William F. Raynolds - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F.

_Raynolds

William F. Raynolds
William Franklin Raynolds (March 17, 1820 – October 18,
William F. Raynolds
1894) was an explorer, engineer and U.S. army officer who
served in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War.
He is best known for leading the 1859–60 Raynolds Expedition
while serving as a member of the U.S. Army Corps of
Topographical Engineers.

During the 1850s and again after his participation in the Civil
War, Raynolds was the head engineer on numerous lighthouse
construction projects. He oversaw riverway and harbor
dredging projects intended to improve accessibility and
navigation for shipping. As a cartographer, Raynolds surveyed
and mapped the islands and shorelines on the Great Lakes and
other regions. At least six lighthouses whose construction he
oversaw are still standing. Some are still in use and of these, William F. Raynolds in brevet
several are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. brigadier general uniform

In 1848, during the American occupation of Mexico after the Birth name William Franklin
Mexican–American War, Raynolds and other U.S. Army Raynolds
personnel were the first confirmed to have reached the summit Born March 17, 1820
Pico de Orizaba, the tallest mountain in Mexico, and Canton, Ohio
inadvertently set what may have been a 50-year American Died October 18, 1894
alpine altitude record. In 1859, Raynolds was placed in charge (aged 74)
of the first government-sponsored expedition to venture into Detroit, Michigan
the upper Yellowstone region that was later to become Allegiance United States
Yellowstone National Park. Heavy winter snowpack in the
Service/ United States
Absaroka Range of Wyoming prevented the expedition from
branch Army
reaching the Yellowstone Plateau, forcing them to divert to the
south and cross Union Pass at the northern end of the Wind Years of 1843–1884
River Range. After negotiating the pass the expedition entered service
Jackson Hole and surveyed the Teton Range, now within Rank Colonel
Grand Teton National Park. Brevet
Brigadier General
During the Civil War, Raynolds participated in the Battle of
Unit Corps of
Cross Keys during the Valley Campaign of 1862 and a year Engineers
later was in charge of fortifications in the defense of the Corps of
military arsenal at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. On March 13, Topographical
1865, Raynolds was brevetted brigadier general for meritorious Engineers
service during the Civil War. Raynolds retired from the army
on March 17, 1884, with the permanent rank of colonel after a

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40-year military career. Battles/wars Mexican–American

War
American Civil War

Contents
Early life
Military career
Mexican–American War
Lighthouse engineer
Raynolds Expedition
American Civil War
Postwar career
Legacy
Notes
References
External links

Early life
William Franklin Raynolds was born on March 17, 1820, in Canton, Ohio, the fourth of six children
to William Raynolds (November 2, 1789 – September 20, 1829) and Elizabeth Seabury (née Fisk;
1796 – April 13, 1853).[1] William F. Raynolds's grandfather was also named William Raynolds
(1764–1814) and had been a veteran of the War of 1812, serving as a company captain from April
12, 1812, until April 13, 1813. During the War of 1812, the grandfather Raynolds rose to the rank of
major while serving under Lewis Cass.[2]

William F. Raynolds entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, on July
1, 1839, after being appointed[a] from Ohio.[4][5] He graduated fifth out of 39 classmates in his
class of 1843, which included William B. Franklin, Raynolds's friend Joseph J. Reynolds and future
president Ulysses S. Grant.[5] Raynolds married at a young age; he and his wife had no children.[4]

Military career
Initially appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the 5th U.S. Infantry, within a few weeks Raynolds
was transferred to the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers.[6] The Topographical
Engineers performed surveys and developed maps for army use until their merger with the Corps
of Engineers in 1863.[7] Raynolds's first assignments from 1843 to 1844 were as an assistant
topographical engineer involved in improving navigation on the Ohio River and surveying the
northeastern boundary of the U.S. between 1844 and 1847.[5]

Mexican–American War
When war with Mexico seemed imminent, topographic engineers were sent to the border to assist

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with the army's preparations. Raynolds served in Winfield

Scott's Mexican–American War campaign which marched
overland to Mexico City from the Gulf of Mexico seaport at
Veracruz. After the war, the American army occupied Mexico
City and the surrounding region. During the occupation,
Raynolds and others set out to map and explore nearby
mountains. Raynolds's party is credited with being the first
confirmed to climb to the summit of Pico de Orizaba
(19°01′48″N 97°16′12″W) which at 18,620 feet (5,680 m) is Pico de Orizaba was believed by
the tallest mountain in Mexico and third tallest in North Raynolds to be the tallest mountain
America.[8][9] Over a period of several months, Raynolds and in North America.
other officers from both the army and navy mapped the best
approach route to Pico de Orizaba. To assist them in their
climb, the party planned on taking grapnels attached to long ropes and primitive crampons in the
form of shoes with projecting points to help ensure they could safely climb up cliffs and across
glaciers.[10] Told by local villagers that any attempt to reach the summit would be fruitless because
no one had ever done it before,[b] the Americans became even more determined to show the
Mexicans it could be climbed.[10]

As the expedition left to ascend the mountain, a long pack train of nearly fifty officers, soldiers and
native guides departed from the town of Orizaba in early May 1848. After several days of hiking
through dense jungle, the expedition slowly gained altitude and established a base camp at
12,000 ft (3,700 m). Starting from base camp in the early morning of May 10 nearly two dozen
climbers made the final push to the top of the mountain, but only Raynolds and a few others
reached the summit.[10] According to mountaineer and author Leigh N. Ortenburger, this feat may
have inadvertently set the American mountaineering altitude record for the next 50 years.[11]
Raynolds estimated the summit of Pico de Orizaba to be 17,907 ft (5,458 m) above sea level, which
was slightly greater than previous estimates but below the modern known altitude. As no higher
peaks were known in North America at that time, Raynolds believed Pico de Orizaba was the tallest
mountain on the continent.[10] The summit crater was covered in snow but estimated to be
between 400 to 650 yards (370 to 590 m) in diameter and 300 ft (91 m) deep. The American
achievement was disputed by the Mexicans until an 1851 French expedition discovered an
American flag on the summit with the year 1848 carved in the flagpole.[10]

Lighthouse engineer
After returning from Mexico, Raynolds resumed mapping the U.S.–Canada border which he had
been surveying before the war, then embarked on a project to develop water resources for the
nation's growing capital of Washington, D.C. Raynolds traveled the Great Lakes for several years
surveying and mapping shorelines while identifying potential lighthouse locations.[12] After
promotion to first lieutenant and then captain, in 1857 he was assigned to design and supervise the
construction of lighthouses along the Jersey Shore and the Delmarva Peninsula regions.[5] in the
late 1850s Raynolds supervised construction of the Fenwick Island Light in Delaware and the Cape
May Light in New Jersey.[13] In 1859, Raynolds was working on finishing the Jupiter Inlet Light in
Jupiter, Florida, when he was reassigned to lead the first U.S. Government-sponsored expedition

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to explore the Yellowstone region.[14]

Raynolds Expedition
In early 1859, Raynolds was charged with leading an
expedition into the Yellowstone region of Montana and
Wyoming to determine, "as far as practicable, everything
relating to ... the Indians of the country, its agricultural and
mineralogical resources ... the navigability of its streams, its
topographical features, and the facilities or obstacles which the
latter present to the construction of rail or common
roads ...".[15] The expedition was carried out by a handful of
technicians, including photographer and topographer James The Great Falls of the Missouri
D. Hutton, artist and mapmaker Anton Schönborn, and River (1860) by James D. Hutton is
geologist and naturalist Ferdinand V. Hayden, who led several one of the few remaining
later expeditions to the Yellowstone region.[16][17] Raynolds's photographs taken during the
second-in-command was lieutenant Henry E. Maynadier. The expedition. The wet-plate
expedition was supported by a small infantry detachment of 30 photographic techniques available
at the time of the expedition
and was federally funded with $60,000. Experienced
provided only poor quality imagery.
mountain man Jim Bridger was hired to guide the
expedition.[15]

The expedition started in late May 1859 at St. Louis, Missouri, then was transported by two
steamboats up the Missouri River to New Fort Pierre, South Dakota.[18] In late June the expedition
left New Fort Pierre and headed overland to Fort Sarpy where they encountered the Crow Indians.
Raynolds stated that the Crow were a "small band compared to their neighbors, but are famous
warriors, and, according to common report, seldom fail to hold their own with any of the tribes
unless greatly outnumbered."[19] Raynolds was impressed with the Crow chief Red Bear, and after
assuring him that the expedition meant only to pass through Crow Indian territory and not linger,
traded with the Crows for seven horses.[19]

Raynolds divided his expedition, sending a smaller detachment under Maynadier to explore the
Tongue River, a major tributary of the Yellowstone River. Two of Maynadier's party, James D.
Hutton and Zephyr Recontre, the expedition's Sioux interpreter, took a side trip to locate and
investigate an isolated rock formation that had been seen from great distance by a previous
expedition in 1857. Hutton was the first person of European descent to reach this rock formation in
northeastern Wyoming, later known as Devils Tower; Raynolds never elaborated on this event,
mentioning it only in passing.[17][20] By September 2, 1859, Raynolds's detachment had followed
the Yellowstone River to the confluence with the Bighorn River in south-central Montana.[18] The
two parties under Raynolds and Maynadier reunited on October 12, 1859 and wintered at Deer
Creek Station, on the Platte River in central Wyoming.[17][21]

The expedition recommenced its explorations in May 1860. Raynolds led a party north and west up
the upstream portion of the Bighorn River, which is today called the Wind River, hoping to cross
the mountains at Togwotee Pass in the Absaroka Range, a mountain pass known to expedition

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guide Jim Bridger. Meanwhile, Maynadier led his party back

north to the Bighorn River to explore it and its associated
tributary streams more thoroughly. The plan was for the two
parties to reunite on June 30, 1860, at Three Forks, Montana,
so they could make observations of a total solar eclipse forecast
for July 18, 1860.[15][17] Hampered by towering basaltic cliffs
and deep snows, Raynolds attempted for over a week to
reconnoiter to the top of Togwotee Pass, but was forced south
due to the June 30 deadline for reaching Three Forks. Bridger
"Principal Chiefs of the Arapaho
then led the party south over another pass in the northern
Tribe" is an engraving after a
photograph taken by James Hutton
Wind River Range that Raynolds named Union Pass, to the
during the expedition. The Arapaho west of which lay Jackson Hole and the Teton Range. From
interpreter Warshinun is seated at there the expedition went southwest, crossing the southern
right. Teton Range at Teton Pass and entering Pierre's Hole in
present-day Idaho.[17] Though Raynolds and his party
managed to get to Three Forks by the scheduled date,
Maynadier's party was several days late, which prevented a detachment heading north to observe
the solar eclipse.[15] The reunited expedition then headed home, traveling from Fort Benton,
Montana, to Fort Union near the Montana-North Dakota border via steamboat. It then journeyed
overland to Omaha, Nebraska, where the expedition members were disbanded in October
1860.[17][21]

Though the Raynolds Expedition was unsuccessful in exploring

the region that later became Yellowstone National Park, it was
the first federally funded party to enter Jackson Hole and
observe the Teton Range.[22] The expedition covered over
2,500 miles (4,000 km) and explored an area of nearly
250,000 square miles (650,000 km2).[17] In a preliminary
report sent east in 1859, Raynolds stated that the once-
abundant bison were being killed for their hides at such an
Hayden's geological map from the
alarming rate that they might soon become extinct.[23]
expedition that was published in
Raynolds's immediate participation in the Civil War, followed 1869
by a severe illness, delayed him from presenting his report on
the expedition until 1868.[15] Research data and botanical
specimens, as well as fossils and geological items that had been collected during the expedition,
were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, but were not studied in detail until after the war. Much of
the artwork created by Hutton and especially Schönborn was lost, though several of Schönborn's
chromolithographs appeared in Ferdinand V. Hayden's 1883 report that was submitted after later
expeditions.[17]

American Civil War

Raynolds returned to Washington at the outbreak of the war, and was made chief topographic
engineer of the Department of Virginia in July 1861. The army lacked adequate maps for military
use, so Raynolds and his team of engineers began to survey and draw up maps of Virginia and the

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region of the western portion of that state that had remained loyal to the Union and would become
the new state of West Virginia. In 1862, Raynolds was engaged with John C. Frémont's Mountain
Department in chasing Stonewall Jackson up the Shenandoah Valley and participated in the Battle
of Cross Keys.[5]

Raynolds spent two months recovering from illness after the Valley Campaign, then was assigned
as chief engineer of Middle Department and VIII Corps in January 1863. Promoted to major in the
Corps of Engineers, he found himself in charge of the defenses of vital Harpers Ferry, West
Virginia, in March 1863 during Robert E. Lee's second Confederate invasion of the north during
the Gettysburg Campaign.[5] On March 31, 1863, the Corps of Topographical Engineers ceased to
be an independent branch of the army and was merged into the Corps of Engineers and Raynolds
served in that branch of the army for the remainder of his career. Officers from the two corps
maintained their ranks based on the time at which they received their promotion.[24]

As the end of war approached and hostilities with the Sioux Indians loomed, Raynolds's knowledge
of and experiences in the Great Lakes region became more important to the army than his
command of the fortifications of Harpers Ferry. As a result, he returned to the Great Lakes as
superintending engineer of surveys and lighthouses in April 1864, and saw no further combat for
the rest of his career.[5] Before the war was over, on March 13, 1865, Raynolds was brevetted to
brigadier general for meritorious service.[5]

Postwar career
After the Civil War, the Corps of Engineers undertook a
program of river and harbor improvements. Raynolds
supervised the dredging and improvement of navigation on the
Arkansas, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. He also helped
supervise several harbor dredging and construction projects,
involving the harbor in Buffalo, New York, the Harbor of
Refuge in New Buffalo, Michigan, Erie Harbor in Erie,
Pennsylvania, and the river harbors of St. Louis, Missouri and
Alton, Illinois.[5] Raynolds sited and oversaw the installation of
dozens of lighthouses in the Great Lakes area, where he served
as the superintending engineer from 1864 to 1870.[25] Raynolds
was promoted to permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in the
Corps of Engineers on March 7, 1867.[5] He then supervised
lighthouse construction along the Gulf Coast and in New Jersey
where he managed the construction of the Hereford Inlet
The construction of the Cape May
Lighthouse in 1874.[26] From May 5 to October 7, 1877, Lighthouse was overseen by
Raynolds led a procession of American engineers to an Raynolds in 1859 and the
engineering conference in Europe.[5] lighthouse is still in use. It was
listed on the National Register of
Promoted to the permanent rank of colonel on January 2, 1881, Historic Places in 1973.
Raynolds continued serving with the Corps of Engineers
supporting a variety of harbor and river navigational

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improvements until his retirement in 1884, after a military career that spanned 40 years.[5] As he
approached retirement, Raynolds was elected a trustee of the Presbyterian Church.[27] According
to West Point classmate Joseph Reynolds, who saw him at the West Point graduates' reunion in
1893, Raynolds maintained a vigorous and healthy appearance long after his retirement, his brown
hair, "then but slightly sprinkled with gray".[4] Raynolds died on October 18, 1894 in Detroit,
Michigan, leaving his widow a substantial estate for the time, estimated at between US$50,000
($1,536,600 today) and $100,000 ($3,073,200 today).[1] After providing for his widow, his will
directed that after her death, the entire estate would be donated to the Presbyterian Church.[1][4]
Raynolds was interred in West Lawn Cemetery in Canton, Ohio.[28]

Legacy
Raynolds's 1848 expedition to the summit of Pico de Orizaba in Mexico predated what is known as
the Golden age of alpinism (1854–65), when many major mountain peaks in the Alps were first
climbed. The effort to summit the mountain was one of the earliest deliberate attempts to climb a
major mountain peak, and involved logistics, planning and use of rudimentary climbing
equipment, "making it one of the more serious mountaineering expeditions undertaken to that
point in history."[10] Though unable to penetrate into the heart of what later became Yellowstone
National Park, the Raynolds Expedition produced maps that were used by subsequent explorers to
the greater Yellowstone region.[15] Raynolds also located suitable wagon routes in the Bighorn
Basin and was able to help narrow down the most appropriate routes for a future transcontinental
railroad. The Raynolds Expedition further determined that few if any rivers in the region would be
suitable for steamboats due to numerous rapids and steep gradients.[29] Several lighthouses whose
construction was designed or supervised by Raynolds are still in use and several are listed on the
National Register of Historic Places.[30]

At least two geographical locations are named for William Raynolds. The mountain gap where the
Raynolds Expedition crossed the Continental Divide between southwest Montana and northeast
Idaho is named Raynolds Pass (44°42′40″N 111°28′11″W)[31][32] and Raynolds Peak
(43°52′15″N 110°49′30″W) is an isolated peak in the Teton Range that was named after him in
1938.[11][17][33] The fossil remains of the extinct gastropod Viviparus raynoldsanus was named by
Ferdinand V. Hayden in honor of Raynolds after the specimen was collected in the Powder River
Basin during the expedition.[17][34]

Notes
a. Before the American Civil War (1860–65), appointments to the United States Military Academy
usually occurred after a nominee petitioned his U.S. Representative in Congress. If the
Representative believed that the nominee was up to the task, deserving of the opportunity and
of the right character, the nominee would then be appointed to attend the academy. U.S.
Representatives could only make one appointment per year.[3]
b. In 1838, French-Belgian botanist Henri Guillaume Galeotti may have climbed as high as the
mountain crater but he made no claim to have reached the summit. Neither the Mexicans nor
the Americans were aware of Galeotti's earlier visit.[10]

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rchive.org/details/reportonexplora01rayngoog). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Government
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May lighthouses"
31. "Raynolds Pass" (https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:789424).
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34. Geological Survey Professional Paper, Issue 214 (https://books.google.com/?id=fLUPAAAAIAA
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