Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MACEDO-AROMANII DOBROGENI
THE MACEDO.AROMANIANS
IN DOBRUDJA
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NICOLAECU~A
MACEDO-AROMANII
DOBROGENI
THEMACEDO-AROMANIANS
IN DOBRUDJA
Traducere alltorizatif in limba englezif de
OTILIA-CRISTINA PACEA
EX PONTO
j Constanta 2004
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NICOLAE CU$A .
OTlLlA PACEA
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogenj .
The Macedo-Aromanians ill Dobrudja
7
NICOLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
Note
The Author
8
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni' The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrlldja
\
Universitatea din Bucure$ti. Asistent univer-
-.,J sitar, Universitatea "Dimitrie Cantermir".
,,'
Nota
Considerand ca istoria aromanilor dobrogeni ii preocupa $i pe fratii
lor (aromanii care trdiesc la sudul Dunari; in Bulgaria, Republica
Macedonia, Grecia $; Albania, dar care nu vorbesc sau nu CUlIOSC limba
romana). cat $i pe ceilalti europeni - de ce nu? - cartea de fata a fost
tradllsa in limba engleza;
Am apelat la zm tradllcator autorizat (Absolvent al Universitatii
Bllcllre$ti - Facultatea de limbi $i literaturi straine)
Alltorul
9
NICOLAE CU$A .
OTlUA PACEA
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Macedo-aromiinii dobrogeni. The Macedo-Aromaniallt in nnh,,,,Un
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Macedo-aroma,,;;dobroge,,; .The Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrudja
I. ETNOGENEZA
~I NUMELE
ACESTUINEAM
l. Vezi, pe larg, N. Cusa, "Macedoromanii pe vdi/e is/oriei", 1990, p. 9-33, unde sunt
prezenlate primele documente bizantine care se referii la originea vlahilor din sudul Duniirii,
precum si principale1e opinii ale oamenilor de stiintii legate de etnogeneza aromanilor.
2. Miron Costin, in "De neamul moldovellilor"; Dimitrie Cantemir, in "Hron;cul
vechimii aromallo-moldo-vlahilor"; teorie sustinutii apoi si de Petru Maior, reprezentantul
I . Scolii Ardelene, in "Is/oria pelllrtl IncepulIIl romalli/or III Dacia", care stabilea si perioada in
care s-a produs aceastii stramutare (in timpullui Gallienus - 268-270 - odatii cu marea invazie
a gotilor); de Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu in "S/ra/ si Subs/ra/" din "Etymologicium Magnum
Romalliae" (Buc. 1894, pag. 59-60), numai ca, dupil opinia sa, deplasarea sau migrarea
aromanilor la sudul Dunarii s-a produs odata cu venirea ungurilor.
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Stlldill lillg\'istie aSllpra Romalli/or dill Alballia" (in D. R., 6, 1929) si mai ales "Aromanii.
Dialeetul aromall. Studilllill}1vistie", (Bue. 1932),luerare premiatil de Academia Roman1l.
intr-o ~lt1i lucrarc"Romanitatea bakallieil" (Bue., 1936, pag. 55-57), in legiitur1l eu etno-
geneza aromanilor, afirmu urm1ltoarele: "Pelltm persis/enla /lIIei romallitdli la slldul
Pellinslliei Haical/iee Sllllt mllite motive: fll priml/I rdnd, Illtinderea stdpdnirii romane fll
IIceast/1 parte a peninslliei ell mull Illaillle de el/eerirea Daciei, el/ WI Illeeplll de romanizare,
care 11.0F)st stanjellitcl de ellllllra greaeil Illmilsura In care s-a crezU/ pond aellm; fn al doi/ea
n1nd, fnscI, aelllalele asezdri ale romalli/or (ale aromalli/or, n.)I.) all I/nele urme In unele
loealitilti care fn jorma romdneased (aromdlleaseil, n.n.) Irddeazd 0 origille veehe. (Bdiasa,
Salollie; ~'arJllri de /IIl/lIli: Moasa, Dzdna, Cillma-nalld, SlIma ell bradl/, 011-; ellvilltele suma
si cil/llla lie origine Ia/ind, ell Inleleslll etimologie de Indllime lipsesc dill grail/I lor de as/ilzi."
- dee; sun' euvinle moslenite de aromani in mod nemijloeuit in areste regiuni).
9. FHolog si savant aroman. A aeordat 0 desebitil atentie eereet1\rii limbii aromane. Cea
mai de seamii oper1l a sa ramane "Dicliollarul dialeell/illi aroman gelleral .~ietimologie"(Bue.,
1963), 0 adeviiratii enciclopedie si un instrument indispensabil in cereetarea aeestui idiom. in
studiul intitulat "0 prob/emd de romallitate i/iried" in "Grai si Suf1et", (Bue.. 1923, vol. I, Fusc.
I, pag. 72-75),reicseconeeptiasa cu privirela origineaaromanilor:"Treblliesd admitemdill
Plll/("/de I'edere geografte si 0 romalli/ate existeJl/lIfll sudul ilirie flldirectlI contill/Ii/ateteri/ori-
aill ell Moesia SlIperior. Prill acest sl/d ilirie vreall slI fn/e/eg, fll special, masil'1I1 /IIUII/OSal
Pilldlllrli,/JrecwII si slldlll Albaniei de as/dzi. Estefirese IlIerll sd admi/em cd fll aeeste provillcii
~'iala lIIilitard ea si - jaeto-ipso - eea de eolonii a trebuit sd /rdiascil Ined dill /impl/ri/e acelea
ellcillve romalle,mai mari ,ml/lIIaimid, care si-all pds/ra/ timp de veael/ri de-a ralldlll IlIIreaga
lor illdividllali/ate e/llolillg~'isticdpamlla eOJlSolidarealor IIImuse eompaete, eOllsolidarepro-
dllsil fll IInlla re\'(1rsdrii sail a dizolvlIrii popllialiei dill Moesia fn IUlIgltl Pindllil/i."
to. Ibidem.
11. T. M. Katsoughiannis, "Despre aromallii din linlll/lrile greces/i" I, Contribulie la
cercetarea originii aromiinilor, Salonie, 1964 (in lb. greacii); S. N. Liakos, "Originea
arollllinilor". Salonic, 1965 (in lb. greaca): A. G. Lazarou, "L'arol/maiJlet ses rapports avec Ie
grec", Salonic, 1986.
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrl/dja
Aroman(macedo-aroman)
Arman (macedo-arman)
12. Cf. Nicolae Serban Tanasoca, in "Studii istorice privi/oare la trecl/tIIl romani/or, de
peste DI/nilre", 1984, p. 8.
13. Cf. Matilda Caragiu Marioteanu, "Dictionar aroman", 1977, p. 440.
14. Aromiina, meglenita, si istriana, impreuna cu limba romana sunt dialecte ale limbii
comune: protoromana sau straromana. Ele nu sunt dialecte ale limbii romane cum au sustinut
unii lingvisti romiini.
IS. Vezi, pe larg, Matilda Caragiu Marioteanu, op. cit., pag. 439-448.
16. De aceea am consideral mai concludent termenul macedo-aroman, comparativ cu
numele de macedo-vlah.
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Arman estesingurulnumeacceptat~i
utilizat detoti romanii211
17. Cf. Tcodor Capidan, "Aromclllii. Dialecll/l aroman. S/Udi/llingvis/ic", 1932, pag. 8;
rcpublicala dc Juslina Burd si Camclia Ziibavil, cu 0 prefata de Lueian Chisu, 200 1.
18. Cf. Teodor Capidan, "Macedoromanii. EI/lograjie, is/orie,/imbif", 1942, pag.40-47.
19. Ibidem.
20. Esle cunoscul fJlplul ca in lucrarile de specialilale (vezi Teodor Capidan,
..Aromanii , pag. 3-7. Max Demeler Peyfuss, "Che.5/i/lnea aromaneasca", Ed. Enciclo-
pcdid. Huc., 1994. pag. 12, lradusa de Nicolae Serban Tanasoca). se invocil, pc bunil drcplale,
faplul cil ffirsirotii(ffirsirotil'i) sc numesc ci insisi nu aromani, ci rrilmilrii, deoareee ei nu eunose
fenomcnul proleetici lui Ial (inainle de II'I prcluand din albanezil fenomenul putcmic Irrl (pro-
nuntandu-I de fapl ea pc un Iyl aromanese, asemanalor ea in limba franeezil).
Aeesl fenomen insa era valabil numai pcnlru filrsirotii din Albania. Farsirotii din Oreeia
n-au folosil acesl fenomcn pUlernic rulant (rr), ei isi spuneau simplu - ruman. in familia mea:
lala, Anaslase Cusa (1919-1985; naseul in Oramolicova, Orceia), mama, Florica Cusa (1925-
1994; naseuta Rosu, in Patieina, Oreeia) - pur farsiroleasea, unde s-a vorbil si se vorbeSle si
a:li aromana, n-am auzil aeesl fenomcn [posibil sil fi fosl folosil (?) eu 100-200 de ani in urmil,
dal fiind faplul ca loti fiirsirolii sun I originari din Albanial. Revenind la eei din Albania, in
1990 si 1992. eu oea7ia Vi7ilclor pc care Ie-am inlIeprins in areasla lara, am conslalal ca nici cj nu
mai [oloseau in vorbirc aces I fenolllcn. adoplascril si ci numelc dc arman (chiar dad\ uncori,
18
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Macedo-aromall;; dob/'Ogell; .
TIle Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dob,."dja
unii dimre ei il pronunlau in mod grcsit "armell "). PlisOlii - ffusirolii din Albania slabilili in
Dobrogea -,Ia fel. Au adoplat cu lotii, deci, lermenul de arman si livrescul aroman.
21. Cf. "Die/iollarul expliealiv allimbii rOil/aile" (D.EX.), 1996, p. 60.
22. Primul a fosl Guslav Weigand, profesor la Universilaleil din Lcipzig; a scris mai
multc lucrari Sliinlifice despre aromani pc baza studiilor inlreprinse la fala locului. Lucrarca sa
fundamenlala: "Die ArOIl/I/1/ell: EII/llograpliiscli - philo[ogish - IIis/orisehe Ulllersuehllllgell
iiber das Volk der sogellolllllell Makedo-Romallell oder Zillzorell", 2 vol, Leipzig, 1895.
23. Aromani in limba romana, aroumains in limba franceza, ammunen in limba ger-
mana, aromcni in limba ilaliana, aromanian in limba engleza.
24. Macedo-romani, romani macedoneni, maccdoneni, romani sudici. vlahi macedo-
ncni, romani balcanici etc.
25. Aromani traiesc si in S.U.A., in orasclc New York, SI. Francisco, SI. Louis, Bridge-
Port, in Australia. in McI~ourne si Sydney; sporadic in uncle state occidentale.
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aroll/anians in Dobrlldja
Far~erotii - Far~irotii
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NICOLAE CU$A . OTILIA PACEA
8. loan Caragiani, "S/udii iSlOrice asupra romani/or din Peninsula Ba/canicit", 1929,
pag. 4-5, 6-7.
9. loan Ncnitescu, "De /a romanii din Turcia Europeanit. Studiu etnic si statistic
asupra aromani/or", 1895, pag. 27.
10. Adidl in Epirul albanez si in toata partea de sud si centralli a Albaniei. In lucrarea
noastra, "Aromanii (macedonenii) fn Romania", Ed. Muntenia, Constanta, 1996, la pag. 13,
am conscmnat cifra de 400.000 de aromani in Albania (pc baza informaliilor primite in anul
1992). Cu prudenla perspectivei de astazi, lipsita de entuziasm sau atasament, yom spune ca
numarul lor se poale aprecia inlre 200.000 si 300.000 de sul1ete.
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NICOLAE CU:$A . OT/LIA PACEA
II. loan Ninitescu, in op. dr., cap. XV, p. 401-433, pomenindu-Ie, nu comenteaz1\ exis-
lenla farsirotilor in aceasl1\ zon1\. Este posibil s1\ fi exislal consangeni de-ai lor din limpuri
Slrilvcchi, mai ales eii I. N. ne spline cii pc la 1892 inlre raurile Bileasa si Sarantaporos se aflau
multe familii de mrsiroti nefixati insil in sale.
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Macedo-aromall;; dobrogetli . The Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrudja
12. Am atlat de acest episod, ciit si despre exodul fiirsirotilor din Albania, de la bunieul
meu Mita Cusa (1884-1977), fiu al celnicului Anastase Cusa, intemeietor al eomunei
Gramoticova. Familia noastra de Ciirsiroti, cu aproape 200 de ani in urma, se atla in sudul
Albaniei, intr-un sat numit Butca, nu departe dc Frasari, de unde si numele de Butcaru pc care
I-a purtat in Albania. Dupa ec s-au stabilit in muntii Murihova si-au sehimbat numele de
BUlcaru, in aeela de Cusa, dupa prcnumcle tatalui celnicului Anastasc, loan, care la aromiinii
fiirsiroti cste sinonim cu Nachi sau Cusa; intocmai ca la turci, aromiinii, pc vremuri isi declinau
identitatea dupa prcnumele tatalui, bunicului, strabunicului. Dc pilda atunci ciind tatal meu,
eopil fiind, era intrebat: «AI cui esti?", el raspundea: «Sunt fiullui Mita al Tasi (Anastase) al
Naehi (Cusa)".
13. Cf. Constantin Colimitra, Farscrotii, 1996, Cap. "indeletniciri si averi". Cartca este
tiparita in regie proprie, rara cditura si paginatie. Acest lucru nu-i stirbcste eu nimic valoarea
sa, autorul reusind sa realizeze 0 splendida monografie a comunei Pleasa.
Ar fi dc ad1lugat, desigur, faptul c1I autorul, in incheierea monografiei intreprinde si
unele ineursiuni istorice cu privire la aromiini, sustinute cu argumcnte motivate superficial (in
favoarea integritatii ctnice), de genul "traistei" (desaga in rom.), martisorul...; aprecierea c1I
aromiinii ar fi "cel putin 2 milioane", ca aromiinii ar fi "urmasi ai noului popor daco-romiin
n1lscut din fericita incrucisare intre dad si romani"...
14. Cf. Nicolac Saramandu, "Studii aromiinc si meglenoromane", 2003,pag. 25.
15. Cf. C. Colimitr~, op. cit.
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Particularitati
26
Macedo-aromiillii dobrogellj .
The Macedo-Aromallilllls ill Dobrlldja
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NICOLAE CU$A . OTlLlA PACEA
s-au incuscrit cu membrii vreunei alte natiuni, ba mai mult, nici macar cu
aromani din aha tulpina, chiar si atunci dnd traiau in acelasi sat sau
comuna. Dorinta lor de libertate absoluta i-a determinat probabil sa fie
mai putin religiosi si mai mult liberi cugetatori 17, cunoscut fiind faptul ca
biserica era subordonata Patriarhiei grecesti de la Constantinopol, iar
preotii predicau slujba in limba greaca. Aveau chiar aversiune pentru popi
si calugari, circuland in randurile lor un "blestem" in acest sens: "Preftu
sa-n'i ti ved!" (Vedea-te-as popa!)18.
Doua elemente ale portului fiirserotesc sunt demne de consemnat.
Unul ar fi faptul di portul (costumul) barbiitesc este in intregime de culoare
alba - mostenire romana evidenta -, iar al doilea este acela ca femeile
fiirseroate purtau pe cap 0 podoaba, numita ciceroana sau titeroana in
aromana, podoabil inexsistenta la alte popoare din Balcani, despre care I.
Nenitescu afirma:" Un fel de conulnac din lI1naImpodobit cu bani de aur.
Aceasta gateala au adus-o cu numele Inca de pe vremea lui Caezar si
comallecl/l dceroana era atund a la mode, raspandit si pe la tara In [talia,
fiindca poate nevasta lui Cicerone Ii dadu 0 noua forma" 19.
Tot I. Nenitescu spune despre ei ca obisnuiesc sa spuna: "alba s'hie",
adica alba sa-ti fie viata si traiul, in loc de multumesc pe care aromanii
nu-I au in IimbiL Ceilati aromani pentru multumesc intrebuinteaza greces-
cuI efharisto20. Filri;lerotii evitau cuvintele grecesti. lntr-adevar, dar,
adaugam noi, "alba s'hie" era folosit doar de fiirsirotii din Macedonia. Cei
din Grecia (din Paticina, Gramoticova, Cilndrova, Caterina) pe care
Nenitescu nu i-a vizitat in ciilatoria sa din 1892, ou-I foloseau. Ei, ca de
altfel i;lialti aromani, fiirseroti sau nefiirsiroti, pentru multumesc obii;lnuiau
si obisnuiesc i;liastazi, cand vorbesc armaneste intre ei, sa adreseze 0
dorinta de bine (0 urare). Cele mai folosite sunt: "s-banedz", adica "sa
traiesti", "hiirios (oasa)" , adidi "bucuros (bucuroasa) sa fii".
Culoarea alba insa, asa cum constata Nenitescu in lucrarea sa, la
fari;lerotiera foarte pretuitiL Mireasa cilnd facea primul pas in casa viitorului
17. I. Ncnitescu, op. Cil., pag. 29; si Ion Caragiani, S.I.P.B., pag. 4-5.
18. Anastase Hiiciu,A.C1A., pag. 145.
19. I. Nenitescu, D.R.T.E.. pag. 174; si 1. Caragiani, op. cil., pag. 65, care afirma ca
titeroana provine de la Cicero; Dimitrie Abeleanu, "Neamul aromiinesc din Macedonia", pag. 43.
20. I. Ncni\escu, lac.cil.
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Macedo-aroma,,;; dobroge"i .The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
Far~erotii - Far~erotii
din Dobrogea
21. Ibidem.
22. Nicolae Saramandu, in S.A.M., pag. 25, adauga d\ localil1\li de provenienla pentru
ffirserolii din Dobrogca, Papadia si Felila. Din documentele cercctale (Arhivcle Stalului. fond
ONAC) rezulta ca din localilatea Papadia au venit in Dobrogea doar 4 familii iar din localitatea
Fetila numai doua.
23. Gramoticova de Sus aproape ca nu mai exisla. A fost parasita in intregime. Toli
farserolii de aici au cmigral in Dobrogea.
24. Adica regiunea cuprins1\ pe atunci intre Marea lonicii si Marea Egee la vest si la est,
in nord pan!\ in Albania centrala si cursul superior al Vardarului, iar la sud pana in Epir si
Tcsalia. Regiunca Vodena, Veri a si loc. Caterina din Grecia de azi faceau parle si ele din
Macedonia "turceasca". Abia dupa r!\zboaiele balcanice (1912- I 9 I 3), aceste regiuni, impreuna
cu insula Creta, vor intra in componenta statului grec.
25. a parte din randurile lor. Altii s-au asezat in jurul localil1\lii Corila. Vezi mai sus
dcspre cxodullor la subc,\pitolul Farserolii.
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26. Apud Tcodor Capidan, "Romall; lIolllaz;", 1926, pag. 75; Anastasc Hficiu, A.C.I.A.,
pag.221.
27. Cf. Dosar: 76/1947,5311947; 5511947; 30/1947.39/1947.89/1947. Arhivele
StatuJui, Constanla, fond O.N.A.C.
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Macedo-aroma"ii dobroge"i. Tile Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudjll
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Gramustenii
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37. Pentru Gramostea. transpunerea traditiei populare In balada lui N. Vel\!: "Sana ~i
arderea Gramoslei", sugcrcaza si un alt motiv: apararea Sianei. fiica lInui celnic dc catre
gramusteni si de aici razbunarca Illi Ali-Pasa, (eel care si-o dorea In harclllul sau), distrugcrea
Gramostei, adicii (d. Hikiu, p. 139).
38. "Lumina", V, nr. 1/1907.
39. Cf. Cillma al PcnO, "Lumina", V, 1111107,apUlI Hiicill, p. 13\1-140.
34
Macedo-aromallii dobrogelli .
The Mucedo-Aromullialls ill Dobrudja
40. CLI. NenilesclI, op. cil., pag. 384; pcnlru delalii si denllmiri mai aClUalevezi Virgil
Coman, "MeglelloromGlliila illcepll/IIIseeolullli XX", 2003, pag. 149.
41. Cf. Th. Capj~an, "Meglello/"OI/Illllii",I, pag.28.
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Pindenii
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Macedo-aromlinii dobrogelli. The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
Meglenifii(Meglenoromanii)
54. Th. Capidan, "Megleno-romlinii", I. "lslOria si graiullor", Buc. 1923, pag. 57.
Pentru cei interesati a se vedea si Pericie Papahagi, "Meg/ello-Romanii. Studiu etnografico-
fi/%gic", Analele Academiei Romaniei,ser.II,35, 1912-1913.
55. Cf. C. Noe, Ol?cit., pag. 149.
39
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NICOLAE CU$A . OTlLlA PACEA
3. Ibid.
4. Vezi "Macedoromiillii pe vdi/e iSlOriei", pag. 50-56.
5. 0 alta regiunc unde aromanii erau amestecati, dar de data aceasta cu albanezi era
regiunea dintre Berat si tarmul Marii Adriatice.
6. La inceput abecedarele si materialele de studiu erau in aromana, ulterior, s-a introdus
limba romana. Acest lucm nu a adus servicii aromanilor. Introducerea limbii romane in clasele
primare, afirma loan Cardula in lucrarea sa recenta, "lslOria aromiilli/or macedollelli", Editura
Condor, Bue., 2004, pag. 122, a fost 0 decizie "disc/llabild. dacd 1111 erolla/d".
Profesorlll Max Deme/er Peyfllss, III CA.. cOllsiderd cd asemellea specllia/ii corespulld
IIl/llwi IIIparle reali/d/ii", (pag. 72), argumentand ca aromana se foloseste si azi in familie.
Personal, cred ci\ 0 limbii materna - aromana fiind limba malerna penlru loti aromanii -
daeil nu estc studiata in scoala primara, aliituri de limba tarii respective este sortita, cu vremea,
pieirii.
42
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Macedo-aromiinii dobl'Ogeni . The Maeedo-Aromalliam ill Dobrudja
atacul direct. Avand asentimentul tacit al Turciei, care i-a preferat in locul
bulgarilor :>iaromanilor ce actionau pentru autonomie, in anul 1904 s-au
format unitati organizate de andarti. Scopul lor era anihilarea comitagiilor
bulgari, dar mai ales a comunitatilor aromane:>tidin Macedonia. Acestea
din urma, din punct de vedere geografic, erau prime)e '~are Ie stateau in
cale. In satele lor, aromanii erau adevarati stapani asupra versantelor
tesaliote :>iepirote ale Pindului, a trecatorilor,:>i buni cunoscatori ale tuturor
potecilor.7
ACtiunea bandelor grece:>ti(intre 1904-1908) s-a amplificat mai ales
dupa obtinerea unor reale succese pentru aromani: infiintarea consulatului
romanesc la lanina (Yanya), inlocuirea comunitatilor biserice:>ti de pana
atunci prin comunitati civiles, obtinerea iradelei imperiale de la 9/22 mai
1905, prin care aromanii din Imperiul Otoman au fost recunoscuti de Inalta
Poarta (consfintindu-se autonomia lor cu)turala :>ireligioasa).
Dintre atrocitatile savarsite de andarti intre 1905-1908 amintim pe
cele intrepinse asupra localitatilor: Avdela din Pind9, Gramoticova :>i
Paticina din regiunea Vodena \0.
In aceasta stare de lucruri se gasea Macedonia in preajma razboaielor
balcanice II. Marile puteri 12, au intervenit instituind chiar un fel de jan-
darmerie pentru mentinerea lini:>tiiin Macedonia, cu tulburarile sale perma-
nente. Bulgaria reclama ca insuficiente reformele Turciei in Macedonia, iar
Grecia :>iSerbia lansau fiecare noi pretentii. Turcia, la randul ei, acuza pe
toate trei de intretinerea stacii de tensiune in Macedonia.
Primul razboi balcanic s-a inchciat cu infrangerea Turcici. Statele
mentionate, la care se adauga Muntenegru, au obtinut victoria. Tratatul de
la Londra, (mai 1913), consfintea victoria aliantei balcanice asupra Turciei.
7. Ziarul"Dimineata", miercuri. 13 ianuarie 1916.
8. M.D. Peyfuss, CA, pag. 81;
9./bidem, pag. 93.
10. N. Cusa, A.R., pag. 17-20.
II. Desi "lullii /IIrei" (in 1908) au ineereat 0 redresare a situatiei, in speranta pastrarii
statu-quo-ului,evenimcntele aveau sa se precipite tot mai tare.
12. Este vorba de Anglia si Franta, eelelalte, Austro-Ungaria si Rusia, dimpotriva,
avand proprile interese in Balcani, ineilau spiritele. Odata cu declansarca celui de-al doilea
razboi baJcanic, Austro-Ungaria sprijillea Bulgaria, in delrimenlul Serbiei, in limp ce Rusia,
I care nu vedca ell oehi buni infiilltarea unui slat putcnie in Baleani, era de partea Serbiei.
43
1 --- -- ---
NICOLAE CUSA . OTlLlA PACEA
-.-- - --
Macedo-aromanii dobrogelli .
The Macedo-Aronrallialls in Dobrudja
18. Tratatul de pace de la Sevres, 10 august 1920, intrc puterile Antantei si Turcia,
imp1\rtea posesiunile arabe ale Turciei marilor puteri; Grecia obtinea Tracia cu Adrianopolul,
malul european al Dardanelelor, precum si Izmir, cu teriloriile inconjurilloare.
19. in martie 1920, trupele britaniee au ocupat Istanbulu\.
20. Cf. Conslantin Noe, "Colonizarea Cadrilalerului". 1938, pag. 124. Dalele aceslea
au [oSl preluale, spune autorul, din calea lui C. Eve/pidis, "Les Etats BalcGlliques", Paris,
1933.
45
i
NICOLAE CUSA . OTlLlA PACEA
25. Refugiatii n-au fost asezati si in alte regilll1i ale Grcciei,locliite de aromani, Epir de
cxemplu; Cf. si 51. Laseu, op. cit., pag. 30.
26. Cf. Mariana Bara, in "Nico/ae Saramalld,,: Swdii aromalle si meg/elloromiine", din
"Dimandarea", nr. 4, 2004, pag.9-1O.
27. Periodicul "Legionarii", Bazargic, 23 ianuarie 1929.
28. Diseursuri Adunarea Depulatilor 1930, Apud Cusa. "Aromanii", pag. 31.
47
----
NICOLAE CU$A . OTlLlA PACEA
29. Vezi mai sus nota 27, de la subcapitolul "Grail/listen;; din Dobrogea ".
30. Prin nationalizare, sau reforma agrarii, in noul stat creal.
48 I
---... I
Macedo-aromlinii dobrogeni . Tire Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
49
-- -
----
Macedo-aroma"ii dobroge"j .The Macedo-AromaniallS in Dobrudja
I. Teritoriu din sudul Dobrogei de azi allat in poscsia Romaniei in perioada anilor
1913-1940. in prezent se aOa in eomponcnla Bulgariei.
2. in Dobrogca NouA, eum se mai nurnea Cadrilalerul, in afara proprietatii de stat se
allau 5 eatcgorii de proprietali funeiare; "mulk", adica proprietate absoluta, eu iradele (aete) de
la sultan - foarte rara, "mirie", proprietatc aOata in folosinla, eel mai des intalnita, pcntru eare
se platea 0 dare anlicipata iar poscsorii aveau un titlu de eoneesiunc, "mcveufc", tercnuri dc
mana moart1\si inulienabile, "melrukc", tcrenuri pentru uzul public si "mcvat", adic1icele com-
plct neproduetive. Vezi pc larg, "A"alele Dobrogei". IX, vol. II, 1938, "CadrilateruI1938.
Cerllll/lti" .
51
NlCOLAE CU$A . OTILIA PACEA
institutie creata prin a treia lege zisa de complctare din 17 iulie 1930, care s-
a adaugat celor din 1914 si 1924, n.n.), In baza IInllijllrnal al Consiliu/ui de
Ministri". In urma referatului prezentat de Alexandru Constantinescu3,
Consiliul de ministri a adoptat Jurnalul cu Nr. 1698 din 13 iunie 1925.
Potrivit acestui jurnal (care aproba de fapt sus-numitul referat), colonizarile
din Cadrilater trebuiau sa se faca pe terenul domenial al statului (preluarea
treimelor fiind abia in faza de inceput) existent la acea data, respectiv
28.324 ha aflate in Durostor Si 12.780 ha in judetul Caliacra; cu un total de
41.104 ha in ambele judete. Din aceste motive s-a stabilit, prin acelasi jur-
nal ca deocamdata sa fie colonizate 1500 de familii din vechiul regat sil500
de familii de macedoneni emigranti, in baza unor tabele sau tablouri
intocmite de delegatii colonistilor. Colonistii urmau sa primeasdi dite un
lot de 15 ha pentm cei care se vor aseza in apropierea granitei cu Bulgaria Si
10 ha pentru cci ce se vor aseza in interiorul judetelor4. Desi colonistii
aromani cerusera, prin Comitetul de initiativa al aromanilor din Bucuresti5,
acordarea de credite pe termen lung pentru construirea locuintelor si injghe-
barea gospodariilor, transportul gratuit pe mare si pe uscat (C.P.R.), inter-
ventia guvernului Romaniei pe langa guvernul grec pentru rascumpararea
averilor imobiliare parasite, Jurnalul nu pomenea nimic de aceste doleante.
Cu alte cuvinte colonistii trebuiau sa se descurce singuri. Pamiliile aprobate
de aromani urmau sa soseasea treptat, pentru a usura actiunea de repatriere
si improprietarire. Nu s-a intamplat asa, insa. Biroul de colonizare de la
Bucuresti din cadrul Casei Centrale a Improprietaririi avertizase pe
reprezentantii comitetului ca tcrenurile, pc care urma sa se faca colonizarea,
nu puteau ramane nearendate si di, colonistii, dad\ vor sa dobandeasca loturi,
trebuie sa vina pana in 15 martie 19266. Raspandindu-se zvonul, colonistii
---- I
-.------ J
Macedo-aroma"ii dobroge"j . The Macedo-Aromallialls in Dobrudja
~i-au lichidat avutiile (mai bine zis conturile pentru ca de vandut ~i-au
vandut doar vitele, la un pret mai mic decat cel obi~nuit, bunurile imobil-
liare - casele ~i pamantul - n-au putut sa Ie valorifice) ~i s-au grabit sa
pIece pentru a nu pierde loturile.
Astfel in intervalul de la 26 octombrie 1925, panr :" 14 aprilie 1926,
au sosit trei vapoare7 cu coloni~ti care, impreuna cu capii de familie sositi
in vara anului 1925, intregeau numarul celor 1500 de familii aprobate. Au
intervenit cauze neprevazute insa. Unii dintre coloni~tii aromani, sesizand
ca inca nu era reglementat un cadru legal al improprietaririi, dar mai ales
al cazarii emigrantilor ce urmau a fi colonizati ~i-au amanat venirea
intrand in conflict cu Gheorghe Celea8, cunducatorul delegatiei sosite din
Grecia. In locullor au venit aItii insa care nu erau trecuti in tabloul anexat
Jurnalului Consiliului de Mini~tri, ceea ce insemna ca erau un fel de clan-
destini, punandu-se problema excluderii lor de la colonizare. Acest lucru
insa era inuman ~i nedrept; coloni~tii respectivi lichidandu-~i, la fel ca
ceilaIti inscri~i pe liste, averile, nu mai aveau unde sa se intoarca. In cele
din urma, prin tratativele purtate s-a renuntat la tabloul cu pricina cu
conditia sa se respecte numarul de 1500 pc care delegatii se angajasera
verbal ca-l vor respecta. Din satelc Macedoniei insa se anuntau alte con-
tingente de emigranti care solicitau colonizarea. Din Bulgaria, aromanii
nomazi (gramustenii), afland de colonizarea in Cadrilater, au inceput sa
vina la granita Cadrilaterului cerand aprobarea de a intra in tara. Opriti initial
de gdiniceri Ii s-a permis in cele din urma intrarea in tara. Deocamdata
veneau in grupuri razlete, in anii urmatori insa procesul a cap at at
amploare (gdimustenii din Bulgaria constituiau grupul eel mai numeros,
1/2 din totalul aromanilor dobrogeni)9. S-au creat astfel doua mari difi-
53
I
I
--
NlCOLAE CU$A .
OT/UA l!.M:.Ei1
- -- -- ---
Macedo-aroman;; dobrogeni . The Macedo-AToll/anions in Dobrudja
55
- ----
NICOLAE CUSA .OTIUA PACEA
14. Cf. Arhivele Statului Ramnnicu Valcea, fond Prefectura judo Durostor, Dosar
36/1934, fila 175. Conflictul s-a declansat intrc clanul veehilur eolunisti, in frunte cu primarul
comllnei C-tin Culctll si toti fllne!ionarii primilriei si colonistii noi in frunte cu Spiru T. Babll,
Anastase H. Ghita, Teodor Calesu si Hristu Maca. Autoritatile au displls ea loturilc colonistilor
sa fie imp!ir!itc in mod cchitabil, considerandu-se toli coloniSlii egali Ja primirea lolurilor.
15. Dc la aceasta data soseall nllmai grupllri izolate, in 1933-1937. In 1937 de pildil au
sosit 50 de fmniJii din localitalea PeSlera (Bulgaria).
56
---------
Macedo-aroma"ii dobrogell; . Tire Macedo-Aromanians ill Dobrudja
incetatenirea
macedo-aromanilor
57
-- - - -
NICOLAE CUSA . OTIUA PACEA
19. Unii dintre aromani s-au declarat mai mici sau mai mari ca viirstll pentru a nu Ii
inrolati in armata. Farll a incerca sll disculp aceastll practicll voi spune c1I serviciul militar de
atunci in Romania era 0 adevaratll pacoste pentru tineri.
20. Monitorul Olicial nr. 115, 1934, pag. 3210.
58
--- - -
Macedo-aromanii dobrogetli .The Macedo-Aromallians ill Dobrudja
59
I
--
NICOLAE CU$A .OTILIA PACEA
laneu M. Posnava, Paris Gh. Stere, Sterie M. Sterie, Enaehe Gh. Bu~u,
Dimu St. Franeu, Cat. Mihale Siret, Dinea I. Goga, Gheorghe M. Siret,
l.Toti (63 capi de familie) colonizati in comuna Cainargeaua Micii. judo Durostor. cf.
"Jumalul COllsiliului de MilliSlri". nr. 1283.
60
-
Macedo-aromilnii dobrogeni .
The Macedo-Aromanialls ill Dobrudja
61
- --- -- - -- -
NICOLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACl:.'A
Caraba~, Sterie Ta~u Barzu, Hristu Gh. Mueeanu, Ta~u St. Dadaeiu,
Gheorghe Ta~u Barzu, Gheorghe Dimu Samata. Gheorghe Mihai Caraba~,
Gheorghe C. Pi~talu, Ta~u St. Cale~u, Mihail Andon, Vasile Mihai Zisu,
Mihai M. Zisu, Zisu Mihale Zisu, laneu M. Zisu, Gheorghe N. lane, laneu
Gh. VangheIici, Nieolae St. Hagi, Costa laneu Sapera, St. Dumitru
Beaciu, Tanase Gh. Frangu, Gheorghe Dumitru Frangu, Costa Dumitru
Frangu, Nieolae Costa Hagi, Gheorghe laneu Sapera, laneu Gh. Beaciu,
Dumitru N. Hagi Stere, Stere Gh. Vanghelici, Costa Dimu Hagi, Stere
laneu Vangheliei, Gheorghe D. Costa Franeu, laneu Gh. Sapera,
Gheorghe I. Sterie, Stere I. Stere, Enaehe Stere Enaehe, Nieolae D. Beadu,
Paris Stere Enaehe, Gheorghe Paris St. Enaehe, Nicolae Paris St. Enaehe,
Costa laneu Beadu, Steriu Gh. Bude~u, Costa St. Bude~u, Sterie Arghir
Bageva, Constantin Stere Arghir Bageva, Gh. St. Ceaeu, Costa Gh.
Bude~u, Sotir Dumitru Calaigi, lanu~ Sreda (nume rar, n.n.), Mihail C. Jiru,
Naida Dima C. Bude~, Gheorghe D. Calaigi, Dumitru Mantu, Dima Gh. D.
Calagi, Chirata C. Jiru, Nicea laneu Mantu, Dimciu A. Bageva, Stere
Mihail Zisu, Nicolae lane Zisu, laneu St. Caramihale, Paris N. Caraba~u.3
-- - - - - --
r
Macedo-aromli"i; dobroge"i .The Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrudja
4. Toti 46 din comuna Alfatar,jud. Durostor, cf."Jl/malul COllsiliului de MilliSlri", nr. 1286.
5. Toate accste familii au fosl colonizale in comuna Asfatchioi, judo Durostor,
cf."Jl/rna/ul COllsilillllli de M;IIiSlri", nr. 1287.
63
-----
NlCOLAE CUSA . OT/L/A PACEA
Mihail Andon Cota, Anton Nic. Gana, Vasile Iancu Sarafu, lancu,
Nicolae Gana, Mihail I. Gana, Andon M. Cota, Stere Iancu Derdene, Iancu
Derdene, Tasu M. Muha, Panait Atanase Gana, Nicolae Atanase Gana,
Gheorghe Atanase Gana, Nicolae Tasu Constantin, minorii defunctului
Tasu Constantin (Tanasi), Gheorghe Gh. lanus, Costa St. Dimu Stere, Gh.
Dimceara, Mihail Gh. Panait, lancu Gh. Panait, Stere Gh. PanaH, mosteni-
torii dcfunctului Mihail Tasu Muha, (Tasu si Gheorghe).6
Chirata Gh. Costa, Dumitru Costa Pelican, Stere Gh. Mihai, Mihail
Niculae, Nicolae Damu, Zisu Stere, Stere Eftimie Nicea, Costea St. Gula,
Stere N.N. Dimcea, Gheorghe E. Joiaa, Nicea Eft. Nicea, Iani Mitra zis
Dumitru, Elena Dumitru, Nicolae St. Dimciu, Stere C. Pelican, Gheorghe C.
Pelican, Nicolae St. Fudulu, Stere D. Pungaru, Gheorghe Eft. Nicea,
Mihalache C. C., Gheorghe N. Bencu, Stere N. Garofil, Gheorghe St. Pelican,
Dimu St. Papazica, Iancu C. Pelican, Nicolae Gh. Mihai, Stere C. Gula,
Nicolae St. Beciu, Stere N. Beciu, Stere N. Biscu, Misu N. Grasu, Atanase M.
Grasu, Costa Pelicanu, Gheorghe St. Calanciu, Eftemie Niciu, Dimu M.
Mihail, Nicolae Gheorghe.?
J
Macedo-aromanii dobrngell; . The Macedo-Aromonians in Dobrudja
Sultana Stere Tica, Constantin G. Sotie, Jon C. Sotir, Sterie Gh. Sotir, Ion
Stere Gheara Coslea, Stefan I. Ciimiciu, Mihail Dida Ciirniciu, Tache Gh.
Ciimiciu, Constantin Gh. Hagivretta, Tiim!sp.Gh. SOlir,Tascu Gh. Sotir, Stere
Nicolae Hagivrelta, Dumitru Tica, Naum I. Hagivretta, Sterie Naum
Hagivreua, Constantin Naum Hagivretta, Constantin r. Ciara, Nicolae C.
Ciara, Foti N. Bisir, Nicolae Foti Bisir, Gheorghe Foti Ihsir, Nicolae D. Popa,
Hrislu A. Hagivrelta, Mihail Cudela, Mihail St. Solir, Dumitru Gh. C.
Culerda, Tascu Gh. Culerda, Tascu Gh. Culerda, Gheorghe D. Culerda, Zoita
St. Culerda, Maria N. Hagivrelta, Constantin Tica Tica, Gheorghe Nicolae
Hagivreua, Nicolae Gh. Hagivrp-ua,Dimciu St. Umona, Sterie D. Umona,
Vancea Musi Baturi, Sterie Costa Naum, Nicolae D. Culerda, Panait M.
Gilep, laneu Costa Mihu, Dima Zicu Miliu, Costa Zicu Mihu, Zicu Gogu
Mihu, Anaslase Ianaehe Pala, Mihail Musu, Gheorghe Nieolae Musa, Maria
Dumitru Beli, Sterie Tas!:u Hagivrett:t, Chirata Tascu Hagivreua, Gheorghe
Tasa Hagivreua, Nicolae TascH Hagivrettf1,Zisll Costa Sutar, Dumitru Costa
Gogu, Costa Gogu Mihu, Agora DumitJll Aida, Dumilru Nicolae Hagivreua.
Constantin Dumitru Hagivretta, Constantin D. Culerda, Mihail Gh. Guli,
Constantin M. Parpodi, Nicolae Gh. Solir, Rnache Misu Pala.8
Ion Gh. Dela, Pelre Ciabuca, Gheorghe.A. Vuma, Slere Blacioti, Hrislu
M. Manaculi, Slerie Armcanu, Ion D. DeJa, Ghp.orgheD. Buzbuchi, Dumill1l
Buzbuchi. Ion D. Buzbuchi, Sterie Gil. Viana, Nicolae P. Ceara, Petre N.
Ceara, Sterie Bucovala, Ion SI. BUl~ovaJa,Oumilru Gh. Vrana, Eftimie Gh.
Darlacoti, Gula D. Condulimazi, Sleric D. Condulimazi, Ion Gil. Condu-
limazi, Dumilru Gh. Condulimazi, Gheorghe A. Armeanu, Anton D. Dela,
Nicolae Dela, Nicolae Dela Dumitru Dela, Pavel Duchin, Alexe Grosu, Pavel
milan, Sima Balan, Adam S. Balan, Maria D. Muzache, DumilrUG. Carafoli,
Nicolae G. Carafoli, Anaslase G. CariJJoJi,Sterie P Vrana,'}
8. Toale 73 de familii au fost colonilate III comuna Garvall Cioara. judo DuroSlor. cf
"Jurna/III Consili"l"i de Mini$lri", nr. 1290.
9. Toale cele 36 de familii au fost colrmi7.I1!I' in Gargaliic, cf. "Jumallll ConsiliI/III; d€'
Mil/i.Wi" ,nr. 1291.
6<;
--- ---
NICOLAE CUSA . OTlLlA PACl:.A
Petre DU 'tru Baciu, Gheorghe Nicola Colin, Dimu Taneiu Resa, Dimu
Avram Isa, Gh orghe Dumitru Cionchi, Gheorghe Strase Ciolac, Dumitru
Vasile Manca, umitru Peiu Lola, Dumitru A. Bandula, Dumitru Dumitru
~
Deliman, Dio 'sie Gheorghe Zloici, Stefan Dumitru Hogea, Petre Zlate
10. Toate ce 31 de familii au fost colonizatc in Antimova, com. Sarighiol. cf. "Jumalul
COllsiliului de Milli$ ri", nr. 1292.
II. Toti 23, lonizati in cenlrUl Regina Maria, com. Calipctrova. cf. "Jumalul COllsiliu/ui
~
de Millistri", nr. 129 .
66
-- ---
r
Gheorghe N. Puia, Nicolae St. Puia, Gheorghe Foti Titu, Costa Foti
Titu, Stere Nicolae Cuturela, Alexandru N. Cuturela, Anastase N. Catain
(posibil Hataim), Gheorghe St. Cuturela, Stere N. Puia, Hristu I. Mangiuchi,
Gheorghe Dumitru Barzache (in text trecut gre1;>itBardache), Dumitru
Gheorghe Barzache, Tascu I. laneu, Nicolae Stere, Toscu Gheorghe, T01;>cU
Gogu Stere, Dumitru Gh. Toscu, Stere Toscu, Sultana Toscu, Tascu T.
Nicolae, Stere Vasile, Zica Vasile, Stere M. Ecea, Tasa Stere Toza, Zica
Nicolae Costa, Sterie Nicolae Costa, Dumitru Nicolae Costa, Foti Stere Toza,
Dumitru Gh. Todi, Stere Nicolae Adam, Nicolae Adam Adam, Nicolae Mina
(in text Mino) Ecea, Zurzu Gh. Mina, Stere Gh. Zurzu, Costa C. Naca, Naca
Goga, Zica C. Saban, Steriu C. Saban, Stere Gheorghe Barzache (in text
Varzache), Dumitru Stere Barzache, Nicolae Stere Barzache, Naum Mihail,
Mihail Costa, Naum Chirata, Costa Naum Chirata, Mihail T. Gheorghe,
Elena Stere Zardova (in text Zardava), Atanase Gheorghe, Agora Mihail, Ion
Costa Chirata, Lambru Costa Cherata, Gheorghe Stere Sanuti, Agurita M.
Costa, N. Adam, Ion I. Somu, Nicolae Gh. Gheorghe, Gheorghe lanciu
Misiricu, Hristu Dumitru Stere, Dumitru Hristu Hristu, Nicolae Gh. Papacu
(in text Popacu), Sotir Costa Gheorghe, Gheorghe lancu Deda, Pepa St.
; . Sameti, Nicolae St. Sameti, Mina Ecea, Stere Regiu, Nicolae Dimu
12. Toli 39, coJoni7.ati in Srebiima cr. "1l1mallll Consilill/lli de Minis/ri", nt. 1294. Sunt
mcglcniti.
67
--- -- ----
NICOLAE CU:jA . OTIUA PACEA
Mihai Dumitru Tu~a, Nicolae lanache P~a, Nicolae Hagi Mihail, lancu
C. Pa~a, Sultana C. Pa~a, Gheorghe D. Babu, Nic. Constantin P~a, Gheorghe
M. Tararache, Nicolae E. Caramihale, Enache Caramihale (in text Cara
Mihale), Steriu I. CaramihaIe, Hristu I. Tararache, Costa I. Tararache, Steriu
I. Tararache, Apostol D. Tararache, Steriu Dumitru Tu~a, Gheorghe D.
Tararache, Ion Ghe. Dona. 14
13. Toti (capi de familie), 78 colonizati in Vetrina, cf. "Jumalul COllsiliulu;de MilliSlri",
nr.1295.
14. Toti 18 au fost colonizati in Sahangi, com. Enigea, judo Caliacra, cf. "Jurnalul
COlI$iliului de Ministri", or. 1296.
15. Toti 44, colonizati in BaJtagiu Nou,jud. Durostor, cf. "Jumalul Consiliului de Ministri",
nr. 1298.
68
-
r Macedo-aromiinii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
Hristu laneu Mandila, viiduva Maria a lui laneu MandiHi, Stere laneu
16. Toti 12, colonizati in centrul Samson, com. Bairam-Bunar, judo Caliacra, cr. "Jurnalul
Consiliului de Minis/ri", or. 1299.
17. 3 Eamilii coJonizate in Suncci, Durostor, cf. "fllrnallli COllSililllui de Ministri", or. 1301.
18. Toti 9, colonizati in Elibei, cE. "iurnallll Consiliullli de Ministri", or. 1302.
19. Toti 7 colonizati.in Matlanoya. cf. "illmallll Consi/illlui de Mini,wi", or. 1307.
69
- - ----
NICOLAE CUSA . OTlUA PACEA
20. Toti 15, colonizati in Baraclar cf. "illroollli COIISilillllli de Millis/ri", nr. 1308.
21. Toti 51, colonizati in Gramostea, com. Caraorman, judo Durostor, cf. "illmallli
COllsilil/llli de MiIl4/ri", nr. I301.
22. Toti 10, colonizati in Canargeaua Midi, judo Durostor, cf. "illmallli COllsilil/llli de
Minis/ri",nr.1309.
70
-- --
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni. Tire Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
Sterghiu Costa Badeca (in text Bodeca), Mihail Costa Badeca, Ion
Stere Badeca, Mihale Stere Badeca, Stere Atanase Zgura, lancu Atanase
Zgura, Atanase Hristu Zgura, Nicolae Atanase Zgura, Nicolae Atanase
Zgura, Nicolae M. Papaz (in text Popaz), Hristu A. Zgura, Dumitru Barzu,
Dinca Barzu, Nicolae Gh. Rodache (trecut in text Rosache), Gheorghe
Nicolae Rodache, Gheorghe Papazica, Nicolae Ad. Cartali, Stere Gheorghe
Misilaricu (in text Miselerica), lanus Atanase Stere, Atanase Stere Cutu,
Stere Atanase Cutu, Stere Atanase Cutu, Gheorghe Stere Misilaricu, Hristu
Misilaricu, Stere Hristu Misilaricu, Stere Gheorghe Fuduli (in text Foduli),
Gheorghe Stere Fuduli, Adam Cartuna (in text Cortuna), Gheorghe Ciirtuna,
Hristu Cartuna, Stere Atanase, Dumitru Carapit, loan Carapit, Sterghiu
Guli, lancu Guli, Vasile I. Zeana (in text Zana), Nicolae C. Nicolae,
minorul loan Dimu I. Zata, Dumitru Rodache, Dumitru Mih. Libus, lancu
23. TOli 34, colonizali in Zamici, com. Cainargeaua Midi, cf. "ii/roolill Consilillilli de
MilliSlri",nr.1311.
71
NICOLAE CU$A . OTILIA PACEA
Mih. Libus, Nieolae Mih. LibuS, Stere Carapali, (in text Carpoli), Paris Gh.
Turilingu, Stere Tala, loan Tala, Tanase Stere Suflaru, Sterghiu Suflaru,
Dimu St. Rida, Gheorghe Rida, Mihail Gh. Rodaehe, Hristu Fuduli, Nieolae
Gh. Stila (in text Stoila), Tasu Stere Tasente, Costa Tasu Tasente, Gheorghe
Tasu Tasente, Stere Caluda, Gheorghe Adam, Stere Adam, Ion Adam,
Costa Rida, Atanase Rida, laneu C. Sadiea.24
24. Toti 63, (In text suntanunlatiIn preambuJ61) coJonizaliIn CamiJaru(in text eronat
Ciilirnaru),cf. "illrnallll Consililllllide Ministri", nr. 1311.
25. Cf. "illrnallll Consililllllide Ministri", nr. 1304.
72
i
---
j
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .Tile Macedo-Aromanialls ill Dobrudja
Mihail D. Nurciu, Gheorghe Mega, Nicolae St. BucovaHi (in text Bucova),
Gheorghe I. Burgheana, Panait M. Anagnoste, Constantin G. Bu~u, lancu
Gh. Bu~u, Atanase St. Mihalidi (in text Mihalica), Mihail Gh. Sighi, Mihail
St. Mihiilidi II, Gheorghe I. Mi~caca (in text Masaca), Nicolae I. Mi~aca,
Constantin D. Moscu, Minorii D-trii Moscu (Mihale ~i ~.faria), Dumitru P.
Titu, Panai D-tru Titu, Alexandru Titu, Costa Zelca, Vasile C. Zelca, Tiinase
C. Zelca, Nicolae Gh. Butcaru, Gheorghe N. Butcaru, Hristu Chendra (in
text Chendru) Zelca, Atanase Chendra Zelca, Mihail Chendra Zelca,
Dumitru Chendra Zelca, Nicolae Gh. Lenu, Nicolae At. Carabuz, Gheorghe
At. Carabuz, Mihail M. Tu~a, Costa Hristu Petru, Stere Mihale Costara,
Vasile M. Costara, Gheorghe lanachi Nucci, Enachi Nurci, Costa Vasile
Enge (in text Euge) Vasile Costa Enge, Stere Vasile Enge, Tanase Bafane.26
26. Toti 90, colonizati in comuna Hardali, judo Caliacra cf. "lumalul COllsiliului de
Milli~lri",nr.1316.
27. Toti 29 colonizati in comuna Prisecani, judo Caliacra, cr. "lumalul Consiliului de
Millislri",nr.13IJ.
73
,
.... - --- -
NICOLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
Panci) Costa Mihai, C-tin Gheorghe Costa, Zurzu Stere Haida, Zica laneu-
Tega, Gheorghe lancu-Tega, Perifan Gh. Mihai, Maria Gh. Pa~;a,Costa M.
Caracoti, Nacu Costea Caracoti (in text Caratii), Nicola Naeu Nicola, Toda
laneu Tega, Ta~u N. Mita, Hristu N. Noe (in text Nae), Hristu I. Geolea,
loan A. Geolea, Nicolae D. Sapugi, Dumitru N. Sapugi, Mina Paniu Miciu,
Damian M. Peniu, Dumitru B. Hagi, Bojin A. Hagiu, Noe A. Noiei,
Dumitru Noe S'amargi, Noe D. S'amargi, Riza Hristu (in text Histu) Chitu,
loan I. Pae, Stefan D. Tanur, Hristu Gh. Geadi, Dumitru Gh. Nancea,
Nicolae Dumitru No~ea, Arghir Minda, Hristu I. Hagi, Nicolae I. Stoli,
Avram D. Geolea, Atanase D. Tanur, Atanase H. leiu, Hristu I. leiu,
Atanase I. Paca, laneu N. Paea, Nicolae Atanase Pe~u, Nicolae D. Cania,
Lazar N. Zlatea, Hristu St. Tanur, Mihail N. Pistol, Hristu Stefan Riza,
Maria Hristu Vancea, Stana Hristu lani, Gheorghe Copciu, Dumitru Naici,
loan Gh. Vaneea, Petre I. lane, Nicolae Hristu Noe, Hristu D. Pe~u, loan
Gheorghe Puiu, Gheorghe Hristu Grosu, Petre D. Petru~, Hristu Xantis,
Petre Dumitru Tanur, Mihail S. Nanta, Stefan Rizi Stefan, Hristu T. Talea,
Petre St. Tanur, Anastase D. Moraru, Gheorghe R. Moraru, Hristu D.
Moraru, Petre D. Ecea, Stefania N. Tamurea, Lazar Nicolae Tamurea, Trifu
A. Tanur, Noe Gota, Hristu D. Pitu, Aneta I. B. Stodi, Uta R. D. Peiu,
To~ea I. D. Ducica, loan C. Dueica, Cosma I. Duciea, Bujni Iloaci, Ilie D.
IIoaei, Petre N. Popeiu, Atanase I. lani, Petre N. Mareu, Crista Rizu Chitu,
Petre R. Sopu, Anastase R. Sopu, Lazar Noea, Petre A. Petru~, Ion Ghio~u,
Gheorghe Traeolti, Ion Lazar Ziatea, Nicolae R. Conda, Hristu E. Mo~eu,
Nicolae D. Petru~, Gheorghe Noanta~.28
Nicolae AI. Danti, Sterie AI. Danti, Nicolae Gh. Buzbuchi, Anton
Cucliciu (in text treeut eronat Cueuliciu), Aspasia Ap. Ceara, Dumitru Ap.
Ceara.29
28. Toti 100 colonizati in comuna Capaclia. judo Durostor, cf. "}umalul Consiliului de
Minis'ri".nr.1314.
29. Toti 6 colonizHli in Ghioffilan, com. Sabia, judo Caliacra, cf. "}umallli COIlSililllui de
Millis'ri",nr.1317.
74
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Macedo-aromiinii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Aromanialls ill Dobrudja
30. Toli 6 colonizati in Arabagilar,jud. Durostor, cf. "iumall/I COllsilil/ll/i de MilliSlri", nr.
1318.
31. Colonizat in Seidali, cf. "il/mall/I COlISilil/ll/i de Millislri" , nr. 1319.
32. Toli II colonizati pe raza comunei Hasi-Kioselar, cf. "Jllmallli Consilil/illi de Millislri",
nr. 1320.
33. Toti 7 colonizati in Enigca, cf. "il/mall/I COllsilil/ll/i de Millislri", nr. 1321.
75
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NICOLAE CUSA . OT/UA PACEA
Ion Gh. Atanase. Gheorghe St. Vlahu. Dumitru Samara. Joita I. Pa:>a.
Dumitru N. Steriu. Gheorghe St. Rosu. Nicolae Gh. Atanase, Gheorghe
Hasoti (in text Hasota), Dumitru Nicolae Trantu, Dincii Dumitru Ciobiinidi,
Steriu St. Bozdanela (in text Bojdavela), Dimu Dumitru Trantu.34
!
-- .....
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Aromallians ill Dobrudja
37. To\i 19 au fos\ coloniza\i in Arnaullar, com. Gargaliic, ct. "iurlll/lul Consilil/illi de
Ministri", nr. 1327.
38. Tori 44 au fost coJoni7.<1riin DoimusJar, cf. "ll/malul COl/siliului de Millistri",nL JJ28.
77
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NICOl,AE CUSA . OT/UA PACEA
39. Toti 10 au fost colonizati in Arabagilar, cf. "Jumalul Consiliului de Ministri", nr.1330.
40. Tot; 15 au fost colonizati in Curt-Bunar, cf. "Juma/u/ Consiliu/ui de Minislri", 11f.1331.
41. Toti 22 au fost coJonizati in Eni-Mahle, cf. "Juma/u/ Consiliu/ui de Minislri", 11f.1332.
78
j
Macedo-aromlinii dobrogeni . 77/e Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrudja
Jaca, Gheorghe Constantin Caramihale, Iancu St. Jiru, Gheorghe St. Bianu,
Nicolae Mihai Tugearu, Steriu Hristu Chitu, Iancu He.Chitu.42
Stere Partencu (in text Partenescu), Stere N. Bracu, Nicolae Gh. Paris
(in text Parisu), Dumitru N. Goane, Gheorghe A. Ciuciu, Dindi A. Ciuciu,
Dinca E. Trandafir, Enache D. Trandafir, Dinca St. Caramuzi, Stere N.
Partencu, Stere D. Ciuciu.44
Hristu Criciu, Mihail At. Gima, Stere N. Rusa (in text Ruse), Leonida
St. Stratostomi (in text Strarostomi), Atanse H. Dina, Vasile C. Rusa, lanache
St. Niculescu, Vanghele N. Ru~a, Hristu Dumitru lanca, Sotir Hristu Vasu,
Leonida He. Rusa, Ecaterina M. Mutisu, Hristu Mihali Cristu Rucea (in text
Ruce), Vasile Dumitru Criciu, Gheorghe Hristu Bituleanu, Gheorghe Hristu
42. Toti 17 colonizati in Sariinebi. com. Enigea,jud. Caliacra, cr. "Jumulul COllsiliu/ui de
Milli$1ri",nr.1333.
43. Toti 9 colonizati in Cuiungiuc. cf. "Juma!u! Comi!iu/ui de Mil/isl,-i". nr. 1334.
44.Toti II colonizati in Chioseler, cf. "Jurl/alul COllsiliului de Millisl,-i", nr. 1335.
45. Toti 3 coJonil;lti,in Ceamurlia, cf. "Jurl/alul COl/siliu/ui de Millisll'i". nr. 1336.
79
- --
1
I
!
NlCOLAE CUSA . 071L1A PACEA
Rueea, Maria N. Giumba (in text Guniba), Vanghele St. Gima, Mihai At.
lanula.46
Preot Hristu Paeea, Ion Hristu laneu, Ta::;uMinga, Dimitrie S1. Cutin,
Maria Naeu Belu, Stere N. Ghizare, Stere Spiru Panaia.47
Gheorghe M. lorgaehe.48
Dumitru Constantin.49
46. Toti 19 colonizati in Bazaurt, cf. "lumniui Consiliului de Ministri". or. 1337.
47. Toti 7 colonizati in loc. Nicolae Filipescu, cf. "lumaiui Consiliuiui de Minislri",
nr. 1339.
48. cr. "lllrnailli Consiliului de MiniSlri", or. 1341.
49. cr. "lumnlul Consiliului de Ministri", or. 1340.
80
--
-
!
Macedo-aromiillii dobrogelli .
The Macedo-Aroll/Clllians ill DobrudjCl
[
-- - --
NICOUE CU$A . OTIUA PACEA
Nicu I. Balamace.53
Petre Baciu.54
Eftimie Gh. Nicea, Dumitru I. Lapa, Alexandru St. Botca (in text
Botea), Maria St. Beldani, Costa D. Lapa, Gheorghe lancu Lieu, Dimciu Gh.
Nicea, Dindi Beldani, Sultana Gh. Nicea.55
Mihail C. Colci (in text Colciu), Nicolae Geagiu (in text Geogiu),
Vanghelina Enache Gh. Blana, Dumitru N. Popescu, Dumitru Colci, Nicola
Baia, Chirata, T. Baia, Elena R. Cote, Simula (in text Dimula) Sotir Lapa
(in text Lupa), Petre Carali, Vasile Gh. Dm)u, Dumitru Sola, Tanase A.
Gurita (in text Curita).57
Trifu St. Cata, Tima I. Stefan, losa I. St., Pana P. Mohanu, Panta I.
Mohan, Dumitru P. Mioe, Pavel I. Birda, Apostol E. Arnautu, Dumitru A.
Caratas, Mihail D. Caratas, laneu M. Carabas, Stere C. Guda, Gheorghe
A. Caratas, laneu Gh. Caratas, v-va Tudora C. Mihail, Vasile C. Hagi,
Mihail T. Balamuti, Anastase C. Mihail, Costa A. Caratas, Atanase C.
Caratas, Gheorghe C. Poznava, Costa Gh. Costache, Vanghele C.
Poznava, Mihail N. Caraba$, Gheorghe M. Caraba$, Nicolae M. Carabas,
Gheorghe V. Ciuma, Dumitru C. lanuli, Stila C. Damu, Stere Gh. Sopu,
Gheroghe N. Uzun, Nicolae Gh. Uzun, Nicolae M. Poznava, Stere N.
Poznava, Costea D., Babu laneu, C. Arnautu, Gheorghe C. Arnautu,
Gheorghe I. Arnautu, Atanase E. Arnautu, Stere N. Caratas, Stere E.
Arnautu, Gheorghe M. Amautu. Stere C. Mita, Gheorghe C. Mita (in text
Mita). Mihail St. Laseu, laneu D. Banioti, Gheorghe D. Findirieiu, Nicolae
D. Coja, laneu St. Arnautu, T. N. St. Arnautu, Mihail C. Amautu, Dumitru
N. Caratal$,Tasu M. Amautu, Nicolae St. Geaeu (in text Jeaeu), Costea St.
Caprinciu, Tasu M. Palas, Costea St. Caju, Dima St. Caju, Gheorghe N.
Carata$, Dumitru N. Ghiza (in text Ghizu), Ion I. Sfera, Costea St. Galan,
Vasile St. Caju, laneu C. lanus, Dumitru St. Caramihale, Costea Gh.
Granzulea, Nicea St. Andon, Stere N. Andon. laneu St. Laseu. Atanase I.
Laseu, Gheorghe St. Arnautu, Costea St. Laseu, Gheorghe D. Gima,
Mihail St. Tugearu, Tanase St. Tugearu. Sterie N. Tugearu, Stere Gh.
- - -- -
NICOLAE CUSA . OTlUA PACEA
Petre Gache, Costa Buciunana, Costa Gh. Sima, Ion Lapa, Costa I.
Mu~e, Gheorghe Ion Mu~e, Dumitru Mu~e, Gheorghe Carata~, Nicola Dula,
Hristu Leolea, Tache Jujea.60
Ion Gh. Beca, Leonte Hristu Popescu, Dumitru Gh. Pitulea, Gheorghe
Costa Nasta, M. Ion Caraiani (in text Cataraiani).61
Hie C. Cianuta, Hristu Ion Geogea, Chirata Hristu Tapu, Tudor Costa
Ciamita.62
- --
J
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Ammanians in Dobrt/dja
Sterie Gh. Bedivan, Constantin Gh. Bedivan, Gh. D. Bacula (in text
Bacola), Atanase Bar::;ova,loan Bar::;ova,Nicolae Varsani, Atanase Mahera,
Stere I. lanca.64
Gheorghe Hr. Cealera (in text Celera), Sterie Guteandi, Dumitru Hr.
Cealera, Ion Anastase Cealera, loan St. Vera, Apostol St. Cealera, Sotir He.
Cealera, Hristu Cealera, Dumitru St. Cealera, Steriana St. Cealera.67
85
l
NICOLAE CU$A . OTlLlA PACEA
Nastu Cutachi, Hristu Z. Sola, Haralambie Gh. Zechiu (in text este
trecllt gre~it:Zechinu), Ghita Tache, Sotir N. CuJetu, Hristu Bojicu.72
Constantin Giacu (in text Chiacu), Epa Hristu Giacu. Nicolac Bichi,
- - -- -
-
NlCOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
Manole Pitu, Hristu Spau (in text Span), Nicolae Spau, Dimitrie Bichi,
Hristu Bichi, Gheorghe A. Colimitra (in text Colimitre), Atanase D. Ciufeeu,
Mihail A. Ciufeeu, Costa St., Curte Anghelina $uta (in text Suta), lancu A.
BindeJa, Vanghele A. Bindela, Teodor Belu, loan Belu, Aristide (in text
Aristu) Gramusteanu, Tudor P. Lolea (in text Lulea), Sotir Nacia, Tana-
sache Nacea (Ianula), D-tru Nasta, Gheorghe Caramitru, Sotir L. Geambazu
(in text Geambazz), Maria Aristide Pacea, Alexandru D. Ciufeeu, VasiJichia
D. Ciufecu, Costa AJexe Franchi, Dumitru Gh. Manole, Andrei Colemitra,
N-Iae Andrei Colemitra, Paraschiva Hristu Lambru, HaraIambie Baboranti,
Pandu Manole, Atena Geambazu. Dtr-u Bindela, Dionisie Popescu, Petre
Dionisie Popescu, Nastasia Palla. Toeu Samulea, Vanghele Hristu Topa,
Aurel Colemitra, Andrei Nastu, HrisuJa T. Trandu, PcricJe loan Pala,
Atanase Gh. Batu, Busa Gh. Batu, Petre V. Costid\, Ecaterina V. Costiea,
Dumilru Costa Batu, Dumitru Naum Nastu (in text Natu), Anghelina $uta
(in text Suta). mostenilorii Vallghele Gioga, Pandu Popescu, Nicolae F.
FarfoJea (in text Forfolea), Fati D. Farfolea, Petre D. Sola (in tex.t Siola),
Toma Toli, Hristu Spiru Becea, Mihai Spiru Beeea, Nieolae Atanase
Pascale, Tanase M. CioCU.73
73. Toti 61 colonizali in Aidemir si Cainargeaua Mare, judo Duroslor, cf. "fllmallli
COll.vilililuide Millij"lri".nr. 1408.
74. cr. "}umalul COllsililllllide Millij"lri",nr. 1423.
88
--
r
Nicolae D. Zorica, Stere I. Boruna (in text Borune), Costa Gh. Osman,
Gheorghe Nicolae Goga, Gheorghe lancu Frangu, Costea St. Zorica, StiIa
(Stile in text), C. Bude:) (Bude in text) zis Mihale, Nicolae St. Sarafu, Stere
Costa Bacelu, laneu D. Zorica, Stere D. Zorica, Constantin Panait Ciolae,
Dimu G. Zorica, Bicea Gh. Zorica, Nicola St. Nirlu, orfanii Gh. Menasu,
Elena Constantin Ta:)uGoga, Maria laneu Boruna (in text Buruna), Gheorghe
Dumitru C. Azman, Gheorghe Costa Azman, Dumitru Panait Ciolac, Hristu
Gh. Ghiara (in text Ghioara), Gheorghe Hr. Ghiara, Chirata Athanase Gh.
Fucea, Paris Gh. Giugica, (in text Giugiuca), Mihale Mataranga (in text
89
L - -- - -
l
NICOLAE CUSA .OT/LIA PACEA
I
Motoranga), Dumitru Tasu Caraman (in text Coroman), Mihale Tasu I
77. Toti 31 au fost co10nizati in comuna Kiose-Aidin, judo Durostor, Cf. "Jurnalul
Consiliului de Mil/islri", nr. 1426.
78. Toti 59 au [ost c%n;z<I/i in comuna Uzung; Omwn, judo Dums/or. cr. "Jllrnnllli
COllsiliului de Millislr;". nr. /428.
90
----
J
r
Gatu, Dumitru N Mi~a (in text Mi~u), Sterie N. Zarcu, Dumitru N. Zarcu,
Sterie M. Merca, Mihail N. Papari, Gheorghe N. Papari, Mita Dima
Cuciumitra, Constantin N. Papari, Mihail Cupaciu, Sterie Curculescu,
Gheorghe St. Magericu, Mihail St. Mi~a (in text Misa), Papa Const. N.
Dumitru, Pari~cu Gh. Nicolae, Pari~cu N. Tascu, Pari~cu N. Gheorghe,
Ta~cu N. Guli, Sterie N. Guli, Dumitru C. Chilili, Nicolae D. Anagnoste,
Gheorghe D. Tenca, Steriana N. Papari, Agora Canacheu, Nicolae C.
Canacheu, Ion Paris Barba, Nicolae St. Gioga, Sterie D. Gioga, Iftimie
Constantin, Pari~cu N. Mihail, Agora M. Gheorghe, Barza D. Gheorghe,
Calagi (in text Alagi), Sterie Ecaterina, Apostol Si~cu, Ion Gh. Mira (in text
Mirea). 79
Sima Gheorghe Mina, lancu Sima Mina, Nicolae Sima Mina, Mina
Sima Mina, Nicolae Costea Stere, Stere Costea Stere, lancu Stere Ion,
Gheorghe Dicea Dimu, Stere Costea Scoca, Mihale D. Dima, Gheorghe
Sterie Botca, Dumitru lani Omba~i, Stere Nicolae, Tecea Zoita, Gheorghe
C. lancu, Nicolae V. lani Ombas, Dodu (in text Doiciu) Gheorghe Costa,
Stere Costa Stila. Stefan Enache Gheorghe, Paris St. Gh. Pu~a. Stere M.
Gheorghe, Mina Costa Stila, Janco Dima Stamule (in text Stamole), Mihale
Nicolae, Paris Enache Gheorghe, Gheorghe Paris Enache, Dumitru M.
Dumitru. Mihale D. Sterea, Nicolae Enache Gheorghe, Nicolae Ta~cu
Nicolae, Maria Gheorghe Stere, Gheorghe Costa Batura, Vasile Kina
Vasile, Mihale Ta~cu Nicolae, Jancu D. Steriu Pasale, Dumitru Nicolae
Stere, Gheorghe Nt. Enache, Nicolae Mina lancu, Mihale St. Gheorghe,
Stere I. E Omba~i, Gheorghe qh. Mina, Paris Nicolae Enache, Nicea Tima
Stoica.80
79. Toti 59 au fost colonizati in comuna Uzungi Orman, judo Durostor, cf. "Jllnlallli
COllsiliului de Milli~lri", nr. 1428.
,
80. Toalc 43 de familii coJonizale in CociuJar, judo Duroslor, cf. "Jurnalul COlisiliului
de MilliSlri", nr. 1430.
91
I
f
l
- - --
1
I
81. Toti 71 (capi de famiJie), colonizati in Cainargeaua Marc. cf. "fllmallli Consilillilli
de Mini~'lri". nr. 1431.
92
Macedo-aroma,,;; dobroge"i .The Macedo-Ammallialls ill Dobrudja
82. Toli 39 co]on;zati in Balagca. judo Caliacra, cf. "Jumallli Comilillilli de Millistri",
nr. 1494.
93
--- ----
NICOLAE CU$A . OTlUA PACEA
Mola, Iancu St. Bafani, Nicola St. Bafani, Dumitru Ta1)u, Stere Gh.
Apostol, Jancu Gh. Apostol, Gheorghe Ap. Perceli, Athanase Ap. Perceli,
Stila At. Apostol.83
Enache Gh. Paris, Mihail St. Paris, Nicolae St. Mi1)aca,Nicolae St.
Gospodin, Stere R. Mihail, Gheorghe M. Nicolae, Stere C. Lima, Sultana C.
Grosu, Naciu M. Raiciu, Nicolae St. Paris, Mi1)uSt. Fudulu, Dindi St.
Fudulu, Damu St. Fudulu, Dumitru P. Pufleni, Dumitru Gh. M. Ciota, Elena
C. Mihail, Naciu N. Raiciu, Stere M. Raiciu, Dinca Gh. Raiciu, Naciu St.
Raiciu, Stere N. Raiciu, Mihail N. Raiciu, Dindi Gh. Andon, Ta1)uD.
Garofil, Dimcea D. Pelican, Stere D. Pelican, Stere D. Pelican, Stere C.
85.Toate colonizate in Toccilar. judo Caliacra. cf. "iumalu/ COlISiliu/lli de MilliSlri", nr.
1498.
I 86. Toale 68 de familii au fost colonizate in localitatea Sever Riidulescu, com. Echiscea.
95
Zisu (in text Zizi) Pascal Dumitru, Nicolae D. Musu, Costa M. Pilici,
Ion H. Bucovala, Caluda H. Caluda, Vasile Murci, Mihail Sterie Gheorghe,
Mihai Sterie Puflene (in text Sufleani), Costa Sterie Pufleanu, Sterie M.
Pufleanu, Sterie Peamuti, Sterie A. Calinderi, Gheorghe A. Calinderi.89
87. Toate cele tTei Camilii au Cost colonizate in Arman, judo Caliacra, cf. "Jumalul
COllsiliullli de Millislri", nr. 1500.
88. Cf. "Jumallli COllsililllui de Millislri". nr. 1501.
89. Cf. "Jumalul COllsiliullli de Millislri". nr. 1514.
96
J
Macedo-aromallii dobrogelli . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
Guli Hristu, Ta~cu Zarcu, Stere Gr. Zarcu, Chirata Hagicu, Nicolae
Hagicu, Constantin C. Stila, Costea D. Stela. 92
90. Cf. "}umalul Consiliului de Minislri". nr. 1515 si Inventar nr. 705-1929-1949,
Durostor. Fond ONAC nr. 986, Arhive1e Centrale de Stat. Bucuresti.
91. Cf. "iumallll COllsililllui de Mlllis/ri", nr. /516; /nvenlar nr. 707-/929-/949.
Durostor, Fond cit.
92. Cf. "}umalul (onsi/iullli de Minislri". nr. 1517.
97
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l
NlCOLAE CU$A . OT1LIA PACEA
lancu Gh. Rapa, Constantin Dumitru Bavaleta, Stila Hristu Gicu, Mihail N.
Pi~talu, Maria D. Gheorghe, Dumitru Hristu Tocea, Nicolae Constantin
Mitracu, Ta~u Gh. Cioti (in text Cioti), Gheorghe Hristu Gicu, Gheorghe
Constantin Pi~talu, Dimciu Constantin Dama~aru, Steriu Dumitru Bavaleta,
Vasile Constantin Dama~aru, Steriu C-tin Dama~aru, Mihale C-tin Pi~talu,
Stere Hristu Gieu, Vanghele N. Mitraeu, Nieolae C-tin Dama~aru, Atanase
Steriu Plosearu, Gheorghe Hristu Tocea, Paris Gheorghe Pi~talu, Enach« D.
Barzu, Gheorghe Dima Dama~ari, Gheorghe Hristu Caranica (in text Casa-
Nicu), Dumitru Gh. Nurciu, Gheorghe N. Plosearu, Nicolae N. Plosearu,
Stere Dima Papazicu, Naciu N. Caluda, Constantin Dimeiu Dama~ari, laneu
Hristu Caranica (in text Caraniciu), Steriu Dimciu Magiru (in text Margiu),
Dumitru Dimciu Garofil, Chirata Mi~u Garofil, Mihail D. Bavaleta, Atanase
N. Pi~talu (in text Pistaliu), Gheorghe D. Zorica, Costa Ta~u Costa, Dumitru
Nic. lane Vlasehi, Mihail Costa lama, Dumitru Nicolae Mitraeu, Nicolae
Ta~u Fulina (in text Bulina), Constantin Nic. Fulina, Sterie Gheorghe
Bangari, Gheorghe Steriu Bangari, Constantin Stere Dama~aru, Gheorghe
Paris Coeea, Gheorghe Adam Ta~u, Stere D. Arghir, Stere Gh. N. Ploscaru,
Arghiu D. Mihai Arghiu, Tanasc Nicolac Mi~u, Ta~u Adam Ta~u, Sterc
Adam Ta~u, Ta~u Elena, St. Gheorghe Sia, Enache Gh. Muceanu (in text
Moiceanu), Constantin A. Grasu, Dimu St. Custura, Apostol Sterie Ciaeu,
Atanase C. Cu~u, Vad Calita Z. C. Buea, Nieula T. Bagia, Chendra Adam
Indina, Gheorghe I. Brace, Gheorghe M. Mu~i, Mihail At. Tugearu,
Gheorghe Chirvasitu, Hristu 1. BelIu, Ti\nase Mt. Magia, Ion Ta~u Enache,
Hristu Gica, Nicolae C. Gad, Enache St. Ro~u, Vi\d Ecaterina N. Ro~u,
Gheorghe En. Ro~u, Dumitru Ion Ro~u, Mihale P. Mu~i, Constantin
Gheorghe Ro~u, Spiru Gh. Ro~u, Enaehe Hristu Stefu, Stefu 1. Gheorghe,
Hristu 1. Gad (in text Brad), Mihail Gaci, Spiru D. Scupra, Vi\d. Sana
Scupra, Dumitru Filiu, Ta~eu Hr. Nauea, Tudor C. Nieolae, Mihail I.
Costid, Constantin Caratana, Viid Becea (in text Bece) Barbatu~u, Costa
Fotu, Ion Gh. Mitru~, Vad. Nastasia Sp. Butearu, Viid Nastasia Barbata~,
Ti\nase Sp. Butearu, loan Gh. Vasu, loan T. Pariza, Naeu Doeu, Aristide
Doeu, Gheorghe Puci, Nicolae D. Cacsi, Hristu Gh. Stefan, Ta~u C. Butcaru,
Haralambie D. Doeu, Vaduva Sofia Stavre, Hristu Bebi (in text Bebe),
Ta~uli Toma, Viid Ianula G. Vasu, Anastase Belba, Sterie V. Giogea (in text
Giorgia), Ion Gh. BelIu, loan A. Filiu (in text Filu), Nicolae 1.Toma, Tanase
r 99
l
NICOLAE CU$A . OTILIA PACEA 1I
C. Gace (in text Gacia), Dumitru I. Costidi, Ion Costa Bracia, Gheorghe D.
Ze1ca, Vasile Gogeaman, Dumitru N. Chirvasitu, Gheorghe Adam, Hristu
Stefu, Costa loan Bracea, Dumitru"Spiru Cocea, Ahileia D. Mizu, Dumitru
Stilu, Stilu Dumitru Ilie, Hristu Nastu, Traian G. Curumi, Nicolae Gh. Zelca,
Vad. Vasile Spiru Coeea, Mihail Caq;i, Ta$u Geogea (in text Georgea),
Gheorghe T. Pariza, Vad Angela Gh. Curumi, Mihai H. Lenu, Costa V.
Scupra, Ion Geavela, Sotir At. Doeu, Athanase V. Docu, Athanase Tugearu,
Maria At. Costea, Alexa Zica Nasta, Costa Ta$u Geogea, Maria D. Doeu,
Costa Hristu Lenu, Hristu C.Scupra, Dumtru Dargate, Lambru Gh. Dargate,
Costa I. Costidi, Costea Nasta, Athanase R. Dumitru, Athanase N. Costica,
Ta$u Gr. Scupra, Gheorghe Scupra, Dumitru N. Zechiu, Ta$u I. Mihale,
Nicolae C. DU$u,Gheorghe I. Pandichi, Stambuli Costa (in text Stambellu),
Zisu Curumi, Cristea E. Tagore (in text Tagare), Stefan E. Tagore, Dumitru
Farin, Nanu Farin, Dumitru C. Papa C-tin, Dima Hristu Carapan, Avram
Ciumpileac, Dumitru St. Prajea, Stefan Anastase Pamor, Gheorghe Ceafcoci,
Dumitru St. Giorta, Hristu St. Cucoti, Stamate A. Tiliu, Dionisie Manole,
Hristu A. Giarta, Preot loachim Gh. Porumbelu, Atanase P. Coeea, (in text
Cociu), Anastase Trifan Sfircea, Vasile Hristu Becica, Gheorghe I. Bozna,
loan R. Prajea, Gheorghe I. Oui, Hristu Gh. Misigea zis BO$eu,Petre St.
Sotir, Anastase D. Sereea, Dumitru R. Pater, Dumitru R. Pater, Dumitru I.
Oui, Dionisie St. Pranza, Trifan Hristu Bicica, Avram Gh. Tumba, Gheorghe
I. Gaga, Vanghele I. Vanta, Dumitru Gh. Chinda, Petre A. Zeta, Tanca Gicu
lanciu, Stefan D. Seu, Petre D. Pastrici, Dionisie Gh. Gaga, Gheorghe
Manole Papamanu, loan T. leu, Gheorghe St. Gulub, Dumitru A. Cama$,
Hristu Gh. Papamanec, Hristu Dionisie Mi$u, Gheorghe D. Pitu (in text
Pitua), Dionisie P. Ciafca, Rizu A. Zeta, Gheorghe I. Tripca, Riza Atanase
Sanchi (in text Stanehi), loan P. Ciumpileac, Atanase D. Ciupita, Dionisie H.
Mi$u, Vasile Palan, Gheorghe Proia Baicio$i, Dumitra A. Anciu, loana I.
Hristu, loan Dumitru Menci, Riza D. Eda, Pavel I. Vanta, loan Pupca, Hristu
D. Chinda, Aneta Gh. Moscu, Beca D. Chinda, Maria V. OUi, Hristu C.
Ciumpileac, Dionisie D. Tapan, Anastase D. Camu$, Traian Gh. Grosu (in
text Grozea), Hristu Bi$u (in text Biju), Liciu Hristu, Gh. Cician, Hristu
Ghionci, Vanghele G. Giorta, Hristu Tr. Sfircea, Dumitru A. Culea$i, Maria
Culea$i, Boscu Papa Gheorghe, Dumitru C. Ciumpileac, Toma St. Argintaru,
Stefan D. Ginau, Vanghele Gh. Pazu, Maria Gh. Sereca, Vasile V. Lazar,
100
J
-
Petre I. Prandi, Petre Cu~ea, Dumitru St. Cu~ea, Hristu P. Coeiu, Dionisie
Gh. Gmsu, Ion St. Cuiruli, Nu~i I. Gheorga, Dumitru Rizu Sirli, loan Hristu
Ta~a, Dumitru I. Paiea, Constantin C. Tahu, Armade T. Cara-Constantin,
Nicolae Hristu Gaea, Gheorghe Hristu Gaea, Chendra I. Mezat, Mihail N.
Merea, Gheorghe N. Merea, loan N. Merea, Mihaill. Merea, Hristu M.
Nicola, Vasile Gh. Pana, Stana Hr. Casapu, Tu~i Gh. Ba~mi, Stefan D. Pre~a,
Lazar Anton Pana, Ion Ion Broasea, Dumitru Pre~a, Hristea T. leu,
Haralambie M. Pana, Lazar N. Gheorghe, Paulina M. Cioti, Gheorghe Gh.
Stavri, Toma C. Hristu, Stefan Bratea, Dumitru T. Lala, Petre St. Bratea, Ion
H. Vere~, Heraclea Gheorghe Leea, Dumitru C. Papaiani, Gheorghe Z.
Hiohi, Anastase M. Nanu~, Nicola D. Biti, Elena Tache N. Biti, Chirata
Stoica V. Deam, Constantin N. Merea, Hristu Peanci (in text Panciu), Tanase
St. Lala (in text Lola), Ion Lazar Pana, Dumitru L. Pana, Gheorghe Petre
Mezat, Eftimie Caeearea, Lambru N. Gheorghe, Ta~a Gherzu, Petre Papa
Petre, Nicolae N. Gicu, Hristu N. Tulica, Trapeea Tanase leba, Stefan A.
Terzi, Vasile A. Bujgoli (in text Bujgole), Dumitru Zeta, Steriu Dumitru,
Nicolae Costea, Dumitru laneu (in text loaneu), Steriu Halep, Stere Costea
Pa~a, Mihail Panait Stefan, Nicolae, Nicea Sterghiu Dumitru, Nicola Adam,
Fimiu Mihai Anagnoste, Fimiu lanu, Steriu Mihai, Nicola lanaehe, laneu
Gheorghe, Nicolae laneu, Mihail Nicea, laneu Anagnoste, Dima Hristu,
Dumitru Fimiu (in text Fumin sau Fimin) Arghir Dindi, Costa Dima, Nieea
Sterghiu (in text Stergiu~), laneu Grosu, Mihail lanaehe, Sterghiu Ana-
gnoste, Gheorghe Mihail Levente, Steriu Paris, laneu Steriu, Elena Dumitru,
Steriu Gheorghe Belu, Nicolae Steriu, Costa Gheorghe, Gheorghe Hristu,
Sterghiu Gheorghe, Adam Steriu, Steriu Panait, Panait Steriu Uda, Gheorghe
Steriu Bela, Adam Steriu, Nicola Steriu, Constantin Steriu Gramen, Nicolae
Steriu, laneu Megit, Gheorghe Megit, Costa Stefan Gheorghe, Hristu Megit,
Zoita Grosu, Maria Mihale Uda, Sultana Mihai Nicolae, Maria Mihale
Bi~eu, Tanase Panaiot Stefan, laneu Mihail, Costa Nieolae, Constantin Gh.
Gramen, Dumitru Mihai Stere, Dumitru Steriu, Maria Steriu, Costa Steriu,
Steriu Dinea, Mihale Steriu, Arghir Dumitru, Costa Steriu, Tanase Costa,
Costa Nicola, Costa Steriu, Dima N. Adam, laneu Mihale, Costa Nicola,
Nicea Dumitru, Damu (in text Danu) Steriu Anagnoste, Mihalea Gheorghe,
Dumitru Gheorghe Lcvcnte, Agora (in text Ahora) Dumitru Melu, Hristu
Dimu, Gheorghe Dimu, Maria Dinea, Zoita Dumitru Steriu, Agora Adam
101
L
NICOLAE CU$A . OTIL/A PACEA
-- - --
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
103
NICOLAE CU$A . OT/UA PACEA
lancu Nicola Mola, Toader I. Arau, Nicol Ta~u Bude~u, Gheorghe St.
Mitrache, Atanase S1. Biu, Sterie M. Bafane (in text Bofan), Mihail S1.
Samara, Stere Costa Arau, Atanase Gh. Apostol, Gheorghe St. Stavrositu,
Dinca Custura, Dumitru D. Barzu, Steriu I. Carapit.\lJ3
--- -- -
Macedo-aromal/ii dobrogel/i . The Macedo-Aromal/ial/s ill Dobrudja
Ecaterina D. Caraiani.106
Nicolae Gh. Cavache, Ion D. Ceara, Dumitru Gh. Cuvaci, Vasile Godi,
Nicolae Gh. Vrana, Ion V. Pavlicu, Dumitru G. Zdralea, Nicolae G. Zdralea,
Sterie I. Culusu, Maria Culusu, Gheorghe A. Zamani, Gheorghe D. Cutova,
104. Toale 117 familii au fosl colonizale in com. Frasari, judo Duroslor. "Jumalul
COllsiliu/ui de Millislri". nr. 1523.
105. Cf. "1"1'1101,,1COllsiliul"i de Millisl,.i". nr. 1524.
106. Cf. "Jumal,,1 CCJ/lsili"l"i lie Millislri". nr. 1525.
105
---
NlCOLAE CU$A . OTILIA PACEA
Mihail Constantin Goga (in text Gogu), Dumitru Ion Tica, Sterie
Dumitru Varghida, Constantin Sterie Varghida, Atanase St. Varghida, Ion
Tica Tica, Aristide Tica, Gheorghe Constantin Goga, Sterie Dumitru Barzu,
Hristu Nicolae Barba, Nicolae M. Carniciu, Nicolae Gh. Dueea, Dumitru St.
Barza H., Gheorghe Dumitru Dueea, Dumitru D. Pota, Mihail Nicolae Lolea
(in text Loliu), Nicolae Dumitru Barza, Gheorghe N. Barza, Hristu Sterie
Si1,ieu,Mihai St. Barza, Elena Dumitru Bala, Eeaterina Gh. Sterie, Nicolae
D. Mueea.110
107
NICOLAE CU$A . OTlLlA PACEA
J
Macedo-aromallii dobrogell; .The Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrlldja
Nicolae Mita (in text Mita), Maria Gh. N. Mita, Atanase St. Pa~;a,Constantin
Vanghele Lusu, laneu Gheoorghe Tanase. 114
Atanase Papagheorghe.116
109
-
NICOLAE CUSA . OT/LJA PACEA
110
--
-
--
111
L - -
..
Stere N. Avganti, Nicola Nisu (in text Niciu) Colci, Vanghele S1.
Muhcina (in text Muchona), Sterie D. Saramandu (in text Smaranda), Stere
Gh. Ghiuri (in text Ghiurea), Gheorghe Gh. Misu (in text Mosa), Agora S1.
Misu, Mihail S1. Muhdna, Gheorghe S1.Misa, Costea M. Cfiju, Mihale S1.
Dimciu, Mihail S1. Misa, Mache M. Cfiju, Dimciu Gh. Ghiuvea, Stavrositu
C. loan, lancu Gh. Anagnoste (in text Anacnoste), Ghita (in text Ghito) N.
Anastase, Paris Atanase Stefu, Gheorghe Costa Ghiuvea, lancu Gh. Ghita,
Dumiru Gh. Ghiuvea, Elena I. M. Nicola, Alexe Gh. Gavrizi, Atanase I.
GhiHi,Nicolae I. GhiHi, Nicolae S1.Cfiju, Musu M. Caraman Sterie Dimciu
112
r
Macedo-aroman;; dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrlldja
Mergeani, Paris St. Costea, Sterie Mihale lancu, Stere Dirnciu Mergeani,
Paris St. Costea, Sterie Mihale lancu, Stere Dimciu Sirniti, Gheorghe Dirna
Cuvata (in text Covata), Vanghele D. Maria, Mihail N. Ciiju, Stefan C.
Vasile, Vanghele D. Vanghele, Enache St. Avganti, Dirnciu M. Sararnandu
(in text Srnaramla), Mihail Gh. Teja (in text Teju), Gheorghe Teja Paris,
Gheorghe Gh. Ghita, Dinca St. Mergeani (in text Mergearu).123
Nicolae Steriu Pociu, Ion Nicolae Pociu, Costea Stere Pociu, Costea
Atanase Learciu, Mihail Constantin Dirnci, Anastasia Tasu Gh. Bardu,
Gheorghe Durnitru Duzi, Durnitru St. Ciulifica, Zisu Gheorghe Bardu (in
text Pardu), Gheorghe Mihail Ciulifid1, Mitrus Nacu Paris, Mihail Gheorghe
Cosca (in text Tosca), Ion Stere, Mihail Ciulilica, Vasile N. Farin, Mihail
Stere Ciulifidi, Hristu Mihail Tosa (in text Tosca), Costa Durnitru Duzi,
Mihailloan Rusa (in text Rusea), Gheorghe A. Anagnoste, Hristu Stere
Ciullidi, Durnitru Constantin Duzi, Constantin Paris, Nicolae Gh. Farin,
Stere Nirlu, Hristu Stere Toza, Sterghie Hristu Toza, Stcre T. Alcxc Nicola,
lane T. Nicola, Dqrnitru A. Zicu, Adam Hristu Zicu, Foti Zisu Bardu (in text
Pardu).124
113
-------
--,
I
I
NICOLAE CUSA . OTIUA PACEA
114
~ - -- ...J
.
Macedo-aromanii dobrogelli The Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrlldja
Victimele
aromanilor
in Cadrilater
115
l
--
.,
2. Aceste asociatii erau organizatii de extrem1l stiing1l, cf. Arhivelor Statului. Riimnicu
Viilcea. Dosar nr. 3/1933, fila 165.
116
I
- - --- - - J
Macedo-aroma"ii dobroge"j. The Macedo-Aroma"ialls ill Dobrlldja
In Memoriam
Zizi Ha!1oti, din satul Ghiore, judetul Caliacra. A fost omorat io ziua
de 21 decembrie 1928, in urma unui conflict minor, pentm ni~te paie ce
apartineau localnicului bulgar Doniu Zlatef, alaturi de care erau ~i alti
locuitori de origioe bulgara. Zizi Hasoti, doborat la pamant eu furca, a strigat
dupa ajutor. Au sarit degraba mai muhi macedoneni din apropiere. S-au
schimbat focuri de ~a. Colonistii macedoneni o-au tras in plio, au tras la
117
- -- - --
- --..
picioare. Din randullor au fost cativa raniti si unul mort Zizi Hasoti. Dintrc
autohtoni, unul ranit in picior si unul batut.
Referillfe: "Cuvan/ul Nos/m", I, Bazargic, 1928; "Legionarii", I, Nr.
1, Bazargic, 1929, "Peninsula Balcanic£/", VIII, Nr. 9, 1930.
topoare si coase -, Hristu Dimcidi a iesit din casa si s-a indreptat spre cafe-
nea sa vada ce se inUimplaacolo. Din spate, dar de la distanta a fost impucat
de caraula M. Gheorghieff. Dupa 0 ora de agonie cu toate ajutoarele date de
colonisti, taniirul Hristu Dimcidi si-a dat sufletul. Caraula M. Gheorghieff, a
fugit, trecand granita in Bulgaria. Multi colonisti din satele invecinate au
sosit in satul Nadejdca cu prilejul inmormantarii lui Hristu Dimcicii. Unii au
vrut sa se razbune, nu s-a intamplat insa nimic; majoritatea colonistilor au
dispuns cu resemnarc intovarasind in tacere nelnsufletitul corp al lui Hristu
Dimcica pe ultimul drum.
Referinfe: "Buciumul", II, Nr. 83, Bazargic, 1932
-
-
NlCOLAE CU$A . OTlLlA PACEA
grenada 7 oi. Def:;imasurile de paza din zona erau severe (intre timp fusese
prins un membru al bandei, Petre S. Petroff, care a denuntat ataeul pre-
conizat ~i pe membrii bandei), eu ajutorulloeuitorilor bulgari din Saranebi,
Conac si eelelalte sate din imprejurimi, banditii au putut sa se streeoare
neobservati pana la loeuinta lui S. Tugearu pe care au ineercat sa 0 forteze.
Din interior Ii s-a raspuns eu foeuri de revolver. in easa se afla sotia lui
Tugearu, fiul eel mare, Nicolae si nepoata Marusa (I. Tugearu era in sat la 0
intalnire eu agronomul regiunii in vederea parceliirii loturilor). Furiosi ca cei
din casa nu VOl'sa se predea, banditii au inceput sa traga spre easa, ca intr-o
tinta dintr-un poligon militar. Vazand di n-au succes sa-i seoa!!i din casa au
aruncat 6 grenade, cate una in fieeare camera a easei lui Tugearu. Au explo-
dat 4 din ele fiicand prapad in jurul lor; fiul eel mare Nicolae a fost ranit
grav, unul dintre picioare i-a fost complet sfiiramat (va muri, nu dupa mult
timp), Marusa, nepoata lui S. Tugearu omorata pe loc iar bunica ei gray
ranita. Cand eomitagii se pregateau sa dea foe intregii case Si acareturilor, un
colonist eurajos din imprejurime a inceput sa traga asupra bandei. Speriati
comitagii au parasit satul lasand in easa lui Tugearu un mort, un schilodit
gray si un ranit.
in fuga lor pe sosea au intalnit un convoi de coloni~ti macedoneni din
satul Carageat, judo Durostor, eu earutele incarcate cu lemne. Au inceput sa
traga asupra lor. Trei colonisti au fost atin~ide gloante, unul mortal, un copil
de 18 ani (neimpliniti), Stere Adam Gheorghita si alti 2 gray raniti.
A trcia seara banda a intrat in sawl Sever Radulescu. sat pur romancsc
locuit de romani regatcni si macedoneni, profiHind ca marea majoritate a
barbatilor se aflau la 0 nunta in satul Cageaolar din Durostor. Dupa ce au
batut pe caraula satului Ulsandu-Iin nesimtire (aceasta cra inzestrat doar cu 0
pusca cu numai doua gloante in dotare) au patruns in gospodaria lui Nicolae
Marzavan, unul dintrc cei mai instariti macedoneni, unde au maltratat pe
mama acestuia de 75 de ani fortand-o sa Ie arate locul unde iSi tin banii (au
intepat-o in 2 locuri cu baioneta, i-au taiat 0 parte din ureche si apoi i-au uns
cu gaz un ochi Si ii-au incalzit...). Au luat 200.000 de lei in hartii de cate
1000 lei si multe monede de auI' Si lucruri scumpe. La plecare intalnind un
colonist regatean ce venea de la moara I-au omorat.
Bilantul atacurilor eomitagiilor bulgari in toamna anului 1933:
120
-- -- -- j
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .
The Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrudja
121
----
NICOLAE CUSA . 071L1A PACEA
122
i.
SOCIOLOGIE ROMANEAScA, 11I,4-6
Noe: Colonizarea Cadrilaterului
. ",\114
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .
The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
V. RECOLONIZAREA AROMANILOR
iN DOBROGEA
- JUDETELE A ~I TULCEA-
CONSTANT
I. Publical1n MonHorul Oficial, Nr. 212. 12 seplembrie 1940 (si in limba franccza).
2. Loc. ciL
123
NICOLAE CUSA . OT/UA PACEA
Numarularomanilorcolonizati
in Cadrilater
Rezident Regal
S.S.lndescifrabil Director
S.S.lndescifrabil
I. Arhivelc Slalului Rm. ViHcea. Fond, Prefeclura Judelului Duroslor, Dosar 24/1940,
fila I 15.
126
- - ---
Macedo-aroma"ii dobrogeni .
The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrlldja
Tablou
numeric de populafia dinjudelul Durostor pe nafionalitiifi la data de 1
Mai 1940 (suflete). Fond Prefectura ludelului Durostor.
Arhivele de Stat Riimnicu Viilcea, Dosar Nr. 24/1940, Filele 175-178.
127
NICOLAE CUSA .
OT/UA PACEA
128
--- -- -- - -- -
,.. -
Tablou t
De situatia coloni~tilor pe categorii aprobati de O.N.A.C. in judetul
Caliacra pana la 1 septembrie 1937.
Regateni: 8.390 capi de familie
~acedoneni 2.690 capi de familie
Banateni 913 capi de familie
Invatatori 183 capi de familie
Total 12.176 capi de familie
I. Apud "Straja Cadrilaterului" ,II, Nr. 22, Bazargic, 1937. Tabelul a Cost publica! si in
"Romanul" si "Tara lui Mircea".
2. Am aplical ca medie 5 membri. Pe alunci loale familiile de aromiini, formale din sOli,
p1irinti si copii aveau inlre.5 si 10 membri, de mulle ori chiar mai multi.
129
NICOLAE CUSA . 071L1A PACEA
Evacuarea~ia~ezarea
aromanilor
in localitafjle
dinjudoConstanta
~iTulcea
--- J
Macedo-aroma,,;; dobrogeni. The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
5. Localitiltile unde au fost cazati temporar sunt trecute toate, cu ocazia instructiunilor
difuzate prefecturilor, in Arhivele Statului Tulcea, Fond Prefectura judetului Tulcea, Oosar 67,
1940, fila II si Oosar Nr. 76/1940, filele 2-19; public ate si in N. Cusa, Aromanii, pag. 141-
158.
6. "NOlll", Fond Brigada 7 Cavalerie, Oosar 64, fila 164, apud AM.R., pag. 183-185.
7. Raportullui Oem Viltafu, consilier tehnic pcntru recolonizarea Oobrogei, in Arhivele
Statului Constanta, fond Prefectura Jud. Constanta, 73, Dosar Nr. 16,1948, filele 15, 16.
8. Autorul afirmil c1I in 1941 cele mai mari si mai bune centre de colonizare erau
supraaglomerate de macedoneni, care puneau pc fugil pe ceilalti colonisti. Prin aceasta, con-
silierul f1Icea aluzie la faptul c1I multi colonisti aromani au intrat in "Legiune" si c1I de aici
avantajele. Este adev1lrat ca multi aromani au intrat in aceast1i organizatie (compusil insil in
majoritate din romani), cil au f1Icut-o probabil cu gandulla obtinerea unor avantaje (se poartil si
in zilele noastre); dar asezarea aromanilor fiirsiroti in localitiltile de care pomeneste el (Cocosu.
Ovidiu, Ferdinand, Cogealac, Viile Noi. Anadalchioi). s-a datorat unci alte cauze. F1Irsiro\ii
doreau sil fie impreuna. de aici si aglomeratia de care se vorbeste. Oeci asezarea lor in aceste
localitilti in grupuri compacte nu are vreo leglituriicu eventualul lor legionarism. Si
gr1imustenii, 0 parle din ei evident. au fosl Jegionari si lotusi s-au asezat in localil1itile din
judetul Tulcea.
131
--- -- --- -
NICOLAE CUSA . OT/LJA PACEA
J
Macedo-aromanii dobrogel/i .
The Macedo-Aromall;alls ;11 Dobrudja
Judetul Tulcea
1. Agighiol: 27 de familii (gramusteni), 2. Babadag: 8 familii (gra-
musteni), 3. Beidaud: 332 de familii (gramusteni din Bulgaria 5i Republica
Macedonia de azi), 4. Camena; 129 de familii (gramusteni - Bulgaria si
Grecia), 5. Congaz: 75 de familii (gramusteni si farseroti - Grecia Si
Albania), 6. Cataloi: 53 de familii (gramusteni), 7. Casimcea: 14 familii
(gramusteni), 8. Cerna: 262 de familii (megleniti, dar 5i cateva familii de
gramusteni si chiar farseroti din Grecia), 9. Ceamurlia de Jos: 200 de familii
(gramusteni), 10. Ceamurlia de Sus: 303 familii (gramusteni), II. Eschibaba:
231 de familii (gramusteni), 12. Lunca: 16 familii (gramusteni), 13. Lascar
-----
NlCOLAE CUS,4 . OTlI,-JA PACEA
Catargiu: 6 familii; 14. Malcoci: 12 familii; 15. Mihai Bravu: 10 familii; 16.
Mihail Kogalniceanu: 307 familii (gramusteni si diteva familii de farseroti).
17. Principele Mihai (Nicolae Balcescu): 341 familii (gramusteni), 18.
Razboieni: 15 familii; 19. Sarighiol Deal: 220 de familii (gramusteni _
Grecia), 20. Tulcea (comuna): 23 de famiIii; 21. Tistimelu: 84 de familii.
In judetul Tulcea de atunci au fost definitivate in 21 de centre un
numar de 2.668 de familiLIO
In total, numarul familiilor de macedo-aromani colonizate in Dobrogea
este de 5230. Diferenta de 734 de familii, din cele 5.964 de familii de
aromani colonizate in Cadrilater, reprezinta famiIiile care nu au fost colo-
nizate in Dobrogea.
Nota
J
. .
Macedo-aromanii .
dobrogeni The Macedo-Aromallialls ill Dobrudja
Multi se ami in ora~ul Tulcea, intr-o pondere mai micii tara indoiala; imbu-
curator este faptul cii se mai pastreaza grupuri compacte in satele armane~tidin
judetele Tulcea ~iConstanta (Eschibaba, Tistimelu,Ceamurlia de 5us, Beidaud,
Baia in judo Tulcea, ~i Cogealac, M. KogaIniceanu, Ovidiu, Poiana in judo
Constanta).
De relevat, de asemenea este faptul ca a incetat definitiv exodu1 ditre
capitala, exod practicat in deceniile 6-7-8. Acum, chiar daca aromanii sc sta-
bilesc in ora~, parasindu-~i satele, devenite pentru generatiile de dupa 41, de
b~tina, se stabilesc in Constanta.
Faptul estc salutar pentru ca in felul acesta se incheaga mau mult comuni-
tatea compacta a macedo-aromanilorce exista in Constanta.
135
---- ---
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aroman;ans ;n Dobrlldja
..
L
.,
the origins of the Aromanians in the south of the Danube. Controversy arise
when foeus falls on an approximate localisation of the origins.
The second theory pleads for the origins of the Aromanians in the
north of the Balkan Peninsula where the Romans were ruling bcfore the
arrival of the Slavs. The Roman domination, however, did not reach far
towards the south, that is beyond the Jire~ck line3. To the south of the line,
the Thraco-Illyrian-Macedonian native population had been greecised4.
To the north of the Jire~ek line, at the same time with the arrival of
the Slavs, the romanised population - unlike the population in the south -
had been slavised. The champions of this theory argue that the process of
slavisation did not affect the population that moved northwards to increase
the number of the Romanians in the north of the Danube or southwards and
westwards to give birth to the Aromanians, the Megleno-Romanians and
the Istro-Romanians5.
3. Constantin Jireeck, professor at the University of Prague anl! Vienna. who establishel!
the famous line of l!emarcation of the Ronmn world in the Balkans. which bears his name This
line was drawn from the Adriatic Sea. from the city of Lissus (tnday the Albanian city of Lezhe)
towards the East to the mouths of the Danube, including the territory of Dacia under Aurelian' s
reign and the two Moesias. It had as border Dalmazia in the North and Macedonia in the South.
4. The Historical and Ethnical Romanian Space 1933: 8
5. This theory was sustained by Dimitrie Onciul in The Romanians in Dacia during
the Reign of Trajan before the Foundation of the Principalities 1932: 32. who doubtcd the
existence of the Roman world beyond Jireeek as he regarded it as dangerous issue to be raised
by other theories which did not admit the conlinuity of Ihe Daco-Romanian population in Dacia
and which were promoted by Franz Joseph Sulzer. I (,hr Engel. and eSIX'eially Robert Roesler
and his Roeslerian theory; Ion Nistor in The Origins of the Romanians in the Balkans and
the Vlachias in Thessaly and Epirus, 'The Annals of the Romanian Academia' III vol. XXVI.
mem.? p.2; C.c. Giurescu in The History of the Romanian People 1942: vol. I 314; P. P.
Panaitescu in An Introduction into the History of the Romanian Culture 1969: 118-120.
The philologists Ovidiu Densusianu. Alexandru Rosetti and George Murnu shared the same
beliefs. One particular position among Romanian historians was adopted by A. D. Xenopol.
Contrary to the historians we mentioned above, Xcnopol in The History of the Romanian
People in Dacia during the Reign of Trajan 1888: vol. I 109. considers that the Daco-
Romanian and the Macedo-Romanian are IWOpeoples diJff!rem ".I' nOlllre oJtheir origins whn.<e
hllge resemblance is due to circllmstalllial blending oJ the same elements and they speak a
different language if we compare words from the Romanian and Aromanian lexis. He pleads for
their meridional origins far more to the: south than all the other historians, that is in the Balkans
(he also regards Moosia as less mmanised in anliquily) but althe same time and for the same
reasons - dallgerous issues. he was categorical in defining them as a (tifferen! pc>oplc.
138
---- J
r Macedo-aromdnii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
6. Having defeated Macedonia (as a result of three long and outrageous wars between
215 and 168 BC) at Pydna in the year of 168 BC, the Romans divided the late kingdom into
four tributary states; twenty years later, in the year of 148 BC, Macedonia became a Roman
province (hence earlier, before Dacia). Most of the population (the Macedonian, the Thraco-
lIIyrians and the Greeks) was romanised. See 8 below.
7. Another champion of this theory was Nicolae lorga who in his vast, surpassing and
unique historical writings - was particularly interested in the history of the Balkan Peninsula. As
far as the Aromanians arc concerned, Nicolae lorga was in favour of their meridional origins - he
also admitted that they might have originated in the IIlyrian South. In The History of the
Romanian People 1922: vol. I 139-140, he mentioned that The Macedo-Romanian elements
should be derived from the Roman population of the JI/yrian regions in the same way as the
Albanians originate from the isolated elemellls of a lIot completely romanised population from
the same provinces [. ..J There have hardly been more conservatory elements thall those of the
inhabitants of the mountains and the so-called Macedo-Romanians or the Romanians in the
Pindus MountaillS who have always been consistent with their nature. There is no melllioning of
any shift in any period even a more recelll one: they remain aI/ached to their well-defined
shepherding areas today as always, reaching far back 10 the eldest times; they ha~'e a summer
homeland and a winter homeland and these have always remained unchanged. That they might
have taken refuge in Moesia or Thessaly from any Slav barbarians or any other barbarians who
might have been around back then - we could ,wt admit. Gheorghe I. Bratianu. the son of IJ.C.
Bratianu (the leader of the National Liberal Party) , professor at the University of Bucharest
between 1940 and 1947 when he got arrested, and who succeeded Nicolae Iorga in the
Department of Universal History, after his assassination in 1940, an expert in the Aromanian
history (he went to visit them in Cadrilater - see the newspaper Universul (The Universe), XLV
no. 81, August, 7'" 1927), made the difference between the Roman world in the Balkans in general
and that of the Aromanians in particular (although he did acknowledge the BY7.antine sources) at
the same time also highlighting the popular versions (Gh. I. Bratianu was by all means a
supporter of tradition). In the name of this tradition, an early existence could be supported by the
names of the places where the Aromanians used 10live and still live today. (see Gh. I. Bratianu in
The Historical Tradition on the Foundation of the Romanian States 1980: 53-54)
139
-- -- ---
NICOLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
8. Romanian scholar and philologist, author of many surpassing linguistic, historical and
ethnographic writings such as The Macedo-Romanians. Ethnography, History and
Language, The Farsherots. A Linguistic Study on the Romanians in Albany, and especially
The Aromanians. The Aromanian Dialect. A Linguistic Study, the latter receiving a reward
from the Romanian Academia. In The Roman World in the Balkans 1936: 55-57, regarding the
ethnogenesis of the Aromanians. he stated that There are many reasons for the persistence of a
Roman world in the south of the Balkan Peninsula: jirst of all, the existence of the Roman domi-
nation in this part of the penillSula earlier then the conquering of Dacia as well as the beginning
of a romanisation which had not been hindered by the Greek cullUre as we have considered so
far; secondly, the presem selliements of the Romanians [the Aromanians] are obvious reminders
of earlier origillS if we consider the names of dijferem places in their Romanian [Aromanian]
form (Baiasa, Salonic, moumain peaks - Moasa, Dziina, Ciuma-nalti1, Suma cu bradu, ou - the
words ciuma and suma, of Latin origin, with the etymological meaning of height are no longer
used today - they are thus words inherited by the Aromanians in these regions)
9. Romanian scholar and philologist, with particular interest in the study of the
Aromanian language. His most important writing is The Dictionary of the Aromanian
General and Etymological Dialect, a real encyclopaedia and the most useful instrument of
study of the Aromanian language. In An Insight into the IIIyrian Roman World, 'Speaking
and Feeling' 1923: vol. I, fasc. I 72-75, he stated his opinion on the origins of the Aromanians:
From the geographical point of view we must acknowledge the existence of the Roman world
in the Illyrian Solllh in a direct territorial continuity with Moesia Superior. I memionthat the
Illyrian South means the Pindus moumains as well as the south oftoday's Albania. It is also
reasonable to admit that the Roman military life facto ipso within these provinces had to be
led in bigger or smaller Roman enclaves, having maintained their ethno-linguistic individuali-
ty for centuries before their consolidation in compact groups produced by the overflowing or
the dislocation of the population throughout the region of Pindus.
10 Ibidem.
140
---- J
r
Macedo-aromall;; dobrogell; .
Tile Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
This theory has been supported by many researchers of Aromanian
origin in Greece. They advocate their Balkan origins - in their opinion,
however, the Aromanians are the descendants of the Greek population which
was latinised during the Roman domination.II
In conclusion, in compliance with the two theories, we could confirm
that the South Danubian origins of the Aromanians is peremptory. Peremptory
is also the fact that before the Slav invasion (in a large number during the reign
of Focas (602-610) on both banks of the Danube itself a mealtS of internal
communication for so long and not at all a frontier to divide the Roman
worldl2, on the basis of common ground, a substantial Roman population was
born throughout centuries of imperial domination. This population was
extended from the Carpathians to Macedonia (in compliance with the second
theory) as well as towards the Illyrian South, that is Pindus, Epirus and the
South of Albania (in compliance with the third theory). It is also beyond doubt
that this population started speaking a similar language - Proto-Romanian-
with regional differences due to strata and features characteristic of the Latin
language which was spoken by the Roman conquerors.13
The settlement of the Slavs in the South of the Danube produced the
disintegration of the original unity of the Roman world in four groups,
which have later resulted in the Romanians - in the North of the Danube -,
the Aromanians - in the South of the Danube, in the Balkan countries -, the
Mcgleno-Romanians - in the Meglen Fields, in the North-East of Salonic-
and the Istro-Romanians - in Istrian Peninsula. The Proto-Romanian lan-
guage or the Fore-Romanian was also divided into four dialects: Romanian,
Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian.l4 - which began to
evolve separately as functionallanguages.l5
- - - ----
N/COLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
Aromanian(Macedo-Aromanian)
- Arman(Macedo-Arman)
16. It is for this matter that I have considered the phrase Macedo-Aromanian more
appropriate than Macedo-Vlach.
17. Cf. Teodor Capidan in The Aromanians. The Aromanian Dialect. A Linguistic
Study 1932: 8 - reedited by Justina Burci and Camelia Zabavii 2001 with a preface by Lucian
Chisu.
18. Cf. Teodor Capidan in The Macedo-Romanians. Ethnography, History,
Language 1942: 10-17
19. Ibidem.
142
- - --------
Macedo-aromallii dobrogelli .
The Macedo-Aromanialls in Dobrudja
20. It is a common place that in academic writings (see Teodor Capidan, 1932: 3-7,
Max Demeter Peyfuss, The Aromanian Issue 1994: 12 in N. S. Tanasoca's translation) they
rightfully argue that the Farsherots ( Farserotil'i) call themselves Ramarii not Armeln'; because
they are not familiar with the linguistic phenomenon of the protection of Ial before 11'1having
adopted the strong linguistic influence of rolling Irrl from the Albanian language which is, in
fact, pronounced as Iyl in the Romanian language, similar to the French language. All this held
true only for the Farsherots in Albania. The farsherots in Greece were not familiar with this
strong linguistic phenomenon Irrl - they used to call themselves Ruman. In my family, my
father Anastase Cusa (1919-1985, born in Grammaticuva, Greece) and my mother Flurica
Cusa (1925-1994, bolll Rosu in Patichina, Greece) , a family of plain Farsherots, within which
we have all spoken the Aromanian language, did not apply the rule of this linguistic phenomenon;
it is, however, possible to have applied it (?) 100 or 200 years ago, since all the Farsherots
originate from Albania. Concerning the Aromanians in Albania, between 1990 and 1992, during
my visits to Ihis country, I noticed that they did not apply the rule of this phenomenon either -
they had adopted the name of Armal/ (or Aromanian as we call them in English) - even though
some of them elTOneously pronounced it AnI/ell. The Plisots - the Farsherots from Albania
who had settled in Dobrudja- did the same. They all adopted the name Arman and the literary
name Aroman (or Aromanian as we translate it into the English language).
21. Cf. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language 1996: 60.
22. The first was Gustav Weingand, professor at the University of Lcipzig, who wrote
many scientific papers on the Aromanians starting from studies undertaken at the place of thcir
belonging. His fundamental writing is Die Aromunen: Ethnographisch-philosophisch-his-
torische Untersuchungen iiber das Volk der sogenannten Makedo-Romanen oder
Zinzaren in two volumes, published in Lcipzig, 1895.
23. Aroman in the Romanian language, Aroumains in the French language,
Arumunen in the German language. Aromeni in the Italian language, Aromanian in the
English language.
143
NlCOLAE CUSA .OTILlA PACEA
24. The Aromanians live in the United States, in New York, SI. Francisco, SI. Louis,
Bridge Port; in Australia in Melbourne and Sydney; in several Western European countries.
144
--- - --
..
r ...
The first Aromanians who had settled down in Dobrudja were the
Farsherots. They represent the stem of the Aromanians second in number
after the Gramusteni.1 Their name comes from Farsala, a place situated in
the South of Valona (Vlore - a seaport on the Adriatic Sea, in the southern
part of Albania), where Caesar's soldiers landed, whom the local inhabitants
and the soldiers of Pompeii2 had seen and called in the panic of landing:
'Watch out! Here come the Pharsaliots! The Pharsaliots!,3
There is a second theory which advocates the fact that the name
comes indeed from Farsala; however, it was not the above-mentioned place
the stem derives its name from, but Pharsala in Thessaly (today's Greece), a
I. In Romania and not in the South of the Danube where the Farsherots are more
numerous than the Gramusteni.
2. Stationed in Epirus and IlIyria as early as 49 BC, after the defeat of Brundisium in
Italy, when Pompeii had withdrawn in Macedonia. See Theodor Mommsen. The Roman
. History 1988: vol. III: 222-226.
3. Cf. the ethnographer Antonio Baldacci, apud Anastase Hilciu, The Aromanians.
Trade, Industry, the Arts, Expansion, Civilisation -
1936: 142 republished in Constantza by
the publishing house "Cartea Aromilna" 2003; ed. Tiberiu Cunia and Dumilru Stere Oarofi!.
The term Farsalioli was widely used especially in Greece. Today all the Aromanians in this
stem call themselves Fiirsiroli'or F1irsiroti.
145
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NICOLAE CUSA .
OTILIA PACEA
place where in the year of 48 BC the battle between Caesar and Pompeii
was fought. The latter had been watching Caesar defeating all his armies
and had decided to flee from the battle field to take refuge on a ship towards
the East. His soldiers, the partisans from his camp in Macedonia, had
retreated up in the mountains to take refuge and shelter as early as 49 BC
to later give birth to the great populations of the Farsherots and the
Megalo-Vlachs.4
The third theory supports the assumption according to which the name
of the Farsherots comes from another place situated in the South-East of
Albania: Fra$ari or Fra$eri (which included 15,000 inhabitants in the years
of maximum growth, today it is only a small Albanian village with a few
Aromanian inhabitants).5 Moreover they also assumed that the entire stem
had originated in the region of Fra$ari, where shepherds from Gramos and
Pindus were settling down (as a result of population in excess); they admit,
however, the existence of other Aromanian populations within this area
before the overflow. 6
It is, however, a tradition of the Farsherots to reach far back for their
origins to the old times of the colonists brought from Italy after the battles
between Caesar and Pompeii and whose descendants they believe they are.?
This noble origin has been pointed out by loan Caragiani who argued that
among numerous tribes of Romanians [Aromanians] in the Balkan
Peninsula, there is one in particular which spreads in Albania, Epirus,
Macedonia, Thessaly and all around Greece. The call themselves
Rumani or Rumeni whereas all the other Aromanians call them
Far~eroti or Far~eroti. Most of them have always been nomadic
-
without any village to permanently live in during the summer they
live in their own villages in the mountains, near their sheepfolds and
4. Cf. Anastase Haciu 1936: 141
5. Teodor Capidan, Nomadic Aromanians 1926: 42-47
6. Ibidem
7. During the presence of Caesar in Egypt, in IIIyria, the soldiers of Pompeii were
swarming illside the country as they had been scallered by the war ill Thessaly. so that the
Romans had to bring there new cohorts and riders 10maintain the peacein the region. Whell
Caesar ret/lrlled to Egypt, the danger llad beell overcome ill I//yria Apud. Theodor
Mommsen 1988: 243
146
J
i
- --- ~
r
during the winter they live in the fields where they descent with their
flocks to winter. In the popular belief of all Aromanians. the country of
the Farsherots has always been Albania, where they had spread from in
many places with the exception of those who remained behind and still
live there. It was from one of the latter - whom I had met in the island of
Corfu - that I learnt that, by an old tradition, the Farsherots had come to
Albania and Thessaly far over the sea and they were once called
Farsaliots and not Farsherots whereas they used to call themselves
Rumani or Rumeni and consequently. they are the old Roman colonists
brought from Italy to Illyria and Thessaly after the battles between
Caesar and Pompeii in Dyrachium and Pharsala. Some of the
Aromanians believe that the Farsherots would come from a small village
that had never been so large to include over 200,000 inhabitants that rep-
resents the number of all Farsherots in Greece and Turkey.8
147
- --- -----
NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
whose origin is also Farsherot. The claim that the small village of
Fra(lari could have given - or could give a few centuries later - birth
to such a people that includes more than 320,000 individuals as the
Farsherot people does - is hard to submit, to say the least. 9
To conclude, we could say that the country of all the Farsherots was
the South Albania, where they spread from - with the exception of those
who had remained there 10_ to Epirus, Macedonia (as it was in those years),
Thessaly and throughout Greece.
The exodus was determined by the new situation in Albania. In exchange
of many privileges, a part of the Albanians was converted to the Islam. This
was for the benefit of the local leaders who enjoyed autonomy to a greater
extent than before within the new circumstances. Moreover, the Turks started
appointing them bey and pasha - the sultans had never appointed any local
leader to such positions before. Benefiting from these positions, the local
leaders were turning into worse rulers than the Turks themselves. Their people
were terrorising the South-East of Albania, that is the original land of the
Farsherots.Taking advantageof the outbreak of the Russian-Turkishwar within
the period 1768-1774,the bands of the Muslim ba$buzuciwere dominating the
region, invading even Greece. All this was followed by a period of anarchy and
insecurity, at the Muslim leaders' will. The commercial routes were no longer
secure, the caravans were being attacked all the time. The central power,
namely Turkey, could no longer be in charge of the situation within this area.
Against the unfriendly environment, a part of the Farsherots left their
native lands forever - that is Dangli and Colonia, where Fra(lari was also
situated; they left even Albania. Some settled down in the Greek Epirus, in
Pindus, in the West and North-West of Samarina, in the villages of
Paleoseli (today Palioseli), Furca and the villages of Cucufliani, Verbiani,
---- J
r Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrlldja
I.
Prisogiani, Grizmani, Starciani etcl '; in Greece they settled down near the
Gramusteni and Moscopoleni, in places such as Florina, Pisuderi,
Belcameni, near the Pindeni in the mountains of Veria, in Horopani and
Selia de Sus, in the region of Olympus, in Caterina, Salonic (Saruna in the
Aromanian language) and Seres, in Thessaly, in Armiro, Volo, Velestin,
Tricala, Calabaca, Larisa etc. There were others who settled down in
Macedonia, near the Gramusteni in Beala, Moloviste, Tamova, Nijopole,
Magarova and in the Murihova Mountains, organised here in a separate and
compact group. As if on purpose, the latter group, after a stay of approximately
100 years, had to emigrate again. At the same time with the revolutionary
movements of the Bulgarians in Turkey (back then Macedonia belonged to
the Ottoman Empire), these Farsherots retreated to the region of Vodena
where, under the rule of their leaders called celnici, set up settlements such
as Fetita, Patichina, Grammaticuva, Candrova.12
Concerning the exodus, the second group which left the native territories
is represented by the Farsherots in Curtes, Costreti (or Costresti), Zarcani
(or Jarcani) and Zavalini (or Javaleni). They did not leave Albania; they
settled down in Corita, in Pleasa, Disnita and Stropani.
Finally, the third large group of the Farsherots - all the Aromanians in
Albania are Farsherots! - settled down in the south of Albania, that is in the
Albanian Epirus and in the Muzakia Fields.
II. loan Nenitescu 1895: 401-433 did mention them but he did not comment on the
existence of the Farshcrots within this area. Inhabitants of Farsherot origin could have existed
here from old times; I. Nenitescu mentions in particular that hetween the rivers Baeasa and
Sarantaporos, around the year of 1892. there were lots of families of Farsherots who did not
live in villages.
12. I learnt of this episode as well as of the exodus of the Farsherots from Albania from
my grandfather Mita Cusa (1184-1977), the son of the celnic (leader) Anastase Cusa. the
founder of the village Grammaticuva. 200 years ago, our Farsherot family used to live in the
South of Albania, in the village of BUlca. not far away from Frasari - It is from the name of the
village that my family derived their name: in Albania they used to be called Butcaru. Having
settled down in the Murihova Mountains, they changed their name from Butcaru into Cusa,
after the first name of the father of the celnic Anastase, whose first name was loan - a similar
word with Nachi or Cusa for the Farsherots.ln those old times the Aromanians did the same as
the Turks; they declined their identity after the first name of the father, grandfather, grand-
grandfather. For example. my falher as a child was asked Wllo do you belonllto? - he lIsed to
answer I am the son of Mi/{.' of Tasi [AnastaseJ of Naclli [Cusaj.
149
- -- - - - -
N/COLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
150
J
Macedo-aroman;; dobrogeni .
Tile Macedo-Aroman;ans ;n Dobrudja
who were called ciobe1li or vlai by the Albanians - they spread in the cities in
the centre and the north of the country, and they became innkeepers, merchants,
handicraftsmen (especially tailors, in general skilled handicraftsmen).
Specific F eatllres
151
- -- - --
N/COLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
families. Every family would have its own estate which consisted of sheep, I
goats, horses, mules, donkeys. The leader called ce/nic would be selected I
from the elite and his family would be extremely wealthy since wealth has
always been a criterion for evaluation with the Aromanians. He was in charge I
-- ---
.
Macedo-aroma,,;; dobrogell; Tile Macedo-Aroma,,;ans in Dobrudja
the living proof of their utmost dislike If only I lived to see you become a
priest! (Preltu s-hi Ii ved!)/8
There are at least two elements of the Farsherot costume that are
worth mentioning. First of all, the male costume is completely white - an
obvious Roman inheritance. Secondly, the Farsherot women would wear an
ornament on their heads, which is called ciceroana or 1iferoana in the
Aromanian language that does not exist with other peoples in the Balkans.
I. Nenitescu describe this ornament as a type of wool/en kame/aukion deco-
rated with go/den coins. The name of the ornament reaches far back to the
age of Caesar when the kame/aukion or the ciceronian - ciceroalla - used
to be d la mode, also worn in the countryside in Italy since perhaps
Cicerone's wife reinvented it,19
It is again I. Nenitescu who stated that they would often say alb s'hie
which translates as may your life be white to replace 'thank you' - a phrase
which the Farsherots do not have in their language. All the other
Aromanians use the Greek word eflzaristo for 'thank you' .20The Farsherots
would avoid using Greek words. It is indeed so but we could argue that only
the Farsherots in Macedonia used to say alb s'hie. The phrase was not used
by the Farsherots who lived in Greece (Patichina, Grammaticuva,
Candrova, Caterina) whom I. Nenitescu did not visit in his journey in 1892.
When they speak in their own language, all the Aromanians, however,
would add a well-wishing whenever they thank - the most popular are
s'bnedz which translates as may you live long, hlirioasa which translates as
may you be happy.
Concerning the white colour, I. Nenitescu also pointed out that it
was extremely valuable. When the bride was entering the house of her
future husband, they would unfold a white cloth to her feet so that her life
would be sweet and clean in her husband's house - a traditionwhich has
survived to this day.2J
153
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NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
TheFarsherotsin Dobrudja
1. Nicolae Saramandu 2003: 25 adds other places where the Farsherots in Dobrudja
came from: Papadia and Fetita. On the basis of the documents we studied (The State Archives.
Constanta, Fund National Office of Colonisation) we have concluded that there were only 4
families coming from Papadia and only 2 families coming from Fetita.
2. Grammaticuva Superior almost does not exist any longer. It has been completely
deserted. All the Farsherots who used to live there had emigrated to Dobrudja.
3. That is the former area between the Ionic See and the Aegean See in the west and in
the east. in the north far into the central Albania and the superior course of Vardar and in the
south to Epirus and Thessaly. The region of Vodena, Veria and Caterina in today's Greece
used to be part of the 'Turkish' Macedonia. After the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) these regions.
together with the Island of Crete, would have become part of the Greek territory.
4. Some of them. Others settled down in Corita. See above the commentary on their
exodus.
154
.!
---- J
Macedo-aromiin;; dobrogen; .Tile Macedo-Aromanialls in Dobmdja
such as saws and saw mills. In winter they descended with their flocks in
Thessaly and in spring they returned to their houses in the mountains.
Peace was not to last for long. As a result of the Bulgarian revolu-
tionary movements in Macedonia, they had to leave this region as well,
after approximately 100 years. After 1878, under the rule of the following
leaders called celnici Leolea, Cu~a, Nasta, Celea, Butcaru, Pariza, Fotu,
Gartu, Zdru, Mu~i, Buciunana, Velenza, Zega, Tragoni, there were 400-500
families with 80,000 sheep and 12,000 mules and horses who settled down
in the villages of Patichina - founded by Hristu Papanicola; Fetita and
Grammaticuva - founded by Gu~u Celea and Anastase (Tea) Cu~a; Caterina
- founded by the celnici Zega, Caramitru and Colimitra.
At first they used to live in huts (cc'1livein the Aromanian language);
then having bought these places from the Turkish bey, they built houses of
stone in every above-mentioned village. They also built churches and
schools subsidized by the Romanian state.
Once again fate decided for them: due to unbearable conditions, they
had to emigrate again (the third time!) outside Macedonia to Romania, in
Cadrilater or New Dobrudja (the southern part of former Dobrudja).
They were colonised in the county of Caliacra (1925-1928) in
Alexandria, Arman, Azaplar, Babuc, Bazaurt, Caraci, Ciair, Ceamurlia,
Carasular, Cioban-Cuius, Denicler, Doimush\C,LGh. Duca, Enigea, Ezibei,
Fiindacli, Hardali, Hasan-Dede, Hasim Kioselar, Ghelengic, Nicolae
Filipescu, Muzalchioi. Opancea. Seidali, Salaman; in the county of
Durostor, only a few families in Gral. Praporgescu, Caraorman, Carasular
and Aidemir.6
The Farsherots in Albania who settled down in Dobrudja are called
the Plisoti or plisoti since most of the Farsherots in Albania come from a
place called Pleasa. They are also called the Albinesi or albine$i, that is the
Aromanians from Albania. In order to clear up the confusion between them
and the Albanians in Albania, the name Plisoti generalised. This name was
155
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NICOLAECUSA.OTILIA PACEA
given to them by the Farsherots in Greece (in Cadrilater) to make the difference
between them and the ones who had come from Albania. In their turn, the
Plisoti called the ones who had come from Greece the Shopani or $opaflidue to
the latter's frequent use of the word $opatwhich translates water pump, that is a
spring deviated' by man where water flows abundantly and continuously
through a pipe.
The Plisoti come from the small village of Corita nearby (where they
settled down from the southern parts of Albania around 1780)7, from the
large village of Corita in Pleasa - initially only a few houses, this place was
bought and founded by most of the group who had arrived under the rule of
the celnici Balamaci and Colimitra -, from Di~nita and Stropani (founded
by a less numerous group led by the celnic Pitu).
They were colonised in the county of Durostor in Fra~ari8,Aidemir-
Delengi, Calipetrova, Babuc, Gral. Praporgescu (together with the
Farsherots in Greece), Suneci, New Baltagiu, Cara-Omer, Caraischioi
(1925-1928).9
There are several families who came from Albania from Lunca,
Nicea, Moscople - which are situated in the north-east of the town of Corita
(Curceaua in the Aromanian language). These families who had arrived
later (1931-1933) were also colonised in the county of Durostor in
CociumarIUand New Baltagiu.11
156
- - ---
- --_.-
-,
The name is derived from the name of Gramostea, the place of origin
for the Gramusteni, which is situated amid the Gramos Mountains - a
north-eastern extension of the Pindus Mountains. The large village or rather
the small town was situated on a 1600 m high plateau, amphitheatre-
shaped, surrounded by mountains. The highest peak which was called by
the Aromanians Ciuma al Penti is 2380 m high, second in height after
Smolica (2577 m high) in the Pindus Mountains.
The Aromanians from the other stems call them the Chipani or cipafii
(in the Aromanian language). They gave them this name since the
Gramusteni used to call .yigunea / .ygunea (white or back sleeveless tunic,
long to the knee, and waisted), and cipune - on the shoulders of this tunic
the Gramusteni used to wear prominences, that is pointed folds, 10 or 20 in
number, which are called cipuri in the Aromanian language.
Gramostea was situated in a unique region at the foot of the moun-
tains, with a healthy climate, springs and waters, rich grass lands. It is from
these mountains that the river Bistrita ( the former AIiakmon) springs to
flow to the south-east near Hrupistea and Seatistea; the river Devol also
springs from a place near Gramostea to leave it behind on the right as well
as next to Niculita - which is situated near another river, Nicolea, having its
name given from the latter.
Thanks to the friendly environment, the settlement evolved rapidly to
become the second most important settlement in "the former Macedonia,
after Moscople.1I
The Gramusteni used to be a people of shepherds but less migrating
than their brothers, the Farsherots. Their occupations also included the industry
(only that part of the industry which related to their major occupation). They
were skilled handicraftsmen in copper - coppersmiths - they used to
manufacture coppers, vessels, silver objects, ornaments - golden earrings
II. Th. Capidan 1942: 16 slaled Ihal due 10 ils lrade praclice a1ld Ihe occupalio1l,
Gramoslea oll/shi1le Moscople i1l Albania.
157
- -..._----
and the famous silver las, which the beautiful Gramusteni women used to
wear on their heads, cutlery and arms. They were also skilled tanners.
The caravanning was also a major occupation of the Gramusteni (the
Farsherots from Albania used to have it, too). As a consequence of the high
and difficult natural Macedonian landscape as well as the lack of lines of
communication, they used to transport all the necessary goods (sugar, oil,
cheese, exotic fruits etc) exclusively by beasts of burden: horses, mules,
donkeys. These caravans (which sometimes included even 20 beasts of
burden) were led by many caravan-leaders who were brave and well-acquainted
with all the mountain passes and roads. They travelled throughout Macedonia
regardless of season or danger. It is indeed true that this occupation was
extremely profitable - the caravan-leaders and the sheep and horse owners
being extremely wealthy people.
The Gramusteni women were diligent and hardworking housewives as
well as skilled weavers. The so-called velil1feor iambule, the blankets, coun-
terpanes, the carpets, and especially the woollen sockets were all famous and
much sought for.
Gramostea was divided in several neighbourhoods: the neighbourhood
Paciura, Pi!>ota,Hagisteriu, Sthatu (after the names of the most important
cell1iciof this stem). Their houses were of stone, multi-storeyed. There were
two large churches in the town: S1.George Church and 51.Mary Church.
Their studs and flocks were well-known throughout the region. A.
Hiiciureportedthat they has so much milk that, in order to facilitatethe transport,
the cell1icPaciura had to build a pipe, several kilometres long, for the milk to
be brought from the sheepfolds to the valley where it was processed to obtain
cheese, butter and whey.12The Gramusteni were extremely prolific, which
determined them to search for other places to live in.Th. Capidan argues that
the population in excess drove many Gramusteni groups to Albania where
they populated the settlement called Fra!>ari.13 According to l. Caragiani and
I. Nenitescu, the Farsherots had traditionally another descend, later ethnically
evolving the same as the other Aromanian stems.14
The fall of Gramostea began at the same time with the period 0;;-
Islamic conversion of the Albanians when the bands of the turkised Bey ha~
started attacking the Aromanian settlements. Gramostea, the land of the
Gramusteni Aromanians, whose foundation reaches far back in the past, was to
share the fate of Moscople, the citadel of the Aromanians in the Balkans.15
Their surpassing fortune brought about destruction. There is an article
in the magazine Lumina (The Light) signed by Filip Miseal6 (who originates
from Gramostea itself) under the penname Ciuma al Pell(i, in A. Hiiciu's
account, which reports on this painful ending:
It was on August, the 15th,1760 probably, during the festival of St.
Mary's church. The service was being performed by 12 priests. An
incident: The miracle-workingicon cracked, the votive light blew out. On
that very moment, two caravan-leadersshowed up from Colonia (Albania)
and announced that there were Albanian forces coming over soon. They
consulted rapidly and defence was organiscd. The church bells started
alarming people. Positions were taken on the left bank of the river of
Nicola, with mountain passes and natural fortresses. Several wings of the
Albanian forces made an attempt to surround the resistance from other
angles. The critical hour was to come. In the evening, however, due to a
providential pouring rain, the river of Nicola overflowed and the people
could leave the passes. Downtown the caravans were being loaded to flee
from this place forever. When the rain stopped and the Albanians could
enter the town - which included 40,000 inhabitants -, they found it
deserted. In their rush, they forgot only the miracle-working silver and
golden icon,17
----
N/COLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
large number of the Gramusteni inhabitants in those regions where they had
taken refuge. The settlements Niculita and Linotopea shared the same fate.
The Gramusteni population from these settlements left the native places
forever to head for the North in Hrupistea, Blata, Pisuderi, Belcameni,
Neveasea, Bitolia, Perlepe, Crusova, Nijopole, Magarova etc. A significantly
large group settled down in the fields of Meglena, where they founded
Livdz and a less numerous group settled down in Rodopi Mountains.
18. Cf. I. Ncnitcscu 1895: 384 For details and present names see Virgil Coman The
Megleno-Romanians at the beginninR or 20"' century 20OJ: 149
19. cr. Th. Capidan The Megleno-Romanians 1923: vol.l: 28.
160
--- - - - - -- -
Macedo-aromallii dobrogelli . Tile Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
- --
___ __.h... ___
1
NICOLAE CU$A .OTILIA PACEA I
Depending on the regions where they used to descend in winter and
ascent in summer, the stem of the Gramusteni who originated in Bulgaria is
divided in several branches: Gumlot, Biiflot, Biitiiam, Curtuveaii, Lupuvetiii,
Bujduvean, Sutruvean, Papaciryiot.
Gum3lotl'i or the GumaIots come from the region of Giumaia Superior
(BaaIy-Djumaia in the Turkish language, today's Blagoevgrad) - where they
derived their name from - from B~bunar, Ravna Buca, Rila,CeacaIita,Dupnita,
Samacov and Giumaia Superior, all situated in Rila Mountains26(settledhere in
the 19thcentury from the Rodopi Mountains).They were colonised in the county
of Durostor (1928-1933).
Biinotl'i or the Banots come from Bania ( a place in the Republic of
Macedonia, where their name is derived from) as well as other place near
Stip, \feles and Cociani. They left this area - the former Serbia - in the 19th
century, and they settled down in the Rila Mountains next to the Gumalots.
They were colonised in the county of Durostor as well.27
Biitii~anil'i are the Gramusteni who used to winter their sheep in
Batac, in the fields near Filipopol- today's Plovdiv - (a large group came
from this region to Durostor from Sagrova and Leascova).
Curtuveanil'i come from the region of Curtova from the hills of
Bachita, a large Aromanian village from Rodopi. The other so-called dllive
in the Rodopi Mountains were those in Caramandra and Sufanlu.28
Lupuvea'nil'i, Bujduvea'nil'i, !)utruvea'nil'i, PapaciryioWi come
from Lopova, Bojdova, Satra, and Papaceair (today's regions of Melnik and
Gote DeIcev - the former Nevrocop).29 They were colonised in the county of
Durostor and the county of CaIiacra.
---- ----- J
Macedo-aromilnii dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
ThePindeni
The Pindeni lived and still live in the Pindus Mountains, where their
literary name is derived from - in Thessaly, Olympus, and the region of
Veria. The Pindeni in Epirus and Thessaly (today's Greece) represent the
largest stem. They have remained in the Pindus Mountains in compact
i groups in several centres as it follows: Furca, Samarina, Avdela, Perivoli,
Baiasa, Aminciu (Metovo - one of the largest Aromanian villages) etc.
I In Thessaly, the Pindeni are grouped in the villages near the city of
Tricala. The Aromanians from Olympus are settled in Neohori, Milia and
I especially Vlaholivdz,3o
~ The Pindeni from Veria also came from the Pindus Mountains. The
I Albanian attacks or the attacks of Ali-Pasha determined them to leave
! Pindus.31A large group, which consisted of 600 families, especially
avdel'ati (in the Aromanian language) from Avdela but also from Samarina
and Perivole, under the rule of the celnic Badralexi, settled down in the
Veria Mountains, in the so-called dllive at first - Badralexi's ciUive- which
then became a village with beautiful houses.
Some of these avdel'ati founded Selia de Sus, others settled down in
Xirolivdz, Neagusta. The Farsherots from Selia de Sus and Horopani lived
there too (as they lived close enough, the latter benefited from the protec-
tion of the celnic Badralexi).
The Pindeni who settled down inDobrudja came from the surroundings
of Veria (that is from Xirolivdz, Selia de Jos, Doliani) as well as from Poroi
Superior (a place situated in the north of Greece, near the Bulgarian border).
The group of the Pindeni surrounding Veria are called viryean and those
from Poroi - pruyeait.
The Aromanians from the other stems generally tend to call all the
Pindeni in Dobrudja avdel'ati. They were colonised in the county of
Caliacra (in Sabia and the surroundings) between 1926 and 1928.
163
NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
TheMegleno-Romanians
32. Th. Capidan 1923: yoU: 57 See also Peride Papahagi, The Megleno-Romanians.
An Ethnographical and Philological Study The Annals of the Romanian Academia, series II,
35,1912-1913
33. Cf. C. Noe p.149
164
---- J
Macedo-aromlinii dobrogen; . The Macedo-Aromanialls in Dobrudja
J. Greece in 1829. Serbia in 1878. Bulgaria was granted autonomy in 1878 and then
independence in 1908.
2. Boldescu. R . Marinescu. M., The Balkan War (1912-1913) 1936: 3-5.
165
-- - - -
..
NICOLAE CUSA .
OTILIA PACEA
The ethnic groups were thus acting for their own benefit. The
Bulgarians in Macedonia were highly interested in winning their own
autonomy. In the absence of any external support (at that time the
Romanian state was passing through critical moments itself), the
Aromanians established a close relationship with the Bulgarians and they
even collaborated with the Bulgarians in Macedonia. There was, however, a
second party - that included, in particular, the Bulgarians outside
Macedonia - who would be acting in favour of the desideratum Great
Bulgaria3 which stipulated the annexation of Macedonia to Bulgaria. The
former organised bands of the so-called komita@ who collaborated with the
Aromanian armatol.4 These bands of the so-called komita@ were organised
on the Bulgarian territory, with Bulgarian state's support, and later they
would be entering Macedonia. The champions of the second party organised
the Macedonian Committees who would create tension at the frontier. The
newspapers, on the other hand, would propagandise Bulgaria's position.
Greece, however, had its own interests in creating Great Greece
which - with the exception of the southern and western part of Macedonia - I
ought to include Thessaly, the CaIcidic Peninsula and the Holy Grave, the
northern shore of the Aegean See, Crete and the Dodecanez Archipelago. ,
At first, the Greek intended to greecise the region since they were the
minority in all South Macedonia. And that was indeed a difficult mission to
accomplish. Although the Aromanians were like islands scattered throughout
all Macedonia, they stilI had their own well-organised compact groups and
their villages were plainly Aromanian. The only region where the
Aromanians did mingle with the Greek was the land between Larisa and
Tricala.5 Moreover, most of the Aromanian villages used to have schools
and churches that were supported by the Romanian state dating back as
early as the middle of the 19th century. The language they use both in
schools and churches was the Romanian language.6
3. Ibid
4. See my paper. The Macedo-Romanians throughout History 1990: 50-56 ~
5. Another region where the Aromanians mingled with the Albanians was the land
betweenBeratand theshoreof the Adriatic Sea.
6. At first the primers and the textbuoks were in the Aromanian language; latcr the J
I
Romanian language was introduced. The lattcr did not scrvc the Aromanians. loan Cardula
166
I
- -- --J
--- -- _.-
Two strategies have been adopted. On the one hand, they appealed
to the Aromanian population - in particular, in those places where no
Romanian schools were founded - for the Greek to attain their ideals.
Direct attack was attempted, on the other hand. In 1904, with Turkish
tacit support - the Turkish chose them over the Bulgarians and the
Aromanians who were interested in being granted their autonomy - they
organised in military units, the so-called andart. Their objective was to
annihilate the Bulgarian komitag; and, above all, the Aromanian communities
in Macedonia. From a geographical point of view, the latter were the first
to hinder them from moving onwards. The Aromanians used to be
absolute masters of the mountain slopes, passes and paths in Thessaly
and Epirus.7
The Greek bands intensified their activities in the region as a result
of the Aromanian accomplishments between 1904 and 1908 which include
the foundation of the Romanian consulate in Yanya, the replacement of the
former church communities by civil communities8, the granting of the
imperial order on May, 9th / 22nd 1905 according to which the Aromanians
from the Ottoman Empire were recognised by the Sublime Porte (being
thus granted cultural and religious autonomy).
-
There are three places in particular Avdela in Pindus9, Grarnmaticuva
and Patichina in the region of VodenalU - which suffered the most from the
atrocities committed by the members of the military units, the so-called
andart between 1905 and 1908.
That would be the Macedonian milieu against which the Balkan wars
argues in his paper The History of the Macedonian Aromanians 2004: 122 that the intro-
duction of the Romanian language in primary education was a debatable. if not erroneous
decision. Professor Max Demeter Peyfuss 1994: 72 considers that these speculations are
only partially true; he points out that the Aromanians speak the Aromanian language in
their families even today. In my opinion, a native language - and the Aromanian language
is indeed the mother tongue for all the Aromanians - shall be doomed to extinction unless it
is on the curriculum in primary education.
7. The newspaper Dimineala on Wednesday, January, 13th 1916.
8. M.D. Peyfuss 1994: 81.
9. Ibidem p. 93.
10. Cusa 1996: 17-20.
167
NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
11. Although the young Turks attempted to change the whole situation for the better,
hoping to maintain the status quo, the events would be changing for the worse, though.
12. It regards England and France; Austro-Hungary and Russia, on the other hand, had
their own interests in the Balkans and they would encourage the tension in the region. When
the Balkan war broke out, Austro-Hungary decided to support Bulgaria, to the obvious disad-
vantage of Serbia, and Russia would support Serbia because they were not at all in favour of
the foundation of a new powerful state in the Balkans.
13. The allied states had met the decision of military co-operation. They had nol
reached any decision concerning the territorial issue in (he Balkans.
168
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Macedo-aromQnii dobrogeni .
The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
L
NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
---
--
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
22. Regarding the emigration and the colonisation of the Aromanians who seltled down
in Cadrilater see Steriu Hagi-Gogu, The Emigration of the Aromanians 1927; the magazine
The Balkan Peninsula no.8-lO, 1925; the magazine The Romanians Overseas no. 1,2,7,8.
12 1925; Vasile Th. Musi. A century of Colonlsatioll in New Dobrudja 1925-1935;
Constantin Nac. The Colonisation of Cadrllater 1938; Stoica Lascu. The Land Reform for
the Balkan Romanians in Cadrilater 2002: 28-40 who scientifically comments on Noe's
paper and offers pertinent details concerning the seltlemerit of the Gramustenl from Bulgaria;
N.Cusa, The Aromanians (the Macedonians) in Romania 1996
23. See V. Th Musi p.24,C. Noe 1938: 24; N. Cusa 1996: 24
24. As far as Ihe Romanian state is concerned
25. The refugees were not sellled down in other regions of Greece where the
Aromanians lived. Epirus.for instance. Cf. Lascu 2002 :30
171
- - - --
"'- .......
NICOLAE CUSA .
OTILIA PACEA
I
strategy and on the pretext of routine checking, the property papers were
taken from all the inhabitants; the papers were sent to Beograd never to be
retuned again. As a result of the protests, Serbian protests in particular,
some of the lands were returned to the landlords - the mountains, however,
were not. The Aromanian shepherds were thus forced to pay taxes for their
own estates. Those concerned decided to emigrate to Romania; several of
them - most of whom were the Gramusteni from that region (today the
Republic of Macedonia) and who were called by other stems Serbian
(Sarbedh in the Aromanian language) - remained there and still live in the
Republic of Macedonia today.
The above-mentioned events - the Balkan Wars, the proclamation of
independence of Albania (1912-1913), World War I - influenced the life of
the Farsherots in Albania. Their main occupations - caravanning and sheep
breeding - became harder and harder to practise.
One of the major occupations of the Farsherots from this region -
caravanning - declined at the end of World War I. The building of the highway
which connected Tirana and the town of Corceaua (Corita) by the French-
English armies, the introduction of the transportation means (the lorries)
determined the lack of interest in this occupation which was doomed to
disappear. The reduction in land30 of the pastures propitious for wintering
contributed to the gradual reduction in number of the flocks.
Surviving became an issue since all these Farsherots were extremely
prolific: each house (family) consisted of 10-12 members. The young
people had no places to work for any more; some of them headed for the
United States. The whole population was brought into question, though. A
solution needed to be found. There was, however, a precedent for this
course of action: the negotiations of the Aromanian delegation from Yeria,
Yodena and Meglenia. The Farsherots in Albania thus decided to emigrate
to Dobrudja. Most of them31 remained in Albania, though, where they live
today.32
30. As a result of nationalisation or land reforms within the newly created state
31. See above Tile Farsllerots ill Dob,."dja.
32. For the present situation (of the places where the Aromanians live in Albania) see
Cusa 1996: 13.
173
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Macedo-aroma"ii dobrogeJli . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
IV, THECOLONISATION
IN CADRILATER
- NEWDOBRUDJA-
On the lands which are being owned by the state today as well as on
the lands which have entered its patrimony by virtue of the present law
or by expropriation, the state shall be able to perform colonisations
I. A letTItory in Ihe Soulh Dobrudja which was pari of Romanian territory between
1913 and 1940. It belongs to Bulgaria loday.
2. In New Dobrudja - as Cadrilater used to be named- besides the stale properties. there
were 5 calegories of land properties: IIWIk..thal is absolute property upon orders from the sultan.
the so-called iradele; miriI:. that is properly in use, the mosl frequent, and for which Ihey
charged an anlicipalOry lax ami the owners had concession righls; 1IliID:IW:. inalienable territo-
rics; JW:tJ:J.tJu:. thaI is lerritories in public use; JW:.l:a.t. thaI is unproductive territories. See
extensively The Annals of Dobrudja. 1938: IX, vol.Il, Cadrilater 1938. Ccmilti.
175
NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
3. The Minister of Agriculture and Domains, one of the champions of the Aromanian
colonisation in Romania.
4. Plus 50 areas each of common and 2,000 sq m for each colonist to build hislher
house.
5. The Committee for Initiative was founded on January 3rd, 1925 in Bucharest and
consisted of the following members: C.Noe, V. Musi, Dumitru Babus, P. Marcu. Stere
Hagigogu, N. Balamaci, T. Hagigogu and Dionisie Dumitru. There were others who were
direclly involved and who co-ordinated the colonisation of the Aromanians, including C. Noe,
Vasile Musi, Gheorghe Celea - the latter co-ordinaled the emigration movement of the
Aromanians in Greece.
176
-- J
Macedo-aroman;; dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
~
houses of the former, were created upon the occasion of land distribution.
In the absence of any housing (which determined most historians to conclude 1
local corruption and deprived of the support and defence of the authorities,
mostly in complicity with the native inhabitants, against the colonists.
There were, however, many wealthy colonists who would not wait
for the state to help them. They bought entire villages from the Bulgarian
Turkish-Tartar who left Cadrilater. This held true for the Gramusteni in
Livezi who bought Tartar Atmageaua (Atmageaua Tiitdreascii) with 120
large households, with lands and cattle from the Tartar inhabitants who
emigrated in Turkey; the place called Uzungi Orman with 120 houses, with
lands and cattle bought from the Bulgarians and the Turks who emigrated in
Bulgaria and Turkey; Haschioi with 40 houses, bought from the Bulgarians.
There were others who founded new settlements (by building new houses):
Frasari with 240 houses, Babuc with 90 houses, thus founding the village of
Grat. Praporgescu, Caraorman with 70 houses, Laliceatlagea with 40 houses,
General Dragalina with 80 houses, Cocina with 80 houses, Sarsanlar with
30 houses.11There were also smaller groups who built houses themselves in
Vischioi, Aidemir, Bazarghian, Cainargeaua Mare, Cainargeaua Mica,
Arabagilar, Garvan-Cioara, Doimu]lar, Carageat etc, in the county of
Durostor and in Ezibei, Ceair, Casim, Denider, Seidali, Suiciuc, Caraci,
Ceamurlia, Alexandria, Cioban-Cuius, Filndachi, Hasi-Kioselar etc, in the
county of Caliacra.
In 1927 (during the rule of the liberal party which authorised the
colonisation) new colonists started arriving,12 They had announced their
arrival since summer, without any claim of colonisation on the state. There
occurred a convenient precedent for the Central House of Colonisation that
was thus free of any responsibility towards the Macedo-Aromanian
colonists. The colonisation process as a whole was left to the concern of the
Committee for Initiative and the Macedo-Aromanian Cultural Society that
were indeed in charge of the colonist distribution and that were not,
however, state authority institutions.
A compromised solution was reached. The Central House authorised
the entrance of the new groups but they did not assume any responsibility.
The newcomers would be allowed to enter the country provided that they
signed a declaration according to which they admitted that they were not
coming as colonists and they were well acquainted with the fact that the
government could not give them, meanwhile, either land or assistance. In
fact, after the first negotiations with Mr AI. Constantinescu, the Aromanian
delegates had been suggested that the Macedonians who were supposed to I
the country, in permanent contact with Gh. Celea, advised those in Salonic
I
to sign any declaration. It was a mistake, even though V. Mu~i had good
intentions - that the colonists who were waiting for permission to enter the
country ought to be brought immediately - since the situation became thus
more difficult. These groups who had not had any established place for
colonisation settled down in those places where they found their relatives
but where there was no land available. Consequently, misunderstandings
occurred among the colonists. It was the case of the village of Fra~ari in the
county of Durostor, where the first colonists (60 families in number)
confronted with the last colonists (130 families in number). Their dispute
was determined by the fact that the first colonists had takt,.i t!,~ better plots
of land near the village and the last colonists were granted plots of land outside
the village. The last colonists protested against all this and they could have
"
come into serious conflict unless the gendarmeries had intervened. 14
13 The answer of the minister state sub secretary D. Cip1\ianu is worth mentioning at
this point. When he was told that the commitments of the Central House concerning the
assistance (wood for building the houses not for free, of course) were not being observed, the
former replied: The Macedonian colonists have their bags full of pounds and they don't need
any assistance Apud. The Balkan PeninSllla IV. no. 4-5, 1926
14 Cf. The State Archives in Ramnicu Valcea Prefecture Fund of the county of
Durostor. File 36/1934, Leaf 175. The connict was between the clan of the first colonists led
hy the mayor of the village Constantin Culetu and all the city hall clerks and the last colonists
led by Spiru T. Barbu. Anastase H. Ghit1i. Teodor Calesu and Hristu Maca. The authorities
established that the plots of land had to be distributed equally. all the colonists being considered
equal at the granting of lands.
180
Macedo-aroll/all;; dobrogell; .
Tile Macedo-Aromallians in Dobrudja
and Agriculture and the Minister of External Affairs (an important part was
played hereto by D. Djuvara, the director of political affairs within this
ministry), the decision was reconsidered and they authorised again the
arrival of the new groups from Livezi, Vodena-Veria and later, those from
Bulgaria. With the authorisation of the two ministries, the Central House
would grant the newcomers the 10 ha-tilled land as well as places [or building
the houses.
The process stagnated then again until 1930 when numerous
Aromanian groups arrived, namely the Gramusteni from Bulgaria as well as
their brothers in Seres and Cavala (who had remained there when the border
between Greece and Bulgaria was established), from the Republic of
Macedonia. The colonisation process ended in 1933 when the last group of
450 families arrived in Constantza during the rule of the government led by
Vaida Voievod. 15
could not be enrolled since they were not Romanian citizens and in compliance
with the Article 2 in 'the Law concerning recruitment, the foreigners were
forbidden to be part of the Romanian army. For recruiting and citizenship
granting, civil status papers are required such as birth certificate, marriage
certificate, identity card. All this would create a major problem. All the
Aromanians who had arrived in New Dobrudja had no civil status papers. In
Turkey the authorities in the so-called vitaete3 would not keep a record of
the Christians. Births, baptisms, wedding ceremonies, deaths were all
perfonned by the priest of the village who kept a record on his own initiative.
Without civil status papers no one could be granted citizenship. They found
the only solution which could have put an end to their awkward positions:
the Macedonians who had settled down in New Dobrudja would decide
their civil status on their own in written declaration, no stamps needed (so
that they did not have to be charged for the stamp as well), which was
addressed to the mayor of the village where they lived and which specified the
date of birth and of marriage, the date of birth of their children and of their ,
wives etc. Having checked the truth of the specifications in the declaration
upon the occasion of his visit to the residence of the applicant, the mayor I
was liable to order the transcription of the data in the registrar's office.
1
Supposing the mayor noticed an inaccuracy, he would take the case to the
ward judge who would pass on it in a court of law. There Wu~no record of
such cases. Every colonist was, however, free to declare any age he I
wished.4 I
The law concerning the granting of the Romanian citizenship was
voted in the Assembly of Deputies in the meeting on April 27th, 1934 and
by the Senate in the meeting on April 28th, 1934; it was promulgated on
May 19th, 1934 by King Carol II. The law completed, in fact, the law on I
February 24th, 1924 by adding, as far as all the Aromanians in Dobrudja are ./
concerned, the granting of the Romanian citizenship - Article 10 bis. The
item /a/ established the responsibility of the National Office of Colonisation i
3. District or administrative unit in the OUoman Empire led by the so-called valiu.
I
4. Some of the Aromanians declared themselves older or younger of age in order to
escape army enrolment. With no intention to find an excuse for this practice, I would say that
the military service in Romania used to be a real burden for the young adult male individuals at
that time.
182
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-
Macedo-aromallii dobrogelli . Tile Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
to draw up tables for each village including the colonists who were granted
plots of land and who settled down, in fact, in the respective village. The
tables thus elaborated had to be handed over to the Naturalisation
Commission attached to the Ministry of Justice by three months from the
promulgation of the law. The item lei stipulated for the Council of
Ministries to meet a decision by a journal which ought to include the sur-
names and the first names of those who had been granted naturalisation.
Other items in Article 10 included provisions regarding the responsibility of
the local authorities to post the surnames and first names of those who had
been granted naturalisation for a period of 15 days; the right of those who
were to be colonised after the promulgation of the law to benefit themselves
from the provisions of the law until December 31SI, 1935; the right of those
who had been omitted from the tables drawn up by the National Office of
Colonisation to address the Naturalisation Commission by individual peti-
tion (enclosing certifying papers) for the granting of the citizenship.
Eventually, Article 10 (unique article) of this law stipulated that the
Ministry of Justice was liable to publish this journal in the Official Monitor
and to make sure that every colonist was rightfully issued and handed in the
naturalisation diploma.S
II was indeed so: the colonists were handed in the naturalisation
diploma in Silistra, on September 21SI,1935 within a formal ceremony. The
government sent its representatives, namely the minister Valeriu Pop, who
himself handed in the diplomas. Mircea Concicov, the state sub secretary
for Domains and Agriculture; among the participants there were the two
prefects of Cadrilater and other dignitaries as well as the deputy G. Fotino,
the initiator of the law project concerning the colonist naturalisation. 7
From now onwards the Macedo-Aromanians who had been colonised
in New Dobrudja were Romanian citizens.
In the meeting on July 1ph, 1935 and August 2nd, 21sl, 1935, the
Council of Ministries elaborated 139 journals which granted naturalisation
to the Macedonian colonists from the counties of Caliastra and Durostor as
well as to the Romanians who had come from Timoc and Timis-Torontal;
183
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N/COIAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
these journals were then published in the Official Monitor, First Part, No.
192, on August 23rd, 1935.
We hereby mention that on the elaboration of the tables, the National
Office of Colonisation was permanently advised by the Macedo-Romanian
Cultural Society8 - a point which is constantly highlighted in the journals. It
is fair to say that out of too much enthusiasm or rather too intense apathy,
the same specifications are made in the journals which enlisted the
Romanians in Timi~-Torontal.
Our selection from these journals includes only the names of the
Ammanian families. The following list - which is enclosed in the Romanian
text hereinbefore - of all the colonists (family heads of those who were
authorised and granted colonisation plots of land) sheds a light on our
knowledge of their names9; on the other hand, it highlights the places where
the Aromanians were colonised in Cadrilater.
In addition to our selection, we have occasionally intervened within the
text to correct any surname or first name that was transcribed erroneously.
I
I
I
I
8. As early as 1926, the Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society would ask the Macedonian
colonist delegates to draw up the lists with family heads in each village in order to issue the
nationality certificates necessary for the naluralisation papers Apud. Acliutlea Romiineascii I,
no. 6. December 1st 1926
9. Most of which - as you could notice - have disappeared or are less and less frequent.
184
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Macedo-aromallii dobrogelli . Tile Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
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NICOLAE CUSA . OTiLIA PACEA
commit felonies.
As a result, two organisations were founded: the Society for Culture
and Charity 'Dobrudja', widely spread in the centres populated by the
Bulgarians, and, especially, the Revolutionary Movement in Dobrudja,
officially founded in 1925 with the headquarters in Sophia and subsidiaries
in Rusciuk, Varna as well as in Durostor. Besides the cultural objectives,
these organisations had irredentist interests, namely the independence of
Dobrudja as well as its attachment to Bulgaria.2
The local disputes whose nature was mostly economic (for the purpose
of obtaining the agricultural lands) could not be prevented. The native
Bulgarians (and others) regarded the Aromanians as the ones who would
upset the old order and their future plans; in their turn, the Aromanians
would regard the Bulgarians as the ones who would prevent them from
settling down in the region.
These are, in fact, the reasons for their disputes which often resulted
in casualties on both sides. As usually, the victims are mostly innocent;
their death, however, caused interethnic conflicts that would end up with
unintended outcomes for both parties involved. Moreover, these victims
deserve to be worshipped!
2. They were extreme leftist organisations. cr. The State Archives. Ramnicu Va/cea, I
File No. 3/1933, Leaf 165.
186
j
Macedo-aromiinii dobrogeni . Tile Macedo-A.roman;ans ;n Dobrudja
In Memoriam
Eftimie Carata~
Killed at the frontier point, DenicIer, on the highway Silistra, 14 kIn
far from Bazargic, near the woods, on September 41h,1927, at 6 pm. He was
killed by the Bulgarian bands, the so-called comitagii, against whom the
colonists had to fight mostly on their own.
Tanase Gota
Assassinated by the Bulgarian bands, the so-called comitagii, in the
woods of Caracuz, near the settlement of Cocina, the county of Durostor,
where T. Gota lived, at night between November 1'1,and 2nd, 1927. He was
a diligent, peaceful and thrifty man. The Aromanians who had come from
other places carried out reprisals; a few Bulgarian local inhabitants who
were suspected of complicity were beaten up.
Hristu Gicu
The delegate of the Macedonians in Chiose-Aidin, a place near the
border, the county of Durostor. On December 23rd, 1928 he was killed in
the woods near this village (that was to be colonised) knavishly: they dissected
his entrails by means of a bayonet and they cut his fingers and toes. The
colonists in Chiose-Aidin revolted against the Bulgarians and gave 40
Bulgarians a good thrashing (no victims).
187
NlCOLAE CUSA .
OTILIA PACEA
Zizi Ha~oti
From the village of Ghiore, the county of Caliacra. On December 21st,
1928 he was killed as a result of a minor contlict over some straw which
belonged to the Bulgarian local inhabitant Doniu Zlatef, who was accompanied
by other inhabitants of Bulgarian origin. Zizi Ha:)oti was forced to the
ground with the pitchfork and he cried out for help. A few Macedonians
nearby rushed to help him. There was an exchange of fire. The Macedonian
colonists did not shoot straight but in the legs. Among them there were a
few wounded and one dead: Zizi Ha:)oti. Among the local inhabitants, there
were one with a wound in the leg and another beaten up.
References: Cuviintlll Nostru (Our Word) I, Bazargic, 1928;
Legionarii (The Iron Guards) I, No. I, Bazargic, 1929;Peninsula Balcanicii
(The Balkan Peninsula)VIII, No.9, 1930
-- ---
Macedo-aroma/lii dobroge/li .
The Macedo-Aromanians ill Dobrruija
Hristn Dimcica
From the village of Nadejdea, the county of CaIiacra (a village which
was situated at the border with the county of Durostor, not far from
Arabagi). He was shot dead from behind by M. Gheorghieff. Although the
Bulgariansprevented the Macedonian colonists from colonising in their village,
7 Aromanian families from the last but one transport of colonists managed
to settle down in this place in September 1931. The constant cavils of the
Bulgarians did not intimidate the Aromanian colonists. On December 26th,
1931, at the coffee house in the village (which belonged to the Bulgarian
Dumitru Stoianoff) a few Macedonian colonists were challenged by some
irredentist Bulgarians who insulted them repeatedly. When the former
retorted, all the Bulgarians who were in the coffee house at the time rushed
upon them and started beating them up, seriously wounding the colonists:
D. G. Hagi, M.G. Hagi and D. Hristu. Alarnled by the noise - there were
other men arriving to the coffee houses, heavily armed with axes and
scythes - Hristu Dimcicii got out of his house and headed for the coffee
house to see what was going on there. From behind, but from a distance, he
got shot by the watchman M. Gheorghieff. After one-hour agony, despite
the assistance provided by the colonists, the young Hristu Dimcica drew
his last breath. The watchman M. Gheoghieff ran away crossing the border
to Bulgaria. There were lots of colonists who arrived in the village of
Niidejdea upon the occasion of the funeral of Hristu Dimcicii. Some of them
wished to take revenge; nothing happened, though; most of the colonists
were resigned to his death and they accompanied the dead body of Hristu
Dimcicii on his last journey.
189
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NlCOLAE CUSA .
OTILIA PACEA
Maru~a Tugearu
14-year-old
Killed by a grenade thrown by the Bulgarian bands, the so-called
comitagii, in the house of her grandfather, Stere Tugearu, a Macedonian
leader in Sarii-Nebi (Sariinebi) in the county of Caliacra.
The Bulgarian band, the so-called comitagii, of about 28 armed men
who had committed this crime on October 9th, 1933, arrived in Cadrilater
(coming from Bulgaria) through the county of Durostor, at the end of
September 1933 and with a definite objective, namely the defeat of the
Macedonian delegates Gheorghe Celnicu from Alfatar and Stere Tugearu .
from SariinebL
Several attacks of the Bulgarian bands who had arrived crossing the
border were directed against Stere Tugearu (a man with a remarkable past
in the national fights in Macedonia), the delegate of approximately 20 fami-
lies of Macedonian colonists in Sariinebi.
Thus, in the summer of the year 1932 (Le. one year earlier) a group of
about 12 armed people captured S. Tugearu (when he was getting out of the
house to go to the gardens) having wounded him with the bayonet. Thanks
to his younger son, Iancu, who was coming back from the fields at that
time, he could get away, though. Having heard his father crying out, he
fired several shots into the group of bandits causing a wound to one of
them. In all hustle and bustle the old Tugearu managed to escape. The
Bulgarian bandits ran away. As a result of this attack, a thorough police
investigation was conducted and they established the complicity of more
Bulgarian local inhabitants. Some of the accomplices crossed the border to
Bulgaria and others were caught and referred to justice.
In September 1933, about two weeks before the attack on October 9th,
the Bulgarian band attacked Gheorghe Celnicu who managed to get away
without being hurt since he was armed and reacted promptly. They killed,
however, seven sheep with a grenade. Although the security system was
strengthened (meanwhile, a member of the band, Petre S. Petroff had been
caught and he denounced the planned attack as well as the other members'
of the band) assisted by the Bulgarian local inhabitants in Sariinebi, Conac
190
. .-. ..- - .-_0-_- 0 +---
and the other villages nearby, the bandits managed to sneak into the house
of S. Tugearu without being noticed and they tried to break in. Shots were
fired from inside the house. In the house there were Tugearu's wife, his
older son, Nicolae, and the niece Maru~a (S. Tugearu was out to meet the
agronomist of the region concerning the distribution of the plots of land).
Furious with those inside the house who would not surrender, the bandits
started shooting at the house. as if they were hitting the target in a military
shooting range. Being unable to get them out, they threw six grenades in
each room of Tugearu's house. Four of them exploded, causing a disaster
all around: the older son, Nicolae, was seriously wounded - one of his legs
was completely smashed (he would die soon), Tugearu's niece, Maru~a,
instantly killed and her grandmother seriously wounded. When the bandits
were preparing to set the whole house and the annexes on fire, a brave
colonist in the neighbourhood started shooting at the band. Frightened, the
bandits left the village: behind them, in Tugearu's house, there were a dead
man, a cripple and a wounded one.
In their rush on the highway, they ran into a procession of
Macedonian colonists from the village of Carageat, the county of Durostor,
with wagons full of wood. They started shooting at them. Three colonists
were hit, one of them who was to turn 18 soon, Stere Adam Gheorghita,
was shot dead, and another 2 seriously wounded.
On the third evening the band entered the village of Sever Riidulescu,
a plainly Romanian village inhabited by the Romanians from the Kingdom
and the Macedonians, taking advantage of the absence of most men who
were participating in a wedding in the village of Cageaolar in the county of
Durostor. Having beaten up the watchman of the village whom they left
unconscious (he had only a riffle with two bullets), they broke into the
household of Nicolae Marzavan, one of the wealthiest Macedonians, where
they maltreated his 75-year-old mother forcing her to show them the place
where they kept their money (they pricked her with the bayonet in two
places, they cut part of her ear and then they oiled her eye with gas and
heated it ...). They took 200,000 Lei in I,ODD-Leibanknotes and lots of
golden coins as well as other valuable goods. While they were leaving, they
ran into a Romanian colonist from the kingdom and they killed him.
191
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N/COLAE CUSA .
OTILIA PACEA
192
- --- -
Macedo-aromdnii dobrogeni .
Tile Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
Nicolae Tugearu
Seriously wounded by a grenade during the attack of the Bulgarian
bandits in Saranebi on October 9th, 1933 to later die from the wounds.
Gheorghe Barzu
Killed knavishly in the woods near the village of Marzac close to
Bairam-Bunar, the county of Caliacra, on April 10th,1933. He was the dele-
gate of the colonists in Marzac and the father of six children. On April 10th,
1933 he got out of his house at noon heading for the fields. He never came
back. The next day he was found in the woods, hands fastened at the back
by lamp wick, throat and arm cut, bullet in the chest.
Gheorghe Lepar
Assassinated in the large village of Carageat, the county of Durostor,
on May 13th, 1934. That day, Gheorghe Lepar, the mayor of Carageat, was
accosted by Gh. Jecoff and Dimo St. Jecoff, a forester, on his way back
from the coffee house. They started arguing (on that particular day the local
elections took place in Carageat). From behind Gh. Coliu Ciolacoff came
I.
and hit Gh. Lepar with a club, instantly killing him; the aggressor disappeared
193
I
NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
194
Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
1. Published in the Official Monitor, No. 212, September 12th, 1940 (in the French
language as well)
2. Loc. cil.
195
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NlCOUE CUSA . OTILlA PACEA
time for the Farsherots from Albania, the fourth time for the Gramusteni
from Greece and Bulgaria and, eventually, the fifth time for the Farsherots
from Greece. They seemed to have been under a curse: never to enjoy peace
and stability.What counts,though,is that they have neversurrendered;they
defied the painful exoduses they experienced as they always knew that all
the misfortunes were not brought about by fate but by the circumstances of
those times. They felt the same about this last emigration.
Before having an insight into the r~colonisation issue and the places
where they were settled down, we shall ponder on another issue which
demands further investigation:
3. Th. Capidan (1942: 8) for instance, estimated their number to 12.000 individuals.
4. Em Bucuta in TTle Balkan Peninsula VI, 1928, stated that their number would be
40,000 individuais, obviously an overestimation. I overestimated them myself in Cusa 1990:
45 /he total oj /he Aromanian poplIla/ion who arrived in Dobrudja be/ween 1940 and /941
is estimated a/ 65,382 individuals. Mea cu!pa, I would say. I mention hereby that my former
estimation represents, in fact. the r.umber of all colonists (including the inhabitants from the
kingdom) and it was made on the basis of the documents I researched.
196
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
197
- - ---
- -- - -
NICOLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
T ABLEIO
9. By virtue of decree-law no. 347 on August, 14th 1938,also known as the 'administrative
law', 10 administrative units were founded. ..Iso called regions, with economic, cultural and
social fUllct:on. The administration of th~ region is run by a royal resident and a council of
elected me.nbers and members by right. The Region Marea was located in Constantza and.
consisted of the fonowing counties: Constantza, Tulcea,lalomita, Caliacra and Durostor.
10. Apud. Straja Cadrilaterului (Tile Guard oICadri/ater) II. No. 22, Bazargic, 1937.
The table was also published in Romiinul (The ROlllanian) and Tara Illi Mircea (Mircea's
COlli/try).
198
TheEvacuationandSettlementof theAromaniansin
DifferentPlacesfrom theCountiesofConstantzaandTulcea
199
NlCOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
14. The places where they had been temporarily accommodated were all enlisted within
the instructions sent to the prefectures, the State Archives in Tukea, Fund Prefecture of the
County of Tukea, File No. 67, 1940, Leaf 11 and File No.76/1940, Leaf 2-19; also published
in Cusa 1996: 141-158
15. Note, Fund Brigade 7 Cavalry, File No. 64, Leaf 164. Apud. A.M.R., p. 183-185.
16. The author stated that in 1941 the largest and the best colonisation centres were
overcrowded by the Macedonians who would drive away the other colonists. Thus Ihe consultant
hinted at the fact that many Aromanian colonists had joined the Iron Guard and that explained
the advantages. It is true that many Aromanians had joined this organisation (which
200
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogelli . Tile Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
dictatorship large groups of colonists were being moved from one centre to
another in the interest of the former and towards converting the latter to
their own beliefs. After the fall of the Iron Guard dictatorship caused by
General Antonescu the population shift would start over again, this time by
force with lorries and machine-guns to scare away the suspected followers
or members of the Iron Guard, those from the county of Tulcea to the county
of Constantza and vice versa, at the mercy of luck and not at the expense of
the state by power of colonisation rules. AII this indeed happened between
1941 and 1944. However, in the spring of the year 1942, they started drawing
up the colIective contracts for the rents and leases they had to pay for the dis-
tributed households and lands. The colonisation and the ownership granting
process was carried out between 1946 and 1947, when they were tendered the
ownership papers. They paid for their houses, the same way as in Cadrilater;
the difference lies in the fact that they built the houses themselves in
Cadrilater (with the exception of those which they had bought from the
Turkish emigrants and from the Bulgarians who left Cadrilater) whereas this
time they took over the houses from the former German and Bulgarian own-
ers who had taken refuge in Dobrudja.
j ---
N/COLAE CUSA .
OTlLlA PACEA
Constantza County
---
Macedo-aromil,,;; dobrogen; .
The Macedo-Aromania"s in Dobrudja
Tulcea County
18. Cf. (for each place in the same order) 1. File 1/1947; 2. File 6/1947; 3. File 11/1947;
4. File 23/1947; 5. File 76/1947; 6. File 26/1947; 7. File 38/1947; 8. File 36/1947; 9. File
46/1947; 10. File 51/1947; 11. File 53/1947; 12. File 55/1947; 13. File 16/1947; 14. File
30/1947; 15. File 39/1948; 16. File 65/1947; 17. File 9/1953; 18. File 67/1947; 19. Agricultural
Register 115,116 Funu City Hall Ramnic; 20. File 75/1947; 21. File 79/1947; 22. File 81/1947;
23. File 84/1947; 24. File 86/1947; 25. File 89/1947; all of them included in the National
Office of Colonisation, State Archives Constantza.
203
NICOLAE CUSA .OTILIA PACEA
19. Centrcl Board of State Archives Bucharest, Fund National Office of Colonisation,
County of Tulcea, inventory 1921-1941. State Archives Tulcea, National Office of Survey
Tulcea. File 368/1947, Leaf 1-17 for Camena, File 36111947. Leaf 1-22 for Tistimelu (today
Vasile Alecsandri); Fund City Hall Eschibaba, File 2!f/1948, Leaf 174-178.
204
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni .
The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
Note
205
I -- -- -- ~
Macedo-aroma"ii dobrogeni .
rhe Macedo-Aromanians ill Dobrudja
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Izvoare inedite
ArhiveleStatului, Constanta
--- --
..- .'--
Fond Nr. 73, Inv. nr. 27 - Dosar nr. 16/1947, fila 15, 16
ArhiveleStatului,Tulcea
ArhiveleStatului,RamnicuValcea
208
Macedo-aromii,,;; dobroge,,; .
The Macedo-AromaniallS ill Dobrudja
Izvoarepublicate
209
NICOLAE CUSA . OTILIA PACEA
=
A.M.R. Arhivelc militare IOmane. Ccntml de cercctmc ~i pastrare a
arhivelor militarc istoricc. Publicate ue:
Florica Dobre, Vasiliea Manea si Lenuta Nicolescu.
Colee tie editata de fundatia General "Stefan Gu~ii", 200tJ. Euiwra
Europa Nova, Bue., 2000/3 vol.).
Referinte(presa vremii)
.
.J
- - J
..d.
Macedo-aroma,,;; dobrogen;. The Macedo-Aromnn;ans in Dobrudja
211
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NlCOLAE CUSA . OT/LIA PACEA
212
Macedo-aromlinii dobrogeni' The Macedo-Aromanialls in Dobrudja
Referinte(autori)
- - -- -- - -
NICOLAE CU$A. OTlUA PACEA
214
L
Macedo-aromanii dobrogelli . The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
215
I.~
NICOLAE CUSA . OTIUA PACEA
ABREVIERI
TITLURI DE CARTI
A.C.I.A. = Aromanii,
Comer" industrie, arte, expansiune, civilizarie,
Anastase Hiiciu, Foc~anni, 1936.
CA. =
Chestiunea aromaneasca, Max Demeter Peyfuss, Bucure~ti, 1994,
(tradusa de Nicolae Serban, Tana~oca).
D.R.T E. =De la romanii din Turcia Europeana. loan Nenitescu, 1895.
Sl.P.B. = Studii istorice asupra romani/or din Peninsula Balcanica. loan
Caragiani,1929.
S.A.M. =Studii aromane si meglenoromane. Nicolae Saramandu, 2003.
R.N. =Romani nomazi. Theodor Capidan, 1924-1926.
A.R. =Aromanii (rnacedonenii in Romania. Nicolae Cu~a, 1996).
216
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Macedo-aromanii dobrogeni. The Macedo-Aromanians in Dobrudja
CUPRINS
I
t
~
CONTENTS
,
l
I
I. Ethnogenesis and the name of the aromanian people 137
217
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