152.6
-11.1 12 53.6 20.0 68 154.4
-10.6 13 55.4 20.6 69 156.2
-10.0 14 57.2 21.1 70 158.0
-9.44 15 59.0 21.7 71 159.8
-8.89 16 60.8 22.2 72 161.6
-8.33 17 62.6 22.8 73 163.4
-7.78 18 64.4 23.3 74 165.2
-7.22 19 66.2 23.9 75 167.0
-6.67 20 68.0 24.4 76 168.8
-6.11 21 69.8 25.0 77 170.6
-5.56 22 71.6 25.6 78 172.4
-5.00 23 73.4 26.1 79 174.2
-4.44 24 75.2 26.7 80 176.0
-3.89 25 77.0 27.2 81 177.8
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

-3.33 26 78.8 27.8 82 179.6

-2.78 27 80.6 28.3 83 181.4
-2.22 28 82.4 28.9 84 183.2
-1.67 29 84.2 29.4 85 185.0
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

-1.11 30 86.0 30.0 86 186.8

-0.56 31 87.8 30.6 87 188.6
0 32 89.6 31.1 88 190.4
0.56 33 91.4 31.7 89 192.2
1.11 34 93.2 32.2 90 194.0
1.67 35 95.0 32.8 91 195.8
2.22 36 96.8 33.3 92 197.6
2.78 37 98.6 33.9 93 199.4
3.33 38 100.4 34.4 94 201.2
3.89 39 102.2 35.0 95 203.0
4.44 40 104.0 35.6 96 204.8
377
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULA: ˚C = 5 x ( ˚F - 32 ) ˚F = ( 9 x ˚C ) + 32
9 5
 T E C H N I C A L A N D T R A D E
I N F O R M AT I O N

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
To find a temperature conversion, read the centre column (the bold numbers) and read to the left side
˚ ˚ ˚
for degrees Celsius ( C) or the right side for degrees Fahrenheit ( F). eg. 250 F, reading the bold number,
˚ ˚ ˚
equals 121 C in the left column, or 10 C reading the bold number, equals 482 F in the right column.

˚ C
˚˚
F
C
˚F ˚ C
˚˚
F
C
˚F
36.1 97 206.6 277 530 986
36.7 98 208.4 282 540 1004
37.2 99 210.2 288 550 1022
38 100 212 293 560 1040
43 110 230 299 570 1058
49 120 248 304 580 1076
54 130 266 310 590 1094
60 140 284 316 600 1112
66 150 302 321 610 1130
71 160 320 327 620 1148
77 170 338 332 630 1166
82 180 356 338 640 1184
88 190 374 343 650 1202
93 200 392 349 660 1220
99 210 410 354 670 1238
100 212 413 360 680 1256
104 220 428 366 690 1274
110 230 446 371 700 1292
116 240 464 377 710 1310
121 250 482 382 720 1328
127 260 500 388 730 1346
132 270 518 393 740 1364
138 280 536 399 750 1382
143 290 554 404 760 1400
149 300 572 410 770 1418
154 310 590 416 780 1436
160 320 608 421 790 1454
166 330 626 427 800 1472
171 340 644 432 810 1490
177 350 662 438 820 1508
182 360 680 443 830 1526
188 370 698 449 840 1544
193 380 716 454 850 1562
199 390 734 460 860 1580
204 400 752 466 870 1598
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

210 410 770 471 880 1616

216 420 788 477 890 1634
221 430 806 482 900 1652
227 440 824 488 910 1670
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

232 450 842 493 920 1688

238 460 860 499 930 1706
243 470 878 504 940 1724
249 480 896 510 950 1742
254 490 914 516 960 1760
260 500 932 521 970 1778
266 510 950 527 980 1796
271 520 968 532 990 1814
538 1000 1832
378 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULA: ˚C = 5 x ( ˚F - 32 ) ˚F = ( 9 x ˚C ) + 32
9 5
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I N F O R M AT I O N

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

STRENGTH AND IMPACT ENERGY DATA - CONVERSIONS
STRENGTH CONVERSIONS IMPACT ENERGY CONVERSIONS

lbf/in2
joules ft lbf
(x 1000) kgf/mm2 kgfm
MPa tonf/in2
1400 17
90 200 140 120
1350 160
135 16
85 190
1300
130 150 110
1250 80 180 125 15
1200 120 140
170
1150 75 14 100
115
1100 160 130
70 110 13
1050 150 105 90
65 120
1000 100 12
140
950 95
60 110 80
900 130 11
90
850 55 85 100
120 10
800 80 70
50 110 90
750 75 9
700 45 100 70 60
80
650 65 8
40 90
600 60 70
7 50
550 35 80 55
500 50 60
70 6
30 40
450 45
60 50
400 40 5
25
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

350 50 35 40 30
20 4
300 30
40
25 30
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

250 15 3
30 20
200 20
10 15 2 20
150 20
100 10 10
5 10 1 10
50 5
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Gas Pressures - Gas Welding and Cutting

Gas Welding:
Acetylene Pressure 100 kPa (15 psi)
Oxygen Pressure 100 kPa (15 psi)

Gas Cutting: (Manual)

Acetylene Pressure 100 kPa (15 psi)
Oxygen Pressure 200 kPa (30 psi)

Oxygen Cylinder:
Pressure when full 13700 kPa (Approx. 2000 psi)

Acetylene cylinder:
Pressure when full 1550 kPa (Approx. 200 psi)

Note: 15 psi = 100 kPa

TEMPERATURE INDICATION
Where preheating is required, the use of temperature-indicating crayons is strongly
recommended as combining reasonable accuracy with convenience. Where these are not
available, however, an approximate idea of temperature may be obtained by the use of
temper colours. These are colours produced on a clean surface of the material due to
extremely thin oxide films, and vary in colour with temperature. It should be noted that
various alloying additions can have a marked effect on oxidation, and the colours and
temperatures indicated below apply only to plain carbon or low alloy steels. In order to
obtain a reasonable result the surface should be freshly ground, and care should be taken
to avoid applying heat directly to the ground surface.

TEMPER COLOURS
Pale Straw 200 ˚C
Straw 220 ˚CC
Dark Straw 230 ˚C
Brownish Red 250 ˚C
Violet 280 ˚C
Dark Blue 290 ˚C
˚
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.

Cornflour Blue 300

Pale Blue 320 ˚CC
Greyish Blue 340 ˚
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

These colours are as seen by daylight and apply to plain carbon steels. They also apply only
when the steel has been at temperature for a limited period, prolonged periods producing
a colour indicative of a higher temperature.

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TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULA OF COMMON NAMES

COMMON NAME CHEMICAL NAME FORMULA DESCRIPTION

Muriatic Acid or, Hydrochloric Acid HCl Strongly fuming
Spirits of Salts colourless liquid
Oil of Vitriol Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Heavy, colourless,
viscous liquid
Baking soda Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 White powder
Black lead Carbon or Graphite C Black powder
Bleaching powder Calcium chloro-hypo CaOCI2 White powder smelling
chlorite of chlorine
Bluestone (Blue Vitriol) Copper Sulphate CuSO45H2O Large blue crystals
Caustic Potash Potassium Hydroxide KOH White Deliquescent
powder
Caustic Soda Sodium Hydroxide NaOH White Deliquescent
powder
Chalk, Limestone, Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 White powder; Marble-
Marble (more or less) crystalline form
Epsom Salts Magnesium Sulphate MgSO47H2O Small colourless crystals
Coke, Charcoal Carbon (impure) C Brittle black solid
Chile Saltpeter Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 White crystalline subst.
Condies Crystals Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 Small purple crystals
Glauber Salts Sodium Sulphate Na2SO41OH2O Large, colourless crystals
Green Vitriol Iron sulphate FeSO47H2O Green crystals
Laughing Gas Nitrous Oxide N2O Colourless gas
Lime (quicklime) Calcium Oxide CaO White powder
Limewater Solution of Calcium Ca(OH)2 Clear, bitter liquid
Hydroxide
Liquid Ammonia Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH Strongly fuming liquid
Litharge Lead Monoxide PbO Orange powder
Red lead Triplumbic Tetroxide Pb3O4 Fine, heavy red powder
Sal Ammoniac Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl White crystalline solid
Saltpeter (Nitre) Potassium Nitrate KNO3 Colourless crystals
Slaked Lime Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 White powder
Washing Soda Sodium Carbonate Na2CO31OH2O Large white crystals
Vinegar Acetic Acid (weak) CH3COOH Brown liquid
© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd.
A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

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